来自波斯小麦Ps5的一对隐性抗叶锈病基因的染色体定位

为了筛选小麦抗叶锈病资源和发掘新的抗叶锈病基因,对由抗病波斯小麦Ps5与感病粗山羊草Ae38合成的双二倍体Am3进行了单体分析。将中国春单体和二体分别与Am3杂交,测定杂交F1植株的染色体条数以及F1、F2群体对叶锈病的抗/感病性。结果表明:在18℃条件下,Am3对小麦叶锈菌致病类型DHS/GD的抗病性由1对隐性抗病基因控制,该基因来自四倍体亲本波斯小麦Ps5,具有剂量效应,位于5A染色体上。     

Genetic analysis of resistance to Puccinia striiformis in the wheat differential cultivars Heines VII, Heines Peko and Strubes Dickkopf

One major gene for resistance to isolate WYR 85-22 of race 6E0 of Puccinia striiformis was identified by genetic analysis of the differential cultivars Heines Peko, Strubes Dickkopf and Heines VII. This gene was different from Yr2 Yr6 already identified in Heines Peko ( Yr2 Yr6 ) and Heines VII ( Yr2 ), was allelic in the three cultivars and also to a gene expressed in the other differentials Reichersberg 42 ( Yr7 ) and Clement ( Yr9 ). In Heines Peko, Strubes Dickkopf and Heines VII, a minor gene was also postulated, which, it is proposed, gave only a low level of resistance by itself but strengthened the expression of the major gene when the latter was homozygous or heterozygous. The genetics of the resistance was analysed using six resistance classes and applying multidimensional analyses. The number of resistance genes was hypothesized using data from F3 families from crosses between the three differentials and the cultivar Heines Kolben, which is susceptible to this race.     

小麦抗条锈病近等基因系Taichung29*6/Strubes Dickkopf抗病主效基因的单体分析

小麦品种Strubes Dickkopf是小麦条锈菌国际鉴别寄主,通过对以其为基因供体与完全感病品种Taichung29杂交转育而成的近等基因品系Taichung29*6/Strubes Dickkopf的单体分析,检测和定位Taichung29*6/Strubes Dickkopf中所含的抗条锈病主效基因,并明确其抗性特点。结果表明,Taichung29*6/Strubes Dickkopf对CY26小种的抗性由1对显性主效抗条锈基因所控制,定位在4B染色体上,暂定名为YrSD。同时说明Strubes Dickkopf中含有与Yr25不同的新的抗条锈病基因YrSD。     

小麦条锈菌国际鉴别寄主Lee对中国条锈菌系CY23的抗性遗传分析

采用常规杂交方法,以国际小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主Lee与感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交、测交,获正、反交的F1、F2和BC1代。根据条锈菌小种的毒性谱,选用CY23单孢菌系,对其双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期抗性鉴定和统计分析,明确抗性基因数目、显隐性、互作方式和抗性特点。结果表明,在正交情况下,Lee对CY23菌系的抗性由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制,反交情况下也由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制,正反交分析结果一致,说明Lee对CY23的抗性属核遗传,由1对显性基因和1对隐性基因互补控制。通过对CY23毒性分析和对Yr7、Yr22和Yr23遗传特点研究,表明Lee对CY23抗性的1对显性基因和1对隐性基因分别为Yr7和Yr23,两者互补控制对CY23的抗性。在抗性鉴定中可用CY23区别Yr22与Yr23,并作为标准菌系用于基因推导分析。     

小麦品系中梁93444的抗条锈性遗传分析与分子作图

为明确抗锈品种中梁93444抗条锈基因及遗传特点,用CYR30、CYR31、CYR32对该品种、铭贤169及杂交组合进行遗传分析,用SSR技术对分离家系F_3-3进行PCR扩增和电泳分析。结果显示,中梁93444对CYR30、CYR31的抗病性均由1对显性和1对隐性基因控制,对CYR32由2对显性互补基因控制;F_3-3分离家系对CYR32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制,该基因暂命名为Yr93444。对F_3-3分离群体进行SSR标记,建立了与该基因连锁的8个标记Xgwm122、Xwmc702、Xwmc644、Xwmc794、Xgwm328、Xwmc455、Xgwm372、Xwmc819,遗传距离分别为38.1、30.7、22.9、15.6、10.0、6.9、3.5和2.8 cM。 应用SSR标记、中国春及缺四体将Yr93444定位于2AL上。系谱分析和SSR分子标记检测表明,该基因是来自中间偃麦草的新抗条锈基因。用与该基因紧密连锁的SSR标记Xgwm372和Xwmc819检测中梁品种和黄淮麦区主栽品种,发现89%中梁品种含该抗病基因,而86%黄淮麦区主栽品种不含该抗病基因,表明该基因应用潜力很大。     

Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of wheat genes conferring resistance to the wheat stripe rust and barley stripe rust pathogens

ABSTRACT Stripe rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat and barley worldwide. On wheat it is caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and on barley by P. striiformis f. sp. hordei Most wheat genotypes are resistant to P. striiformis f. sp. hordei and most barley genotypes are resistant to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. To determine the genetics of resistance in wheat to P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, crosses were made between wheat genotypes Lemhi (resistant to P. striiformis f. sp. hordei) and PI 478214 (susceptible to P. striiformis f. sp. hordei). The greenhouse seedling test of 150 F(2) progeny from the Lemhi x PI 478214 cross, inoculated with race PSH-14 of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, indicated that Lemhi has a dominant resistance gene. The single dominant gene was confirmed by testing seedlings of the F(1), BC(1) to the two parents, and 150 F(3) lines from the F(2) plants with the same race. The tests of the F(1), BC(1), and F(3) progeny with race PSH-48 of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei and PST-21 of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici also showed a dominant gene for resistance to these races. Cosegregation analyses of the F(3) data from the tests with the two races of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei and one race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici suggested that the same gene conferred the resistance to both races of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, and this gene was different but closely linked to Yr21, a previously reported gene in Lemhi conferring resistance to race PST-21 of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. A linkage group consisting of 11 resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) markers was established for the genes. The gene was confirmed to be on chromosome 1B by amplification of a set of nullitetrasomic Chinese Spring lines with an RGAP marker linked in repulsion with the resistance allele. The genetic information obtained from this study is useful in understanding interactions between inappropriate hosts and pathogens. The gene identified in Lemhi for resistance to P. striiformis f. sp. hordei should provide resistance to barley stripe rust when introgressed into barley cultivars.     

以Taichung29为背景的小麦抗条锈病近等基因系转育进展

自1988年起,系统开展了以Taichung29为背景的小麦抗条锈病近等基因系转育及其基础性研究。采用回交法和系谱法相结合的转育方法,以春性品种Taichung29为轮回亲本作母本,分别与25个抗性供体即中国小麦条锈病菌鉴别寄主和国际上重要的抗条锈基因载体品种杂交、回交和自交。通过基因推导分析、单体分析和SSR标记技术检测目的基因,选育抗条锈近等基因系,现已获得重要进展,成功选育出8个以Taichung29为背景的抗条锈病单基因近等基因系,即Taichung29*6／Yr1、Taichung29*6／Yr2、Taichung29*6／Yr5、Taichung29*6／Yr7、Taichung29*6/Yr9、Taichung29*6／Yr10、Taichung29*6/YrSpP、Taichung29*6/YrKy2。另有9个组合转育获得343个抗性稳定株系,正检测其目的基因,3个组合转至BC₆F₃,自交纯合筛选抗性稳定株系,5个组合转至BC₅,继续回交转育。     

小麦品系P81抗条锈性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产中最重要的病害,培育抗病品种是防治条锈病的有效措施。小麦品系P81在苗期和成株期对当前流行的条锈菌小种条中30、31和32均表现免疫。以感病品种川麦28、Taichung29作母本,P81作父本通过杂交分别配制了F1、F2和BC1、BC2代,用人工接种方法研究P81及其杂交后代对条中32号的苗期抗性并进行了遗传分析;同时,将P81分别与含有抗条锈基因的Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr26材料进行杂交配制F2,用条中32号小种对其F2进行抗感鉴定,确定抗性基因的等位性。结果表明,P81与川麦28、Taichung29杂交F1代植株对条锈菌条中32号小种表现出与P81相似的高抗,说明P81中的抗条锈基因为显性表达。根据P81与川麦28、Taichung29杂交的F2、BC1、BC2代植株的抗性分离情况及F1代植株及亲本的抗性表现,说明P81对条中32号的抗性由1对显性抗条锈病基因控制;用条中32号小种接种鉴定P81与已知抗锈基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr26构建的F2群体时均出现了感病植株,说明P81中的抗条锈病基因与Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr26不相同;系谱分析表明,该基因来源于叙利亚普通小麦品系叙29。     

22份中国小麦生产主栽品种抗条锈病基因解析

为挖掘新的小麦抗条锈病基因,掌握小麦生产主栽品种的抗条锈病基因携带情况,有效防控小麦条锈病,采用抗性鉴定、基因推导分析和分子标记技术对22份小麦生产上主栽品种进行了研究,通过抗性鉴定比较22份小麦主栽品种与已知基因载体品种的抗谱。结果显示,共推测出14份供试品种携带已知抗条锈基因,8份供试品种携带未知抗条锈基因,是新的抗锈基因资源;聚类分析结果显示,供试22份小麦品种可分为2个大类6个亚类;利用SSR分子标记检测抗条锈病基因Yr1、Yr10和Yr24的携带情况发现,11份品种携带Yr1基因,2份品种携带Yr10基因,22份品种均不携带Yr24基因。部分生产主栽品种携带新的抗条锈病基因,表明小麦品种选育中避免了抗性基因单一化,并加强了未知基因的利用。     

