人为干扰对生物多样性的影响

从景观破碎、保护历史、种群行为机制和种群大小4个方面讨论了人为干扰对生物多样性的影响，以期为生物多样性保护和生态环境恢复提供依据。一般人为轻度干扰会导致生物多样性提高，对比研究武夷山人为干扰甜槠林与郁闭稳定甜槠林结果表明，人为干扰甜槠林高等植物物种丰富度相对于郁闭稳定林分提高了76.32%；但人为干扰甜槠林的群落优势度却远低于郁闭林，故在演替过程中群落物种多样性的增加是生态系统对外界轻度干扰的一种适应，是恢复生态系统稳定性的一种对策，一旦干扰超过其调节能力，将难以恢复为原来的群落类型。生物在其各自进化和适应的过程中由于生态位泛化或特化，许多物种仅局限于非常小的生态位空间，这些物种一旦遭遇到景观破碎则很可能从地球上消失，如黄连和短萼黄连对阴湿条件的适应与要求，导致其濒临灭绝；另一些种类由于在群落中零星分布，如斑叶兰、羽萼悬钩子、浙江红花油茶、多种粗叶木(Lasianthus spp.)和一些紫金牛(Ardisia spp.)等，当生境缩小或受到干扰时则濒临灭绝。地史上古老的地区或自然保护历史较长的地区可能拥有更多的物种。保护历史较长的福建省南靖县和溪南亚热带雨林在1200m²面积内有128种高等植物，同一地带的鼎湖山及和溪周边地区的南亚热带雨林物种丰富度均低于此。许多植物是动物传布植物，动物物种多样性的减少影响了这些植物的传布，生境的改变也影响着植物的传布，另一些物种传布到新区域而不能萌发或完成其生活史。地方种群小于一定数量时其灭绝的可能性也增加。     

人为干扰对生物多样性的影响

从景观破碎、保护历史、种群行为机制和种群大小4个方面讨论了人为干扰对生物多样性的影响，以期为生物多样性保护和生态环境恢复提供依据。一般人为轻度干扰会导致生物多样性提高，对比研究武夷山人为干扰甜槠林与郁闭稳定甜槠林结果表明，人为干扰甜槠林高等植物物种丰富相对于郁闭稳定林分提高了76．32％；但人为干扰甜槠林的群落优势度却远低于郁闭林，故在演替过程中群落物种多样性的增加是生态系统对外界轻度干扰的一种适应，是恢复生态系统稳定性的一种对策，一旦干扰超过其调节能力，将难以恢复为原来的群落类型。生物在各自进化和适应的过程中由于生态位泛化或特化，许多物种仅局限于非常小的生态位空间，这些物种一旦遭遇到观破碎则很可能从地球上消失，如黄连和短萼黄连对阴湿条件的适应与要求，导致其濒临灭绝；另一些种类由于在群落中零星分布，如斑叶兰、羽萼悬钩子、浙江红花油茶、多种粗叶木（Lasianthus spp.)和一些紫金牛（Ardisia spp.)等，当生境缩小或受到干扰时则濒临灭绝。地史上古老的地区或自然保护历史较长的地区可能拥有更多的物种。保护历史较长的福建省南靖县和溪南亚热带雨林在1200m^2面积内有128种高等植物，同一地带的鼎湖山及和溪周边地区的南亚热带雨林物种丰富均低于此。许多植物是动物传布植物，动物物种多样性的减少影响了这些植物的传布，生境的改变也影响着植物的传布，另一些物种传布到新区域而不能萌发或完成其生活史。地方种群小于一定数量时其灭绝的可能性也增加。     

人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

[目的]探究人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,为后期野果林的恢复、保护提供理论依据。[方法]以西天山野果林为研究对象,采用典型样地法,选择32个20 m×20 m具代表性的样地布置样方。以乔木径级结构、高度级结构及各层次物种组成和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,对比研究轻度(距离核心景区2～3 km)、中度(距离核心景区1～2 km)、重度(距离核心景区0～1 km)3种人为干扰强度下群落结构和物种多样性的变化。[结果]①从群落结构来看,轻度和中度干扰条件下乔木个体多分布在中径级(20 cmDBH≤30 cm)和中高度级(5 m树高≤8 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(10 cmDBH≤15 cm)、中径级(20 cmDBH≤25 cm)和高高度级(8 m树高≤10 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。②在总面积为1.28 hm~2的32个样地中,共记录到93个植物物种,隶属于40科84属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为93种、69种和51种。Shannon-Wiener指数H值、均匀度指数J值随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,优势度指数H’值随人为干扰强度的增加而增加。[结论]重度人为干扰会普遍降低野果林群落的物种多样性水平,造成群落结构不稳定,不利于植被恢复和物种多样性保护。     

