火炬松旋切及单板质量与木材性质关系的研究

鉴于对国产火炬松木材性质和胶合板制造技术研究甚少的现状，本试验检测了火炼松的木材密度、硬度及横纹抗弯性能，同时采用不同的旋切参数进行单板旋切试验。在试验的基础上研究了木材性质瑟旋切条件和单板质量的关系。结果表明：木材的密度、硬度和横纹抗弈性能与旋切条件和单板质量有着密切的关系；采用适宜的旋切条件，可以得到质量较好的单板，火炬松单板旋切是可行的。     

木荷木材物理力学性质及其加工性能研究

采集浙江各地不同树龄木荷木材,通过系统研究木材解剖性质,主要物理力学性质,刨切、旋切等加工利用适应性等,结果表明:树龄20～25 a是木荷木材密度、干缩性、硬度、抗弯强度、抗弯弱性模量、抗压强度及抗剪强度的一个转折点,其主要物理性质和力学强度指标居国产阔叶树材中等级水平;旋切单板胶合强度超过国家标准规定的技术要求,木荷材完全适合生产胶合板;刨切贴面板的刨切效果和贴面后的性能都较好,综合指标相对较高.     

木材横纹压缩大变形应力—应变关系的定量表征

在１００－１３００ｋｇ／ｍ＾３的密度变范围选取１７种阔叶树试材，采用典型的６种木木材压缩加工条件（气干，２０℃饱水２０℃；饱水１００℃３种条件与约束条件相结合），进行横纹大变形压缩试验和数字化数据采集，经数据分析处理，建立了定量描述木材横纹压缩大米表全领域应力－应变关系的数学表达式。该式的适用性对本试验范围内的各树种、压缩工艺有效，计算值与实测值十分吻合。     

23种广东常见阔叶树材的耐磨性质

本文报导23种广东常见阔叶树材的耐磨性试验结果,并对耐磨性与木材密度、硬度的关系及木材耐磨性各向异性问题作了讨论。     

意杨木材层积塑料制造工艺研究

用低分子量酚醛树脂胶对意杨旋切单板进行浸渍处理,采用单因素试验法,探讨了热压压力对产品性能的影响,分析各压力水平下板材的密度、含水率、顺/横纹抗弯弹性模量、冲击韧性等物理力学性能,得出符合要求的热压工艺参数。结果表明:在热压单位压力3.5 MPa,热压温度150℃,热压时间5 min/mm条件下,板材的力学性能和尺寸稳定性能最佳。     

桉树木材旋切单板质量以及制造胶合板工艺的研究

对福建省主要桉树木材材性及其旋切单板厚度偏差、背面裂隙率进行检测分析,探讨木材旋切单板的适应性和制造胶合板的工艺并采用正交法优选最佳工艺参数。结果表明:尾叶桉单板背面裂隙率和单板厚度变动系数比尾巨桉小,尾叶桉用于旋切1.5 mm厚度单板质量较佳。尾叶桉木材制造胶合板较佳工艺参数:热压温度为130℃、单位压力为1.4 MPa、热压时间为1.35 min·mm-1、涂胶量为320 g·m-2。工艺条件对板材性能均有影响,桉树木材龄级对板材性能影响显著,随着桉树龄级的增大,板材性能有较大幅度提高,特别是静曲强度、弹性模量影响最为明显。     

