覆膜穴播啤麦追施氮肥效应研究

在沙质淡灰钙土地区种植覆膜穴播啤酒大麦，在基施尿素１１．８ｋｇ／亩，五氧化二磷１０ｋｇ／亩，有机精肥３００ｋｇ／亩基础上，追施氮肥原则“少吃多餐”分次施肥，追施氮肥种类以碳铵为主，分３次追施，分别追施纯氮７．６ｋｇ／亩的４０％碳铵，１０．５ｋｇ／亩的４０％碳铵，１０．５ｋｇ／亩的２０％尿素。     

新疆棉区锌肥效果及适宜用量研究

施锌、施氮有效棉田,氮锌配合子棉增产２０．８％～３７．５％,其中施锌肥增产４．６％～１０．２％。子棉产量在３７２０～５０３０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２时,硫酸锌用量为５２～６５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２。     

花生应用绿色植物生长调节剂效应研究初报

绿色植物生长调节剂ＡＢＴ生根粉在花生上用于浸种,效果显著。６ 号、７ 号、８号分别使用１０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １、２０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和３０ ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １均比对照增产,其中８ 号使用２０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和３０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １增产２３８５％ ～２６６８％ ,使用７ 号３０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和使用６ 号１０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １增产１７３４％ ～１９４３％ ,使用７ 号１０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １和使用６ 号２０ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １增产１２８２％ ～１４８５％ ,增产增收均极为显著。     

棉花蕾期喷施烯效唑增产效应的研究

棉花蕾期喷施不同浓度烯效唑，结果表明：初蕾期喷施１５～７５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１烯效唑，能降低棉株高度、主茎节间长度，增加单株铃数、单铃重、衣分，提高棉花产量。其中以喷施６０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１烯效唑处理增产效果最好，较喷施清水增产皮棉１６１．５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２，提高１２．６％；较喷施２００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１缩节安增产皮棉４０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２，提高２．８％。     

汕优桂34

汕优桂３４原名汕优３０２４—１，是广西水稻研究所育成的籼型感温组合。１产量表现该组合１９８３～１９８４年参加广西杂交早稻区试，名列第一。１９８３年早稻１０个点平均亩产５０３．９ｋｇ，比汕优２号增产１０％，１９８４年早稻９个点平均亩产５７０．６ｋｇ，比汕优２号增产５．３％。１９８４年参加南方稻区杂交晚稻区试，名列第一位，１４个点平均亩产４３１．２ｋｇ，比汕优２号增产６．２６％，其中８个增产点平均增产１０．４％。１９８３年广西浦北县晚稻试种５００亩，一般亩产比汕优６号增产４１～６７．５ｋｇ。１９８４…     

甜菜多系杂交种甜研八号的选育

甜研八号是以ＫＨ为骨干系,与４个自交系按４∶１（自交系等量）配制的多系自然杂交组合（代号ＫＨ－５）,生产上利用一代杂交种。１９９１～１９９５年参加全国１３个网点区域试验和４个点两年（１９９４～１９９５年）的生产试验,平均根产量为４２６３８．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和４３７８２．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,前者比对照增产９．０％,后者与对照持平（－０．１％）,平均含糖率为１６．６％和１６．１％,比对照提高１．３２度和１．３５度,平均产糖量为７１０１．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和７００３．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比对照增产２２．９％和９．５％;１９９３～１９９７年参加黑龙江省１０个点区域试验和６个点两年（１９９６～１９９７年）的生产试验,平均根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高１０．２％和２７．８％、０．８度和０．６４度、１８．５％和３４．９％。抗褐斑病和根腐病,较对照低０．８级,根腐病罹病率５．５％,亦较耐立枯病和丛根病。适宜在黑龙江省的佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆,内蒙古的中部、东部,宁夏的银川,甘肃的黄羊镇,新疆的石河子、和静等地种植。     

玉米杂交种辽单24号试验示范简报

辽单２４号是辽宁省农业科学院玉米研究所育成的玉米单交种。１９９６年引入沈阳市东陵区进行试验示范，表现突出。试验平均产量为１１０２０．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，比对照品种铁单１０号增产２６．６％。大面积示范平均产量１１４２７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，比对照铁单１０号增产１０...     

乌龙茶机械萎凋工艺参数

以黄品种鲜叶为原料，采用６ＣＬＷ－１０型茶叶连续萎凋机进行乌龙茶萎凋试验，并通过生产验证。结果表明，萎凋温度为３５℃，萎凋时间为１５—２０ｍｉｎ，萎凋程度以鲜叶失水率为７％—１０％（最好控制在８％左右），能获得较好的品质，且香气最佳。该机适于不同品种乌龙茶萎凋，台时１５０—２５Ｏｋｇ鲜叶，与传统工艺比较，茶叶品质一般可提高０．５—１．０等级。     

小麦与玉米杂交产生单倍体频率的研究

试验采用三种玉米类型,两个Ｆ２小麦杂交组合,研究不同玉米类型对小麦单倍体胚产生频率的影响。结果表明,５个普通玉米组合胚产生频率在３．７５％～７．０２％之间（平均为５．６５％）,４个粘玉米组合在３．４８％～８．１０％之间（平均为６．５４％）,４个甜玉米组合为６．６７％～１１．３６％（平均为８．７０％）。不同类型的玉米对小麦单倍体胚的产生具有基因型差异,即：甜玉米＞粘玉米＞普通玉米。用１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的２,４－Ｄ、赤霉素、激动素、吲哚乙酸进行茎注射和喷施处理。结果表明,２,４－Ｄ茎注射处理产生小麦单倍体胚的频率最高,其次是赤霉素、激动素、吲哚乙酸。茎注射２,４－Ｄ从１０～２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ均可得小麦胚,以１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ为最高。当浓度为５００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,杂交穗枯黄死亡。     

新疆棉区钾肥效果研究

供试棉田，速效钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）含量为２２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，施氮肥增产３０．１％，氮钾配合中，钾增产２．６％，差异不显著，钾肥效果不明显。速效钾含量为１９０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１的各供试棉田，有部分试验，施氮肥增产３７．３％，氮钾配合后，钾肥增产５．６％，差异显著，钾肥有效果。速效钾含量为１９０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１的施钾有效果的供试棉田，Ｋ２Ｏ用量为７５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２。结合黄河流域棉区多年试验结果，新疆生态区，施钾有效棉田，速效钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）含量的动态范围是１５０～１９０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.