人为干扰对桂西北喀斯特山地植被多样性及土壤养分分布的影响

为促进桂西北喀斯特山地草地生态系统的恢复与重建,在连续3年全面调查的基础上,采用Pearson相关系数法和主成分法研究了人为干扰对喀斯特山地草地植被多样性和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:人为干扰对喀斯特山地草地植被多样性具有明显的影响,其中人为干扰显著降低了植被盖度、地上生物量、丰富度指数和多样性指数(p0.05),对喀斯特山地草地植被均匀度指数和优势度指数没有显著影响(p0.05),说明人为干扰并没有改变物种在生境中的均匀分布和物种发生根本性变化。人为干扰显著增加了土壤容重和pH值(p0.05),降低了土壤含水量和土壤电导率,但4种营养元素(碳、氮、磷、钾)的变化幅度不尽一致,具体表现为人为干扰降低了土壤碳、氮和钾含量,但对土壤磷素并没有显著的影响(p0.05),从降低幅度来看,土壤有效养分降低幅度高于土壤全量养分,由此表明土壤有效养分较土壤全量养分更为敏感。Pearson相关性分析表明,对于人为干扰区和对照区,影响其植被多样性的土壤环境因子不尽一致,其中土壤养分和有效养分在一定程度上起着主导性的影响作用,通过人为干扰区和对照区的相关性系数可知,人为干扰区域和对照区域土壤养分之间均呈极显著正相关,说明土壤系统内部因子处于动态变化和平衡中,在人为干扰下,它们作为相互作用和影响的有机整体表现出统一性和同步性,并没有改变土壤养分因子之间的互作效应,并且土壤全量养分均与其对应的有效养分呈极显著正相关(p0.01),说明其有效养分主要依靠于土壤全量养分。冗余分析的结果显示,对于人为干扰区和对照区,植被与土壤的排序基本没有变化,而人为干扰对土壤养分含量产生了一定的影响,造成二者的RDA排序图不相一致,排序轴可反映喀斯特地区土壤因子的梯度变化特征,表明利用土壤养分作为表征喀斯特山地草地土壤—植被关系的敏感性土壤指示因子是可行的。     

五台山森林群落中物种多样性对旅游干扰的生态响应

在对五台山森林植被进行分类的基础上,利用丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数,研究了不同森林群落中物种多样性对旅游干扰的生态响应。结果表明:(1)各项指数与群落类型有关,群落物种数量越多,其丰富度较大;群落结构越复杂,层次越分明,其多样性指数越大。同时,各项指数与群落发展的限制因素有关,干扰区群落多样性主要受旅游的影响,非干扰区群落多样性主要受海拔等自然条件的影响。(2)干扰区森林群落随着旅游影响的增大,除Simpson指数外,其它指数都呈现下降的趋势。非干扰区森林群落随着海拔高度的增加,除Simpson指数和Alatalo指数外,其它指数都呈下降的趋势。     

人为干扰对泰山景观格局时空变化的影响

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,3S技术为研究手段,对比分析了泰山风景区1986～2001年间不同人为干扰程度区域的景观结构、景观异质性动态变化特征以及景观多样性高程的分异。结果表明,泰山南部人为干扰斑块动态变化高于北部,南部景观结构变化明显,北部轻微。景观多样性动态变化主要是在北部海拔900m以上和南部900m以下区域,揭示了人为活动是斑块分割的主因,景观格局的动态变化取决于人为干扰的程度。研究结果从景观生态学角度为泰山合理调整自然和人为影响,构建理想的景观格局和生态环境奠定了基础。     

人为干扰对塔里木河干流水文情势的影响

 结合塔里木河下游正在实施的生态应急输水工程,以输水年(2000年)前后干流不同测站的径流量以及下游地下水位的变化为基础,分析人为干扰后,塔里木河干流水文情势的变化。结果表明:由于源流区农业灌溉引水剧增,到达干流的水量逐年减少,进入塔里木河干流的水量20世纪50—90年代以0.2亿m3/年的速度递减,但90年代中期以后有略微增加的趋势;中游英巴扎的径流在输水年前后仍继续减少;下游卡拉站由于人工输水径流量呈增加趋势,从春季到初冬,径流量都大幅度增加,夏季洪峰流量是输水前的2倍,且在时间上有所推后。人工输水后,下游9个生态监测断面的地下水位发生较大变化。纵向上,从大西海子水库向台特马湖方向,地下水位抬升幅度呈逐级递减的趋势;横向上,各个断面的监测井水位呈波段式上升,且愈远离河道波动愈小,5次输水的响应范围达到1200 m。下游区生态输水的积极干扰,在一定程度上缓和了源干流上游区人为干扰的负面影响。应急输水工程产生了明显的生态效益。     