部分小麦抗条锈基因及生产品种在云南的抗性表现

为掌握部分小麦已知抗条锈基因及我国小麦当前主要生产品种的抗条锈性变异状况,为其合理利用提供依据,2012-2013年,采用田间病圃自然诱发鉴定法,对21个抗条锈单基因系、15个聚合基因品系及67个小麦生产品种在云南6个地点进行抗性监测。结果表明:Yr27、Yr(7,22,23,Le1,Le2)和Yr(30,Sk,QYR3,QYR4,QYR5,QYR6,QYR7)在云南2年6点都表现稳定的抗性;Yr15、Yr25、YrSu92和Yr(27,Slk)在2年6点中,仅1个点感病且病情指数较低;Yr17、Yr18、Yr24、Yr26、Yr30、Yr32、YrA、YrSp、Yr(1,Ky1,Ky2)、Yr(3a,V23,+)、Yr(A,H)、Yr(Ab,Alb)、Yr(Gui1,Gui2,Gui3)、Yr(8,19,Com)或2年在相同或不同点表现感病,或1年在2点以上表现感病,表明这些基因抗性有丧失趋势;Yr1,Yr2,Yr5,Yr6,Yr7,Yr8,Yr9,Yr10,YrSu,Yr(3a,4a,16),Yr(3a,ND,+),Yr(10,Mor),Yr(17,29,P1,P2),Yr(Ju1,Ju2,Ju3,Ju4),在2年2点以上都表现感病,表明这些基因抗性可能已经丧失。当前在国内被认为有效的抗条锈基因Yr5,Yr10,Yr15和Yr26中,除Yr15抗性相对稳定外,其余3个田间抗性已逐渐丧失。67个国内生产品种或抗源,或多或少,或1年或2年都表现感病,条锈病抗性水平很低,寻找新的抗源并培育新的抗病品种已迫在眉睫。     

Identification of a quantitative trait locus for high-temperature adult-plant resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei in 'Bancroft' barley

Sustainable control of plant diseases can be achieved by developing cultivars with durable resistance. 'Bancroft' barley has durable high-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of the HTAP resistance in Bancroft, develop molecular markers for the HTAP resistance using the resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique, map the HTAP resistance quantitative trait locus or loci (QTL) on barley chromosomes, and determine the usefulness of the RGAP markers in other barley cultivars for marker-assisted selection. The parents and F(4) recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and the parents and F(5) RIL were evaluated in 2004 and 2005 in one and three field sites, respectively, in Washington State. Infection type (IT) and disease severity (DS) were recorded three times at each location during each growing season. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each parent and RIL based on the DS data. Genetic analyses of IT data of the parents, F(1), and F(2) tested in the adult-plant stage under controlled high-temperature cycle in the greenhouse and the parents, F(4), and F(5) RIL in the field indicated that one dominant gene controlled the HTAP resistance in Bancroft. Using 119 F(5:6) RIL and IT data, a linkage map on chromosome arm 3HL was constructed with eight RGAP markers and three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Using the QTL analysis, a QTL for HTAP resistance was mapped with the DS and AUDPC data on the same chromosome location as with the IT data. The QTL explained >70% of the total phenotypic variation for the DS and AUDPC. The heritability of the HTAP resistance based on the AUDPC data was 76%. The two markers most close to the QTL peak detected polymorphisms in 84 and 88% of 25 barley genotypes that do not have the Bancroft HTAP resistance when used individually, and detected polymorphism in 100% of the genotypes when used in combination, indicating that the markers could be used in incorporating the HTAP resistance into these barley genotypes to improve the level and durability of resistance to stripe rust.     

