不同粒径沙粒胶结体覆盖对地表风蚀和输沙率抑制效应的风洞模拟

沙粒胶结体(sand cemented bodies,缩写为SCB)是由众多沙粒胶结而成的大颗粒物质,广泛分布于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地部分垄间地表。通过风洞实验测定了不同风速下不同粒径沙粒胶结体覆盖对沙床面的土壤风蚀率和输沙率变化的影响。结果表明:风速和粒径是影响SCB覆盖沙床面风蚀率的主要因素。在一定的风力条件下,风蚀率随沙粒胶结体粒径的增加呈指数递减变化,在一定的胶结体覆盖度下,风蚀率随风速增加而增大,且粒径越大风蚀率随风速的增加而增大的趋势更为明显;风速不是影响地表输沙率的主要因素,胶结体粒径在一定程度上对输沙率的影响起主导作用。随着胶结体粒径的增加,沙粒在胶结体覆盖床面产生上升过程,且输沙率随粒径的增加而增大,胶结体覆盖对输沙率的抑制作用主要体现在胶结体覆盖的密度效应上,密度越小输沙率越高。即同一盖度下的胶结体颗粒物,大粒径的胶结体较小粒径胶结体沙床面分布密度、数量都相对较小。因此,大粒径胶结体地表输沙率相对较大。不同粒度范围的胶结体覆盖沙床面表现出不同的风蚀和输沙率抑制效应,依次为:2~3 mm3~5 mm5~7 mm7~10 mm10 mm。     

新疆策勒河下游塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙活动特征

通过对策勒风沙前沿风况及输沙数据统计分析,采用回归分析方法,初步揭示了其风沙活动特征。结果表明:单方位0-100cm高度集沙仪每层高度输沙量随高度变化服从指数或幂函数关系,0-10cm和0-20cm高度范围累积输沙量分别占总输沙量的12.43-42.88%和23.43-64.16%。全方位跃移输沙量主要集中在WNW、W、SW、WSW、NW方位上,每个观测阶段的输沙势与BSNE水平输沙通量呈多项式函数关系,相关性极好,输沙势大小与40cm高全方位跃移总输沙量呈线性正相关关系。单方位集沙仪在0-100cm高度累积输沙量与输沙势大小呈明显的指数函数关系。通过塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙前沿风况大小可以预测BSNE输沙通量和近地表全方位跃移总输沙量,对于防沙工程的设计具有重要的理论意义。     

风沙防治中覆网床面风沙流特性的风洞模拟

在风沙防治中,根据气流与沙物质地表作用的机理来看,主要有三种途径。一是降低床面风速,二是减少沙源,第三就是阻截运动气流与床面的相互作用。借助风洞模拟实验,对覆网床面风沙流特性研究发现:覆网床面沙面稳定性主要受覆网形状参数的影响,通过对覆网床面风速廓线、风沙流结构观测,主要探讨孔隙度、孔径等覆网参数对沙面稳定性的影响机理。另外,覆网床面蚀积状态还受进口风速的影响,在风速较小时,床面表现为积沙,风速较大时,床面开始风蚀。     

老哈河下游地区春季风沙活动强度特征

风沙活动强度是研究风沙地貌形成、演变及进行风沙灾害防治的重要理论依据.通过2006-2013年风速数据的统计和计算,对老哈河下游地区春季风沙活动强度特征进行了系统研究.结果表明:有效起沙风速随着风速等级的增加,其出现频率相应减少,主要集中在5.1 ～9.0m·s-1之间;输沙势、输沙量的方位分布与起沙风相似,以WNW、NW方向为主;春季的输沙势(DP)为70.50 VU,合成输沙势(RDP)为37.89VU,合成输沙方向(RDD)为108.3°;春季的最大可能输沙量为1848.49kg·m-1,合成输沙量为1005.42kg·m-1,合成输沙方向为103°,与该地区沙丘走向基本吻合;对输沙量贡献最大的风速以6.0～10.0m·s-1为主.     

沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例

运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6～8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8～10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m.     