人工林杨树木材性质与单板和胶合板质量关系的研究

本文以生长在3种长江滩地类型(江滩、洲滩、湖滩)、3种栽植密度(3m×4m,4m×5m,5m×6m)下的3个品系人工林杨树木材[欧美杨无性系72杨(Populus×euramericana cv.I-72/58),美洲黑杨无性系63杨(P.deltoides cv.I-63/51)和69杨(P.deltoides cv.I-69/55)]为对象,深入地分析了人工林杨树木材材性与单板和胶合板质量之间的关系.结果表明,72、63、69杨木材旋切和制胶合板均能获得较低的单板厚度偏差和背面裂隙率及较高的胶合强度.72、63、69杨单板厚度偏差与解剖性质中的纤维宽度、导管比量、木纤维比量在0.01水平下相关极显著,与纤维长度、胞壁厚度、壁腔比、腔径比、导管长和木射线比量在0.05水平下相关显著;单板背面裂隙率仅与胞腔直径在0.05水平下相关显著,与其它解剖性质相关不显著;胶合板的胶合强度与解剖性质相关最密切,其中与纤维长度、纤维宽度、胞腔直径、胞壁厚度、壁腔比、导管长、导管弦向直径、微纤丝角、导管比量、木射线比量在0.01水平下相关极显著\.与木纤维比量在0.05水平下相关显著.72、63、96杨木材单板厚度偏差和单板背面裂隙率与木材化学性质(pH,酸、碱缓冲容量)之间的关系不密切;胶合板的胶合强度与边材pH值在0.05水平下相关显著,与心材pH值以及心、边材的pH均值达到0.01水平相关极显著,与木材的碱缓冲容量在0.05水平下相关显著.72、63、69杨木材单板厚度偏差和胶合强度与木材物理、力学性质关系不密切;单板背面裂隙率与木材抗弯弹性模量在0.01水平下相关极显著,与气干密度在0.05水平下相关显著.     

枫香木材性质及其加工性能研究

采集浙江各地不同树龄枫香木材,系统研究木材解剖性质,主要物理力学性质,刨切、旋切等加工利用适应性等,结果表明:树龄20～25年是枫香木材物理力学性质的一个转折点,其主要物理性质和力学强度指标居国产阔叶树材中等水平;旋切单板胶合强度超过国家标准规定的技术要求,通过工艺改进后枫香材完全适合生产胶合板;刨切贴面板的刨切效果和贴面后的性能都较好,综合指标相对较高.     

栽培措施对短周期工业材材性影响规律的研究

对4种不同栽培措施的日本落叶松、湿地松、马尾松和杉木等多种短周期工业材309株样木的材性进行了全面测试分析研究，结果表明．立地指数大，木材生长率和纤维宽度大．但纤维长度、纤维长宽比、木材基本密度、顺纹抗压强度和抗弯弹性模量减小；立地指数相差两级，木材的年龄宽度、纤维宽度、长度和微纤线角度的差异达到显著或极显著水平栽植密度小，木材的年轮宽度和干缩比增大但纤维长宽比及体积全干缩率减小；栽植密度增大，杉木和昭林6号杨木材的力学强度提高，但尾叶桉和I－69杨降低；不同栽植密度的木材pH值及酸碱总缓冲容量，都是心材大于边材，但木材的脲醛树脂胶凝速度，则是边材快于心材.与未间伐林分的木材比较，随着间伐强度的增大、年轮宽度增大．但纤维长宽比和微纤丝角度减小；间伐强度增大，针叶树村的力学强度降低，阔叶树树则提高．但将强度间伐材（间代40％）与未间伐材比较，结果完全相反；北京杨木材心材的pH值、酸碱缓冲容量及总容量，均随间伐强度的增大而增大，但边材却减小．施肥措施能够增大纤维直径，但将导致纤维长宽比、木材密度和力学强度的降低施肥可以使树木速生，但会降低木材密度和质量，在培育建筑结构材的林分应慎用．     

较大尖削度原木旋切方式的改进研究

对较大尖削度原木或小径材进行旋切加工时,不可避免地会发生在平行于切削方向且垂直于切削平面内的单板切削方向与木材纤维方向形成夹角的现象,这在一定程度上会增大原材料的损耗,同时,木材纤维的走向也会影响制品的性能。为提高木材的利用率并保证所制产品的质量,采用倾斜安装旋切刀片的切削方式进行单板旋切加工,并测定单板所制胶合板和单板层积材的静曲强度和弹性模量。结果表明:边材部位纤维锥角的变化范围小于心材部位;旋切刀在平行安装方式与倾斜安装方式下进行切削,纤维锥角的变化趋势不变,但后者更小。旋切刀倾斜安装的方式可以提高原木边材部位切削单板的质量,对单板的静曲强度、单板层积材和薄单板所制胶合板的性能都有较好的改善效果。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.