Impact of supplementing diets with propolis on productive performance,egg quality traits and some haematological variables of laying hens

One hundred and twenty eight, 28‐weeks‐old Lohmann LSL hybrid layers were used in this experiment, which lasted 12 weeks to investigate the effect of propolis supplementation on the productive performance, egg quality traits and haematological variables of laying hens. All hens were randomly classified into four equal experimental groups, eight replicates (4 birds/each). Hens in group 1 were fed on a commercial diet and considered as control group, while those in groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed on the same commercial diet and supplemented with 250, 500 and 1000 mg propolis/kg diet. The obtained results revealed that daily feed consumption/hen increased insignificantly with increasing propolis level than that of the control group. Regarding the means of egg mass and egg production rate, it was observed that the laying hens fed diets containing 250 and 1000 mg propolis/kg significantly (p < 0.05) produced more and heaver egg in comparison with control group. External egg quality traits have not affected with increasing the level of propolis, while eggshell weight was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The internal egg quality traits except albumen and yolk percentages increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing propolis level for treated hens as compared to those in the control. Concerning the haematological parameters, the results showed that the levels of total protein and globulin increased significantly with increasing propolis level, while cholesterol and liver enzymes were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Heterophils count of hens in the treated groups significantly decreased, whereas the lymphocyte count significantly increased, resulting in a decreased H/L ratio than that of the control group. Thus, it could be concluded that the supplementation of 250 mg propolis/kg diet is highly recommended to improving egg production, blood constituent and haematological parameters of the commercial laying hens.     

The performance of laying hens fed on rearing and laying diets containing urea

In an experiment using 2880 light hybrid pullets the effect of urea on laying performance has been assessed. Birds received one of three low‐protein rearing diets from 7–20 weeks of age. The control rearing diet, containing 11.5% crude protein, was compared with two diets containing 13.2% crude protein, one in which the protein was from conventional sources and the other containing 11.5% conventional protein and urea equivalent to 1.7% crude protein. At 20 weeks birds were allocated to one of two laying diets formulated to meet essential amino acid requirements. Half the birds from each rearing treatment received a low‐protein diet (14.7%) and the remaining birds received a 16.4% protein diet which included urea equivalent to 1.7% crude protein. Laying performance was recorded for the next 30 weeks.

Body weights of birds fed on the urea‐containing rearing diet were similar to those of birds fed on the control diet (1.22 kg) and less than those on the 13.2% protein diet (1.29 kg). Urea in the laying diet caused a 2% increase in egg production and tended to cause an improved food conversion efficiency. In contrast, a 3.5% less efficient food conversion was found during laying in birds which had received urea during rearing, compared with birds which had received the low‐protein rearing diet. Birds receiving the 13.2% protein diet, containing no urea, during rearing laid smaller eggs than birds fed on the 11.2% protein rearing diet. A high mortality rate occurred during laying due to lymphoid leucosis but no differences between treatments were found.     

日粮中添加铜对产蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

本试验选择五水硫酸铜作为饲料添加的铜源,以产蛋高峰期的海兰褐壳蛋鸡为试验动物,研究日粮中添加60mg/kg的铜对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质的影响。试验选取40周龄的海兰褐壳蛋鸡104只,设两个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复13只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮 硫酸铜52mg/kg。试验结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组能够提高产蛋鸡的各项生产性能,日产蛋重、产蛋率、料蛋比、日采食量均有上升趋势(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验组的蛋形指数差异不显著(P>0.05),蛋壳厚度变厚(P>0.05),蛋白、蛋黄重以及蛋白蛋黄的比值差异不显著(P>0.05),破软蛋率下降(P>0.05)。     