巴图湾水库风沙入库量的估算

风沙入库给干旱、半干旱地区的水库带来了严重的填淤危害。本文通过对内蒙古乌审旗南部巴图湾水库岸边流动沙丘不同部位风速与风沙流的同步观测,计算出库岸流动沙丘表面的平均输沙率。利用巴图湾水库1986~2005年9月份的5期TM遥感影像统计出水库两岸受不同风向影响的流动沙丘断面的平均长度,结合巴图湾水库附近乌审旗河南乡气象站1985~2004年的气象资料,统计出不同风向大于起沙风的风速年均持续时间,初步计算出巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量。结果表明:(1)巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量为3.65万t,其中西岸风沙入库量为3.55万t,东岸为0.10万t。西岸风沙危害最为严重,是治沙工作的重点。(2)巴图湾水库的风沙入库具有明显的时间性和方向性。受季风气候的影响,风沙入库的方向会随着风向的变化而改变。东南风与西北风是造成东西两岸风沙入库的主要风向。西北风对风沙入库量的贡献最大。(3)在大于起沙风的风速中,5~12 m/s风速段是风沙入库的主要风速。当风速中7 m/s以上的风速持续时间有一个较小的增加时,入库风沙量将会有一个巨大的增加。(4)库岸半固定沙丘的风沙入库,降尘和风水复合侵蚀引起的库岸坍塌也是入库风沙量的重要组成部分。因此,巴图湾水库的实际年入库风沙量应该大于3.65万t。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。     

植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验

植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关.     

乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段不同治理措施的风沙运移特征及其防护效果

为科学治理黄河乌兰布和沙漠沿岸风沙入黄问题,以该河段沿线流沙为对照,开展了麦草沙障、沙柳沙障、葵花杆沙障和梭梭林为代表的工程与植物固沙实验,对不同治理措施下的风速廓线、粗糙度、风沙流结构、防护效果及其相互关系进行了野外观测与室内分析。结果表明:1)各沙障和梭梭林内风速廓线发生改变,近地表风速显著降低,地表粗糙度和摩阻风速显著增加。2)流沙表面输沙量分布随高度增加呈对数递减,90%集中在0~10cm范围,98%分布在0~30m范围内。3)不同措施的输沙率随风速的增加呈增加趋势,但输沙率仅为流沙的1.07%~38.27%,可很好的控制近地表的流沙活动。4)各类固沙措施的实施效果排序葵花杆沙障>梭梭林>沙柳沙障>麦草沙障,控制流沙效果均达到75%以上,对固定流沙均能起到积极作用。综合考虑固沙效果、成本、运输以及使用寿命等,该地区选择葵花杆沙障和梭梭较为合适。该研究结果可为解决风沙入黄问题、完善黄河沿岸风沙防护体系提供参考。     

民勤50年来水热风组合变化及其与风沙活动的关系

利用民勤50年来的气象数据,对各季、年的水热风组合状况及其与风沙活动的关系进行了分析,得到的结论为:1)民勤春季以暖湿弱风蚀和暖干强风蚀组合出现较多,基本不存在冷干组合、湿强风蚀组合和冷强风蚀组合;夏季以暖干弱风蚀组合出现较多,水热组合具有明显的反相位对应关系;秋季和冬季水热风组合均比较复杂,各种组合均有出现,且都不占优势;从全年来看,民勤基本不存在冷干组合,很少出现湿强风蚀组合。民勤春季、秋季、冬季和全年未来气候可能向暖湿弱风蚀趋势发展,夏季可能向暖干弱风蚀趋势发展;2)民勤春冬季水热风组合特征对风沙活动强度可能具有滞后效应,滞后期约为3年,该滞后效应可能是由年均气温所引起,具体作用机制有待进一步研究;民勤未来气候变化趋势将有利于风沙活动强度的减弱。     

Sand flux estimation during a sand-dust storm at Tazhong area of Taklimakan Desert, China

In this paper, the sand transport during a sand-dust storm in the Tazhong area of the central Taklimakan Desert from 11:29 to 23:56 on July 19, 2008 was observed and measured in real time. The sand flux at Tazhong was estimated using sand transport empirical formulas. The critical friction velocity at Tazhong was 0.24 m/s and the functional relation between the wind speed and sediment discharge at the height of 2 m was established. It was also found that the calculated values by Lettau's sediment discharge formula were close to those of the instrument measurements. The horizontal sand flux and the vertical sand flux during this sand-dust storm at Tazhong were respectively 258.67×10-4 kg/(m·s) and 40.07×10-7 kg/(m2·s).     