人为干扰对常绿阔叶林主要种群分布格局的影响

通过对甜槠群落几个主要种群甜槠、深山含笑、木荷、赤楠分布格局的研究,探讨常绿阔叶林在受到人为干扰后的种群变化动态。结果表明,当群落受不同程度外界扰动后,各种群分布格局呈不同的变化趋势。人为干扰强度越大,甜槠、深山含笑的聚集性越强,而木荷、赤楠的聚集性则下降。在低立木级上,轻度干扰更有利于形成种群的集群分布特征;在中间立木级上,随立木级的增大,种子萌发和萌条能力强的树种分布格局趋势是以重度干扰群落中的聚集性更强;在高立木级上,各种群的分布格局均呈随机分布。     

不同人为干扰尺度对米槠群落外貌特征影响研究

从群落外貌探讨不同人为干扰尺度对福建武平米槠林的影响。结果表明:随着人为干扰尺度(CK对照、A级择伐更新、B级天然更新、C级人工促进天然更新和D级杉木林)的加大藤本植物、地面芽植物、地上芽植物、中型叶、草质叶、复叶和落叶的种类逐渐上升或呈“S”型上升,而高芽位植物、小型叶、革质叶、全缘叶、单叶和常绿的种类逐渐下降或呈“S”下降;CK、A级、B级和C级的外貌是由革质、单叶、小型叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定的,而D级由草质、单叶、中型叶为主的常绿高位芽植物所决定的。     

人为干扰对典型草原生态系统土壤养分状况的影响

从土壤N，P，K及土壤有机质等方面研究了人为干扰（包括放牧、开垦和禁牧）对典型草原生态系统土壤养分含量的影响。研究结果表明：开垦和放牧会导致土壤，主要是表层土壤养分含量的下降，而开垦对土壤养分的影响更为明显；禁牧会提高土壤各种养分的含量，而且随着禁牧时间的增加，土壤养分含量有逐渐增加的趋势。对深层土壤养分含量没有明显影响。同时，草原生态系统土壤全氮、速效氮及有机质含量与土层深度呈明显的负直线相关关系；速效K、速效P含量则与土壤深度的关系符合二次幂函数关系；全磷含量随深度的增加有逐渐升高的趋势；土壤全钾含量随土壤深度的增加呈微弱的降低趋势，但变化不明显。本研究表明，禁牧可以提高典型草原土壤养分元素的含量，有利于遏制草原土壤的退化。     

Effects of tree identity dominate over tree diversity on the soil microbial community structure

This study investigated the possible effects of tree species diversity and identity on the soil microbial community in a species-rich temperate broad-leaved forest. For the first time, we separated the effects of tree identity and tree species diversity on the link between above and belowground communities in a near-natural forest. We established 100 tree clusters consisting of each three tree individuals represented by beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), or lime (Tilia spec.) at two different sites in the Hainich National Park (Thuringia, Germany). The tree clusters included one, two or three species forming a diversity gradient. We investigated the microbial community structure, using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, in mineral soil samples (0–10 cm) collected in the centre of each cluster.The lowest total PLFA amounts were found in the pure beech clusters (79.0 ± 23.5 nmol g⁻¹ soil dw), the highest PLFA amounts existed in the pure ash clusters (287.3 ± 211.3 nmol g⁻¹ soil dw). Using principle components analyses (PCA) and redundancy analyses (RDA), we found only for the variables ‘relative proportion of beech trees’ and ‘living lime fine root tips associated with ectomycorrhiza’ a significant effect on the PLFA composition. The microbial community structure was mainly determined by abiotic environmental parameters such as soil pH or clay content. The different species richness levels in the clusters did not significantly differ in their total PLFA amounts and their PLFA composition. We observed a tendency that the PLFA profiles of the microbial communities in more tree species-rich clusters were less influenced by individual PLFAs (more homogenous) than those from species-poor clusters.We concluded that tree species identity and site conditions were more important factors determining the soil microbial community structure than tree species diversity per se.     