低能日粮中添加复合酶制剂对蛋鸡生产性能及血液指标的影响

试验以玉米-豆粕为基础日粮,研究在低能日粮中添加复合酶制剂对蛋鸡生产性能、血液生化指标的影响。选用368日龄480只蛋鸡随机分成5组,即Ⅰ(正对照组)、Ⅱ(负对照组)、Ⅲ(200g/t酶制剂)、Ⅳ组(300 g/t酶制剂)和V组(400g/t酶制剂),统计各试验组的采食量、平均蛋重、产蛋率和料蛋比,测定各试验组的血清白蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白、总胆固醇、钙和磷的含量。试验结果表明:复合酶制剂能提高蛋鸡生产性能,Ⅲ组平均蛋重极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01),Ⅳ组产蛋率极显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。在低能日粮中添加复合酶制剂能够改善血液生化指标,V组血清中白蛋白含量极显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01),并极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),血清总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清磷含量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。研究表明,低能日粮中添加复合酶制剂能改善蛋鸡生产性能,提高血液中各生化指标的含量,能弥补日粮降低能量对蛋鸡的不利影响。     

合生素对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

选择49周龄海兰褐蛋鸡1275只,随机分成5组,设3个正对照组、1个负对照组和1个试验组。试验组饲喂负对照组日粮（未加微生态制剂）基础中添加0．05％合生素,3个正对照组分别饲喂负对照组日粮基础中依次添加其他微生态产品M100、NW和GEK（营养标准相对负对照组低6％蛋白）的日粮。预试期30d,试验期30d,考察不同添加剂产品对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,合生素添加组与M100添加组、负对照组、NW添加组和GEK添加组的生产性能相比．产蛋率分别提高4．82％、1．01％、1．78％和5．55％;蛋质量分别提高2．79％、3．77％、2．61％和3．82％。统计上均差异显著。合生素添加组和正负对照组的料蛋比分别是2．331、2．471、2．369、2、400和2．441。鸡蛋的平均合格率统计上均无显著差异。这表明,饲料中添加0．05％合生素可达到较理想的效果。     

Effect of enzyme addition to wheat-, barley- and rye-based diets on nutrient digestibility and performance of laying hens

1. Laying hen performance, egg quality, intestinal viscosity and nutrient apparent digestibility were evaluated with respect to the main cereal used in the diet and dosage rate of a fungal beta-glucanase/xylanase enzyme complex. 2. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three soluble fibre cereals (SFC); 500 g/kg of wheat or barley or 350 g/kg of rye, and 4 enzyme concentrations (0, 250, 1250 and 2500 mg/kg). An additional control diet based on maize was also included. 3. The use of SFC in the diet instead of maize did not affect egg production or food efficiency, but hens fed on SFC diets exhibited a higher incidence of dirty eggs than hens fed on the maize diet (8-6 vs 4.6%; P<0.01). 4. Laying hens fed on enzyme-supplemented diets produced more eggs (2.1%; P<0.05) and had better food efficiency per dozen eggs (2.5%; P<005) than hens fed on non-supplemented diets. An excess of enzymes in the diet (10 times the recommended dose) did not produce any deleterious effect on laying hen productivity. 5. Enzyme supplementation (ES) reduced intestinal viscosity (P<0.001) and the incidence of dirty eggs (P<0.01). The reduction in viscosity was more pronounced in barley than in wheat or rye diets (P<0.05). 6. Apparent nutrient digestibility in SFC diets was higher with ES, including dry matter (3.1%; P=0.08), fat (4.4%; P<0.001), non-starch polysaccharides (83.3%; P<0.01) and AMEn (2.5%, P<0.01). 7. It is concluded that substitution of maize by SFC is facilitated by ES, especially with respect to egg production, food conversion efficiency and egg shell cleanliness. An excess of enzymes did not produce any deleterious effect on nutrient digestibility or performance of laying hens.     

Effect of enzyme preparation containing xylanase and beta-glucanase on performance of laying hens fed wheat/barley- or maize/soybean meal-based diets