策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地表沙尘水平通量观测

沙漠地区近地表水平输送的沙尘物质通量及其随高度的变化是沙尘输送过程的重要表现特征。在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿平坦沙地的风沙观测场,利用BSNE集沙仪对近地表（2 m）不同高度沙尘物质的水平输送进行了观测,对其随高度变化特征进行了分析,并对近地表水平运动的沙尘通量进行了计算。结果表明：观测点沙尘物质的水平通量随高度的增加而减小,与高度的关系可用幂函数和指数函数表示;55%～58%的沙尘量在地表0.5 m高度以内传输;73%～75%在地表1 m高度以内传输;87%～89%在地表1.5 m高度以内传输;2010年5月25日至2011年5月24日,通过0～2 m高度的单宽总输沙量为1 846.7 kg•m^-1;其中PM80、PM50的输送量分别为1 192.0 kg•m^-1、387.9 kg•m^-1。     

塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外试验数据的分析,探讨了塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响.结果表明:①阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带对近地表气流的速度和风速廓线形成很大影响,风速整体被削弱,而且越接近地表,削弱程度越大,风速廓线的垂直梯度增加;②在防沙体系内,地表输沙率急剧下降,风沙流结构发生很大变化,下层含沙量下降,而上层含沙量相对变化较少,在阻沙栅栏的积沙带和草方格固沙带内上层含沙量趋于均匀分布;(3) 阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带也影响沙丘的移动.当主导输沙风向与栅栏相交呈小角度时,靠近栅栏的沙丘顺栅栏走向侧向移动相交呈大角度时,移动方向变化不大,草方格固沙带不影响沙丘的移动方向;阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带能降低沙丘的移动速度,而在固沙带内部,由于沙丘的逆向演变,沙丘体积减小,移动速度较快.     

Observation of saltation activity at Tazhong area in Taklimakan Desert,China

A two-year field observation of saltation activity was carried out at Tazhong area,the hinterland area of the Taklimakan Desert with highly frequent dust storms.From 1 September 2008 to 31 August 2010,a piezoelectric saltation sensor(Sensit) was used to continuously collect the data on saltation activity at a level sand surface.Analysis on the data suggests that saltation activity can occur at any time of the year when conditions are favorable;however,the necessary conditions are rarely satisfied in most time.In the daytime of spring or summer,saltation activity can persist even over a continuous one-hour-or-so period.It is found that,from 1 September 2008 to 31 August 2010,saltation activity accounts for more than 3% of the total yearly time,and it tends to peak in spring and summer months with strong winds.During winter months when winds are weak,however,it is often at a minimum.It seems that precipitation does not appear to be significant in reducing saltation activity in arid regions like Tazhong.     

Effect of the W-beam central guardrails on wind-blown sand deposition on desert expressways in sandy regions

Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand,which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents.W-beam central guardrails,which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways,are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand,but this has yet not to be studied adequately.To address this issue,we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow,the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions.The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide,with a bank slope ratio of 1:3.The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high,which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column.The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights(1,2,3,5,7,10,15,30 and 50 cm)above the floor of the chamber.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler,which was sectioned into 20 intervals.In addition,we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016,by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test.Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade,and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly.The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity,whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails.At 0.0H and 0.5H(where H=3.5 cm,which is the height of the subgrade),the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails,and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface.The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height.The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points,which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test.The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails.     

近地表风沙流结构对不同植被覆盖度的响应

在不同植被覆盖度条件下,通过对风速与输沙率之间对应函数关系的比较,揭示了风沙流结构与植被覆盖度之间的数量关系,从而定量化表达风沙流结构特征。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地建立农业生态体系的初步研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地生态条件恶劣 ,建立农业生态体系需采取特别的措施。两年试验表明 ,供试 71种作物大部分适应性较差 ,蔬菜产量相对较低 ;能量的产投比低 ,养分的利用率低。因此 ,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地建立农业生态体系时 ,应采取科学的田间管理措施 ,充分利用地力     

Effects of freezing intensity on soil solution nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau,China

The change of freeze-thaw pattern of the Tibetan Plateau under climate warming is bound to have a profound impact on the soil process of alpine grassland ecosystem;however,the research on the impact of the freeze-thaw action on nitrogen processes of the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau has not yet attracted much attention.In this study,the impact of the freezing strength on the soil nitrogen components of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau was studied through laboratory freeze-thaw simulation experiments.The 0–10 cm topsoil was collected from the alpine marsh meadow and alpine meadow in the permafrost region of Beilu River.In the experiment,the soil samples were cultivated at –10°C,–7°C,–5°C,–3°C and –1°C,respectively for three days and then thawed at 2°C for one day.The results showed that after the freeze-thaw process,the soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly decreased while the dissolved organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen significantly increased.When the freezing temperature was below –7°C,there was no significant difference between the content of nitrogen components,which implied a change of each nitrogen component might have a response threshold toward the freezing temperature.As the freeze-thaw process can lead to the risk of nitrogen loss in the alpine grassland ecosystem,more attention should be paid to the response of the soil nitrogen cycle of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau to the freeze-thaw process.