择伐作业对常绿阔叶林乔木层树种结构及物种多样性的影响

研究4种不同强度择伐作业(弱度13.0%、中度29.1%、强度45.8%和极强度67.1%)对常绿阔叶林林分结构及乔木层物种多样性的影响结果表明,轻度与中度择伐对林分结构的影响较小,原林分乔木层优势树种的地位仍保持甚至略有提高;而强度择伐和极强度择伐则引起林分结构一定的变化,一些优势树种的地位削弱,而另一些树种的优势地位上升。但采伐作业不利于常绿阔叶林物种多样性的发展,尤其是林冠强度破坏对物种多样性的影响最大,而轻度与中度择伐作业有利于原有物种保持与恢复,这可能与不同强度择伐作业引起林地光照条件、温度和湿度等环境因子的不同变化有关。     

Potential activities of enzymes involved in N,C, P and S cycling in boreal forest soil under different tree species

The aim of this study was to compare the potential activity of enzymes involved in N, C, P and S cycling in the humus layer under three tree species: silver birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine. For arylsulphatase and protease the highest activities were found under birch, whereas beta-glucosidase activity was highest under pine. Beta-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase showed similar activities regardless of tree species. Our studies show that soils under these species may differ enzymatically from each other. Enzyme activity studies under different tree species need more attention as the activity of different enzymes influences on soil nutrient availability in boreal forest soil.     

Nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter of temperate deciduous forest trees along a gradient of increasing tree species diversity

In the litter of six deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Tilia spp., Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Acer pseudoplatanus and Acer platanoides) and in stand-specific litter mixtures, we compared mass loss and nutrient release across diversity levels along a gradient of decreasing proportion of Fagus in stands with similar environmental and physical soil conditions. The litterbag studies ran over 22 months. The decomposition rate constants (k) of the temperate forest species ranged from k = 0.5 for Fagus to k = 1.5-2 for all other tree species. In Fagus, k was closely negatively correlated with the thickness of the litter layer and positively correlated with soil pH and isopod abundance. k was significantly higher in the mixed species stands (except for Carpinus and Fraxinus) and was positively correlated with earthworm abundance. Over the whole incubation time, nutrient amount and release rates of N, P, K, Ca and Mg as well as C-related ratios showed significant differences between tree species but no consistent differences among the diversity levels. Initial C-related nutrient ratios of the leaf litter and abundance of mesofauna and macrofauna were correlated with the length of time lag before nutrient release. We conclude that the mere number of tree species is not the main driver of nutrient release and decomposition processes, but that key groups of the decomposer fauna as well as the characteristic traits of the individual tree species are decisive.     

人为干扰活动对沂蒙山区麻栎林群落结构和水文性能的影响

为了探讨人为干扰对林分结构和水文性能的影响,采用样地调查和试验观测方法,研究沂蒙山区麻栎林在封禁保育、放牧樵采和禁牧禁伐干扰下灌草植被多样性和水文性能.结果表明：1）放牧樵采干扰导致麻栎林群落灌草多样性和水文性能明显下降.与封禁保育群落相比,灌草植被盖度、多样性和均匀度指数降低了83.0％、88.7％和85.1％;土壤总孔隙度、稳渗速率和林地枯落物持水量减小了44.2％、76.7％和43.7％.2）实施禁牧禁伐保护能明显改善麻栎林群落的植物多样性和水文性能,与放牧樵采干扰群落相比,灌草植被盖度、多样性和均匀度指数提高了520％、613％和532％,土壤总孔隙度、稳渗速率和枯落物持水量高了30.3％、103.7％和28.0％.3）麻栎林群落的灌草植被盖度,与植物多样性测度及水文性能指标之间存在明显的正相关关系,其大小可作为综合表征群落多样性和水文功能退化或恢复程度的指标.     

Nutritional characteristics of mineral elements in tree species of tropical rain forest,West Sumatra,Indonesia