1. A commercial enzyme preparation (Quatrazyme HP) containing xylanase and beta-glucanase was examined in two laying hen experiments with wheat/barley- or maize-based diets. The activities of other enzymes were measured also. Starch, cell wall contents and effects of Quatrazyme HP on in vitro viscosity of wheat, barley, maize and soybean meal were determined. 2. In the first experiment, 90 ISA Brown laying hens at 28 weeks of age were given a wheat/barley basal diet with or without 20mg of Quatrazyme HP, which provided 560 and 2,800 IU of xylanase and beta-glucanase/kg diet. In the second experiment, 66 ISA Brown laying hens at 45 weeks of age were given a maize/soybean meal basal diet with or without 20 mg of Quatrazyme HP/kg diet for 9 weeks. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio and change in body weight were recorded as response criteria. 3. There was a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio with enzyme supplementation. Birds given an enzyme-supplemented diet gained 86 g while those fed on the unsupplemented diet lost 103 g of their body weight by the end of the experiment. 4. The enzyme preparation did not affect either egg production, egg weight or egg mass of birds fed on the maize/soybean meal diet. However, a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio was detected. Birds on either the supplemented or unsupplemented diet exhibited an increase in their body weight at the end of the experiment. 5. Addition of xylanase and beta-glucanase decreased in vitro viscosity of wheat, barley, maize and soybean meal. This effect was greater for wheat and barley than for maize and soybean meal. 6. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of using an enzyme preparation containing xylanase and beta-glucanase is not limited to wheat/barley-based diets but also occurs with maize/soybean meal-based diets.     

Organic trace minerals on productive performance,egg quality and immune response in Bovans White laying hens

This study was performed in 360 laying Bovans White hens and aimed to evaluate the effect of Carbo‐Amino‐Phosphate‐Chelates (CAFQ) as a mineral premix and its 30% reduction by compared to inorganic trace minerals (ITM) concerning its performance, egg quality, tibia breaking strength and immunity. Sixty‐week‐old hens were assigned into three treatments with 10 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatments were as follows: (a) (100% ITM), (b) (100% CAFQ) and (c) (70% CAFQ). Based on the results obtained during 12 weeks, under the current test conditions, improved yolk colour (p < 0.05); shell breaking strength (p < 0.05); and storage time (p < 0.05) were observed in hens fed with a diet reduced by 70% in CAFQ inclusion showed similar performance behaviour and better egg breaking strength regarding with ITM, suggesting the possibility of minimizing the inclusion of trace minerals in laying hen diets improving environmental impact, in contrast to the use of inorganic sources of minerals.     

Efficiency of utilisation of energy from maize- and broken rice-based diets in old White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red laying hens.

1. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy (ME) for maintenance (k(m)) from diets containing maize and broken rice (BR) at 500 g/kg was studied in old White Leghorn (WL) and Rhode Island Red (RIR) laying hens using the respiration calorimetry technique. The maize-based diet contained 180.8 g crude protein (CP)/kg and 16.4 MJ gross energy (GE)/kg while the BR-based diet contained 173.2 g CP/kg and 16.3 MJ GE/kg. Diets were fed for 10 d, while an energy and nitrogen metabolism study was conducted during 3 d on an ad libitum-fed diet followed by another 3 d on two-thirds of the ad libitum-fed quantity. 2. ME values for the maize- and BR-based diets for WL hens were 73.3% and 77.6% of the GE, whereas for the RIR hens these were 77.7% and 80.0%, respectively. 3. Fasting heat productions, determined at the end of 24 h fast for WL and RIR hens were 473.2 and 366.1 kJ/kg W0.75/d, respectively. During fasting WL and RIR hens utilised body energy reserves with efficiencies of 84.9% and 73.7%, respectively. 4. The k(m) of maize- and BR-based diets for the WL hens were 81.6% and 79.6%, whereas for the RIR hens these were 74.2% and 76.0%, respectively. 5. ME for maintenance of WL and RIR hens were 589 and 499.6 kJ/kg W0.75/d, respectively. 6. It is concluded that although WL and RIR hens differ significantly in energy metabolism, their efficiency of utilisation of energy from maize- and BR-based diets are similar.     

