火龙果低糖保健果冻的研制

以新鲜火龙果和蜂蜜为主要原料,研制色泽美观、独特风味的低糖保健果冻。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以果冻感官评分和质构特性为指标,优化果冻生产配方,得到最优果冻工艺为火龙果添加量10%,蜂蜜添加量20%,复配胶添加量2%(魔芋胶∶黄原胶∶卡拉胶=1∶2∶2),柠檬酸添加量0.12%。该产品具有火龙果清香味,色泽均匀、组织形态、口感良好。     

雪莲果猕猴桃低糖营养果冻配方研究

为研制风味独特的低糖果冻,以雪莲果与猕猴桃果汁为原料,采用混料设计优化复配胶（卡拉胶、魔芋胶、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na））比例,分别讨论复配胶、复合果汁（雪莲果∶猕猴桃=2∶1）、木糖醇及柠檬酸添加量对果冻品质的影响,并采用响应面法优化果冻配方。结果表明,雪莲果猕猴桃果冻的最佳配比为：以500 g果冻为基准,复配胶添加量0.8%,其中卡拉胶∶魔芋胶∶CMC-Na=0.525∶0.355∶0.120,复合果汁添加量25%,木糖醇添加量12%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%。在该配方下,所得雪莲果果冻口感细腻,弹性适中,酸甜可口,具有独特的雪莲果香味。     

低糖型桂花-红心火龙果复合花果酱的研制

以桂花和红心火龙果为原料,魔芋粉、柠檬酸等为辅料,以感官评价为标准,通过单因素试验和正交试验对低糖型桂花-红心火龙果复合花果酱进行配方优化。结果表明,最佳配方为桂花汁和红心火龙果汁的比例1∶6(W/W),白砂糖添加量8%,魔芋粉添加量2.5%,柠檬酸添加量0.20%,在此条件下所制得的酱体呈绛紫色,色泽均匀有光泽,具有桂花和火龙果的特有香味,口感光滑细腻,酸甜可口,组织状态良好,涂抹性佳。     

香蕉粉果冻工艺的研究

以香蕉粉为原料制作香蕉果冻,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究香蕉粉果冻的最佳配方。结果表明,香蕉粉添加量4%,白砂糖添加量10%,柠檬酸添加量0.14%,复合凝胶剂(卡拉胶∶魔芋胶的复配比5∶5)添加量1.2%时,产品综合评价最好。     

海参银耳保健果冻生产工艺研究

以海参和银耳为主要原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定海参银耳果冻的配方。结果表明,生产海参银耳保健果冻的最佳配方为：银耳提取液添加量50%,复配胶粉添加量0.5%（卡拉胶0.3%,果胶0.2%）,蔗糖添加量6%,柠檬酸添加量0.1%（均以果冻质量计）,采用最佳工艺参数研制出的海参银耳果冻色泽美观,甜酸滑爽,风味独特,营养丰富。     

哈密瓜-木瓜低糖营养果冻的研制

为研制风味良好、营养丰富的保健型果肉果冻,以哈密瓜肉和木瓜汁为主要原料,对哈密瓜木瓜新型复合营养果肉果冻的生产配方进行优化,探讨了复合胶的组成与配比,研究哈密瓜果肉、木瓜汁、复合胶、木糖醇、柠檬酸添加量五因素对果冻感官品质的影响。通过单因素试验和正交试验,筛选出以卡拉胶∶魔芋胶∶明胶=2∶1∶1为复合胶,果冻的最佳配方为:哈密瓜果肉添加量8%、木瓜汁添加量10%、复合胶添加量1.0%,木糖醇添加量14%、柠檬酸添加量0.15%,所得到的成品营养丰富,色泽呈均匀橙黄色,酸甜适口,弹性好,平均感官品质评分为94.5分,是一种新型的低糖复合营养果肉果冻,具有较好的市场前景。     

玫瑰樱桃果冻的加工工艺研究

以樱桃为主要原料,红玫瑰花、白砂糖、柠檬酸为辅料,用卡拉胶和魔芋胶（1∶1）配成复合凝胶剂,研究一种花香新型果冻。通过单因素和正交试验,确定玫瑰樱桃果冻的最佳工艺配方为：樱桃和红玫瑰混合汁的添加量15%（樱桃汁∶红玫瑰汁=1∶1（m∶m））,复合凝胶剂0.8%,白砂糖13%,柠檬酸0.25%。采用该配方制备的成品果冻营养丰富、颜色鲜艳、口感细腻、风味独特、富有弹性、组织状态良好,具有一定的市场潜力。     

不同稳定剂对火龙果汁酸奶稳定性的研究

以火龙果汁、全脂奶粉为主要原料,研究不同稳定剂对火龙果汁酸奶饮料的稳定作用。结果表明,0.1%果胶与0.1%黄原胶进行复配,或0.2%黄原胶与0.2%卡拉胶进行复配,产品稳定效果好。通过一系列单因素试验和正交试验,确定产品最佳生产工艺条件和配方。搅拌型火龙果汁酸奶最佳工艺条件和配方为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间4 h,奶粉与水配比1∶8,白砂糖添加量8%,火龙果汁添加量8%,发酵剂添加量4%。通过试验制得的火龙果汁酸奶饮料呈微红色,质地均匀,口感细腻,无分层、无乳清的析出,具有独特的风味和较高的营养价值。     

马齿苋柠檬汁复合果冻制作工艺的研究

以马齿苋、柠檬为原料,添加适量的白砂糖,使用合适的胶凝剂,研究马齿苋柠檬汁复合型果冻加工工艺。结果表明,胶凝剂最佳配比为果胶∶琼脂为3∶2,产品配方为马齿苋添加量51%,柠檬汁添加量14%,白砂糖添加量34%,复合胶凝剂添加量1%。试验所得果冻爽滑可口、风味独特、营养价值高。     

响应面优化香蕉皮营养果冻工艺

在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法优化香蕉皮营养果冻工艺条件。结果表明,香蕉皮营养果冻最优工艺条件为：香蕉皮添加量10%,复合凝胶剂（卡拉胶∶黄原胶∶CMC=2∶2∶1）添加量1.6%,白砂糖添加量16%。在此条件下制备的香蕉皮营养果冻感官得分为93分,制得的产品酸甜适宜、色泽诱人、风味独特。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.