The nutritional characteristics of mineral elements in tree species were studied in a 1 ha permanent observation plot at Mt. Gadut area near Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The elemental composition of the 42 leaf and the 457 bark samples from the 1 ha plot was analyzed. Most of the elements, such as S, K, AI, CI, Si, B, and Sr, showed a significant correlation between leaf and bark, suggesting that bark can also be used to study the nutritional characteristics of trees instead of leaves as the first approximation. The concentrations of elements in 457 bark samples showed a wide range, indicating the considerable diversity of nutritional characteristics of mineral elements among these tree species. The concentration ranges expressed in mg kg-¹ were Mn (0.1–3,800), Sr (0.1–1,070), Si (2–1,700), Fe (0.6–4,100), Al (10–46,000), Mg (10–7,200), Zn (0.4–290), K (60–22,000), Cu (0.8–150), P (19–2,540), CI (110–9,200), S (170–13,600), Ca (2,300–100,000), B (4–70), and N a (130–700). Accumulator species were defined as trees with concentrations higher than logarithmic mean + 2std., whereas excluder species were defined as trees with concentrations lower than logarithmic mean — 2std. Among the 113 tree species identified, the accumulators were A. maingayi, M. glaberrimus, M. laurinum, P. axillaris, S. javensis, and M. sericea for S, A. frutescens, A. maingayi, M. laurinum, M. corymbosus, and E. acuminata for Al, F. ribes for Ca, B. pendula and U. maerophyllum for Cl, M. affinis and M. sereea for Si, M. affinis, L. elegans, G. maerophyllum, C. seorteehinii, and E. decipiens for Na, G. macrophyllum, E. opaea, E. latifolia, and C. arborea for B, E. opaea for Cu, F. lepicarpa for Fe, G. maerophyllum and E. opaea for P, A. malaccensis for Zn. The excluders were L. conoearpus for S, V. umbonata, L. conocarpus, S. elongata, G. forbesii, and M. serieea for Al, V. umbonata, L. conocarpus, P. grandis, P. eaeruleseens, G. forbeii, and H. arthoearpoid for Ca, V. perakensis, L. conocarpus, C. seorteehinii, and P. grandis for Mg, V. perakensis, B. tokbrai, C. zollingeriana, G. forbesii, and E. fastigiata for Na, P. exeelsa for Cu, A. porteri for Fe, P. alnifolia for Mn, L. conocarpus and G. forbesii for Sr. Specific Al accumulators were observed. M. corymbosus and U. macrophyllum accumulated Al at very high concentrations, 40 and 20 g kg-¹, respectively. Moreover, Al was accumulated not only in the mature leaves but also in the new leaves. A significant correlation between Al and P concentrations in the 457 bark samples was also observed. These observations suggest that Al exerts a beneficial effect on plant growth for certain tree species in the plot by stimulating P absorption.     

Soil microbial biomass and nitrogen transformations among five tree species of the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA

We measured soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), microbial uptake of ¹⁵N, potential net mineralization and net nitrification in the laboratory to determine the influence of tree species on nitrogen (N) transformations in soils of the Catskills Mountains, New York, USA. Organic horizon soils were taken from single species plots of beech (Fagus grandifolia), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red oak (Quercus rubra), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). ¹⁵NH₄Cl was added to the soils and N pools were sampled at 1, 3, 10 and 28 days to examine microbial uptake of ¹⁵N over time. Soil MBN was about 60% lower in red oak and sugar maple soils than in the other three species. Soil pools of NO₃⁻ and rates of net nitrification were significantly greater in soils associated with sugar maple than hemlock, red oak and yellow birch. With the exception of sugar maple soils, microbial recovery of ¹⁵N was significantly greater after 10 and 28 days compared to 60 min and 1 day following ¹⁵N tracer addition. Microbial ¹⁵N recovery declined significantly within sugar maple stands within the first 3 days of incubation. Soil carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) was lowest in sugar maple soils and highest in red oak soils. However, correlations between soil C:N and MBN or rates of net mineralization and nitrification were not significant. Soil moisture could account for 22% of the variation in MBN and 36% of the variation in net mineralization. Soil microbial transformations of N vary among tree species stands and may have consequences for forest N retention and loss.     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙与物种多样性的关系研究

对万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林非林隙与林隙内物种多样性及物种多样性随林隙大小的变化规律研究结果表明 ,万木林常绿阔叶林林隙内物种多样性高于非林隙内 ,乔木树种物种多样性随林隙大小的变化呈双峰曲线 ,其物种多样性为 2 0 0～ 30 0m2 面积林隙内达最大值 ;而灌木树种多样性随林隙大小的变化呈单峰曲线 ,其物种多样性为 4 0 0～ 5 0 0m2 面积林隙内达最大值。     

武夷山天然常绿阔叶林林隙物种多样性比较研究

对武夷山不同常绿阔叶林发育阶段林隙样地更新层物种多样性变化规律研究结果表明 ,林隙物种多样性指数大于非林隙样地 ,而生态优势度则相反 ;不同大小扩展林隙物种多样性指数不同 ,<10 0m2 面积林隙物种多样性指数最大 ,而≥ 30 0m2 的林隙则最小 ;>1.5m的林隙物种丰富度指数、Shannon Wienner多样性指数、均匀度指数和均优多指数随发育阶段的变化趋势基本一致 ,均以林隙形成时间为 10～ 2 0年达最大 ,而 <10年的则最小 ;更新层树种平均各林隙内SW多样性指数、均匀度指数和均优多指数以林隙形成 10～ 2 0年为最小 ,至 30年后有所增加 ,4 0～ 5 0年时达最大 ,5 0年后呈缓慢减少趋势。林隙形成为不同树种更新提供了动力 ,林业生产适当培育林隙对物种多样性保护极其重要。