日粮添加微生态制剂“派富”对产蛋鸡产蛋性能及鸡蛋品质的影响

本试验选取3种市售微生态制剂进行效果求证和比较。结果显示,产蛋鸡日粮中添加派富和其他两种市售微生态制剂均有助于提高产蛋鸡生产性能,改善鸡蛋品质,但结果有较显著差异。综合比较,添加派富效果优于对照组和添加其他两种市售微生态制剂。     

甪里艾叶粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能与蛋品质的影响

为了研究甪里艾叶粉对蛋鸡产蛋性能与蛋品质的影响,试验选用50周龄健康状况良好、生产性能相近的海兰褐蛋鸡288只,随机分为四组,一个对照组,三个试验组,各组甪里艾叶粉分别添加0、1%、2%、3%,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,预试期为7 d,试验时间为42 d。结果显示:(1)甪里艾叶粉对产蛋性能的影响:试验各组的平均日产蛋重均高于对照组(P0.05),分别提高了2.62%、3.58%、2.41%;随着艾叶粉添加量的增加,平均日采食量显著减少(P0.05),分别减少了2.76%、3.29%、3.62%;试验各组料重比均显著低于对照组(P0.05),分别降低了5.10%、6.63%、5.61%;随着甪里艾叶粉添加量的增加,产蛋率分别提高了2.85%(P0.05)、3.99%(P0.01)、5.93%(P0.01)。试验各组的蛋重与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。(2)甪里艾叶粉对蛋品质的影响:甪里艾叶粉可显著提高蛋的比重(P0.05),其中添加量为2%时差异极显著(P0.01)。各组间的蛋形指数、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色差异均不显著(P0.05)。但试验各组的蛋白高度分别提高了8.92%(P0.05)、11.29%(P0.05)、10.21%(P0.05),哈氏单位则相应提高了4.51%、5.67%、5.69%。各组间的蛋壳指标差异不显著(P0.05)。试验各组的蛋白比率、蛋黄比率差异不显著(P0.05),随着甪里艾叶粉添加量的增加,蛋壳比率逐渐降低,其中添加2%和3%的甪里艾叶粉可显著降低蛋壳比率(P0.05)。甪里艾叶粉可以改善海兰褐蛋鸡的产蛋性能,蛋的比重和蛋白高度显著提高,蛋壳比率呈降低的趋势。     

优质蛋白玉米对产蛋鸡生产性能及鸡蛋品质的影响

国外培育的优质蛋白玉米通过大鼠（Mertz，1965；Sproule等，1988），猪（Knabe等，1992；Okai等，1994），肉鸡和蛋雏鸡（Liu等，1993；Osei等，1994）的试验已被证明营养价值优于普通玉米。而国内培育的优质蛋白玉米总能和代谢能与普通玉米相近；氨基酸组成发生了变化，尤其是赖氨酸、色氨酸等含量高于普通玉米所有氨基酸消化率不低于普通玉米。但是其在产蛋鸡上应用的研究还未见报道。为此，进行本次试验，研究优质蛋白玉米（中单9409）在产蛋鸡上应用的效果，为优质蛋白玉米的推广应用提供依据。     

Effect of feeding clinoptilolite (zeolite) on the performance of three strains of laying hens

1. One hundred and twenty 16‐week‐old single combed pullets of three strains were fed on a diet containing 135 g protein/kg with or without 50 g clinoptilolite/kg in a trial with 20 hens per treatment. Sterile river sand replaced clinoptilolite in the control diet in order to keep the diets isoenergetic. The hens were individually caged in a naturally ventilated laying house and fed one of the two diets for ten 28‐d periods.

2. Significant dietary effects of feeding clinoptilolite were observed with number of eggs laid per hen, shell thickness, efficiency of food utilisation and droppings moisture content. No significant dietary effects between treatments were observed with body weight, age at first egg, egg weight, Haugh units, food intake/hen and rate of amino acid absorption of radioactive lysine and methionine into the bloodstream. Significant differences between strains were observed with regard to all parameters except food intake/hen. There were no significant strain × clinoptilolite interactions.     

L-谷氨酰胺对种用岭南黄鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响

选68周龄健康的种用岭南黄鸡440羽,随机分为5组,每组88羽,各组日粮分别添加0,0.3%,0.6%,0.9%和1.2%L-谷氨酰胺(L-Glutamine),试验为期5周,研究日粮中不同L-谷氨酰胺水平对种用岭南黄鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响。结果表明,0.9%组日均产蛋率、平均蛋重、蛋壳相对重、幼雏成活率与对照组相比分别提高7.16%(P<0.01)、4.4%(P<0.05)、2.9%(P<0.05)、2.2%(P<0.05);0.6%组日均产蛋率与对照组相比提高4.15%(P<0.05);0.3%组平均蛋重与对照组相比提高3.6%(P<0.05);1.2%组种蛋合格率与对照组相比降低1.4%(P<0.05)。     

Nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation of diets based on wheat, sorghum or maize by the newly hatched broiler chick

1. Two experiments were conducted to measure changes in nutrient utilisation in the newly hatched broiler chicken. The first experiment determined the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AME(N)) and total tract digestibility of starch and fat in diets based on wheat, sorghum and maize during the first two weeks post-hatch. The second experiment was conducted to confirm the results of Experiment 1 using wheat- and maize-based diets and was of 21 d duration. 2. In both experiments, changes to AME(N) with age were similar irrespective of the diet type, declining from d 3 to d 5-9 and then increasing after d 9. 3. In Experiment 1, the total tract digestibility of starch and fat exhibited a pattern similar to that of AME(N). 4. In Experiment 1, cereal effects were significant, with maize- and sorghum-based diets having higher AME(N) values than the wheat-based diet. Total tract starch digestibility determined for d 5, 7 and 14 showed no cereal differences. Total tract fat digestibility on d 7 was significantly lower for the wheat- and sorghum-based diets than for the maize-based diet, but no cereal differences were observed on d 5 or 14. 5. In Experiment 2, cereal effects were significant, with the maize-based diet having a higher AME(N) than the wheat-based diet. 6. These results showed that nutrient utilisation is compromised during the first week of life of the broiler chick.     

海藻饲料添加剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能、血清抗氧化性及生长的影响

试验研究了在蛋鸡饲粮中添加不同剂量的海藻饲料添加剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能、血清抗氧化性、生长及营养物质消化率等的影响。选取360只26周龄体重相近的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复20只鸡),1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;2组为抗生素对照组,在基础饲粮中添加0.005%的杆菌肽锌;3~6组为试验组,分别在基础饲粮中添加0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%的菊粉,0.025%、0.050%、0.100%、0.150%的大西洋海藻粉及相同剂量的铜藻粉(以下简称低、中、较高、高剂量海藻复合物),预试期7 d,正式试验期63 d。结果表明:海藻饲料添加剂对蛋鸡的产蛋性能有明显的剂量-效应关系,添加量为中等剂量海藻复合物(4组)时最佳且差异显著(P<0.05)。此添加量下,蛋鸡血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性最高(P<0.05)。试验中粗纤维的表观消化率随添加剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05)。低剂量试验组体重增长最多且差异显著(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,基础饲粮中添加中剂量海藻复合物作为蛋鸡饲料添加剂,能够显著提升蛋鸡产蛋性能及血清抗氧化性。     

Effect of dietary fibre on the performance of laying hens

1. In tests to determine whether gizzard weight could be influenced by dietary fibre concentrations, caged layers were fed on diets containing 15, 30 or 60 g pine shavings/kg diet.

2. As dietary fibre content increased, gizzard weight increased, but there was no effect on body weight, hen‐day production, egg weight, efficiency of food conversion, mortality, percentage of liver ether extract or egg shell breaking strength. Percentage of body ether extract tended to be lower when pine shavings were fed.     

脂肪粉对蛋鸡生产性能及相关理化指标的影响

为探讨饲料中添加脂肪对蛋鸡生产性能的影响,选择300日龄褐壳蛋鸡720只,随机分为3个处理,每个处理分为6个重复;试验组分别添加1％、2％脂肪粉,观测其对蛋鸡生产性能、生理变化及经济效益的影响。结果表明：添加脂肪,可以明显提高（P〈0．05）蛋鸡产蛋率（3．51～5．23％）和蛋重（6．03～8．69％）,降低采食量（3．63～3．67％）,改善饲料报酬（13．08～16．03％）;生理指标检测结果显示,试验组血清T3、T4含量显著提高（P〈0．05）,并且有提高GH、IGF－1含量趋势（P〉0．05）;综合经济效益分析,添加脂肪可以提高蛋鸡养殖效益（16．67～26．98％）。因此,杂粕型蛋鸡饲料中添加脂肪有实际意义。