水稻恢复系华占抗稻瘟病遗传分析及基因鉴定

 华占是近年来我国新选育的恢复系,广泛应用于杂交稻育种中,其配组的杂交稻组合对稻瘟病均表现出良好的抗性。本研究利用来源于华南稻区的62个稻瘟病菌株对恢复系华占、明恢63和广恢998进行抗病性鉴定,结果表明:华占对接种菌株的抗谱达到95.2%,对稻瘟病表现出广谱抗性。为进一步了解该恢复系所含的抗稻瘟病基因,以高感稻瘟病品种丽江新团黑谷为母本,以华占为父本,构建了丽江新团黑谷(LTH)/华占的F₂抗病遗传分析群体。利用对华南水稻品种具有致病谱较广的稻瘟病代表菌株GD00-193a对随机选择的1 000个来源于LTH/华占的F₂个体及其F₁个体进行抗病遗传分析,结果发现F₁个体表型全为抗病,1 000个F₂个体的抗/感比率符合3∶1的显性单基因分离比,说明华占至少含有一个显性抗稻瘟病基因。利用均匀分布于水稻12条染色体的250对SSR引物,通过分离群体分析结合隐性群体分析法将华占的一个抗稻瘟病基因定位于水稻第6染色体的Pi2/Pi9/Pi50区域。通过Pi2等位基因的测序分析,结果表明华占含有Pi2抗病基因。本试验结果为华占在杂交稻上的应用及其配组组合的品种布局提供重要依据。     

Lr46: a gene conferring slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat

ABSTRACT Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Pavon 76 carries slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust that has remained effective in Mexico since its release in 1976. 'Pavon 76' was crossed with two leaf rust-susceptible wheat cultivars, Jupateco 73S and Avocet S, and between 118 and 148 individual F(2) plant-derived F(3) and F(5) lines were evaluated for adult-plant leaf rust resistance at two field sites in Mexico during different seasons. Evaluation of F(1) plants and parents indicated that the slow-rusting resistance was partially dominant. Segregation in the F(3) and F(5) indicated that the resistance was based on two genes with additive effects. Monosomic analysis was carried out to determine the chromosomal locations of the resistance genes. For this purpose, two or three backcross-derived cytogenetic populations were developed by crossing 'Pavon 76' with a monosomic series of adult-plant leaf rust-susceptible cultivar Lal-bahadur. Evaluation of such BC(2)F(3) and BC(3)F(3) lines from 16 confirmed 'Lalbahadur' monosomics indicated that one slow-rusting gene was located in chromosome 1B of 'Pavon 76'. This gene, designated as Lr46, is the second named gene involved in slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat.     

Identification and expression of the gene Yr2 for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in the wheat differential cultivars Heines Kolben, Heines Peko and Heines VII

Genetic data showed that a common gene was present in the three differential wheat cultivars Heines VII ( Yr2 ), Heines Peko ( Yr2, Yr6 ) and Heines Kolben ( Yr6 ) expressed against the race 109E9 of Puccinia striiformis which possesses virulence for Yr6 and avirulence for Yr2 . This supported the hypothesis that Heines Kolben carries the gene Yr2 in addition to Yr6 for resistance to yellow rust in a genetic background in which Yr2 is weakly expressed in seedlings. F1, F2 and F3 progenies from the cross Heines Kolben × Peragis confirmed the monogenic segregation of Yr2 in Heines Kolben and demonstrated the variation of its expression with environmental conditions.     

A New Source of Resistance to Tapesia yallundae Associated with a Homoeologous Group 4 Chromosome in Thinopyrum ponticum

ABSTRACT Wheat (Thinopyrum ponticum line SS767; PI 611939) with 42 chromosomes previously was identified as a new source of eyespot resistance. Individual plants of SS767 were tested for reaction to Tapesia yallundae, the major pathogen of eyespot in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Resistance of this line was similar to the resistant winter wheat cv. Madsen (carrying gene Pch1 for eyespot resistance). Polymerase chain reaction analysis with primers specific for the J or E genomes revealed that SS767 contains Thinopyrum chromatin. Cytological and Cbanding analyses demonstrated that SS767 is a chromosome substitution line in which wheat chromosome 4D is replaced by a homoeologous group 4 chromosome of Thinopyrum ponticum. Genomic in situ hybridization using St genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria strigosa as a probe, which can differentiate chromosomes from different genomes of Thinopyrum, indicated that this chromosome belongs to the J genome. Molecular analysis of an F(2) population segregating for chromosome 4J and resistance to eyespot confirmed that eyespot resistance in line SS767 is associated with chromosome 4J of Thinopyrum ponticum. This is the first report of genetic control of resistance to eyespot derived from Thinopyrum ponticum. This source of resistance provides a new opportunity to improve wheat resistance to eyespot by adding to the diversity of resistance sources available.     

小麦新品系YW243抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析

 YW243是最近培育出的兼抗条锈病、白粉病和黄矮病的小麦新品系,本文对其条锈病抗性进行研究。小麦条锈菌苗期接种鉴定表明,YW243高抗CY29、CY30、CY31、CY32、CYSu-11等我国条锈菌流行小种。用26个来自世界各地的菌系接种进行基因推导,结果表明,YW243具有较宽的抗谱,试验中21个已知基因系,仅有Yr5的抗性与YW243相似,但YW243的系谱表明不含有Yr5基因,因此YW243很可能含有一个新的抗条锈病基因。用YW243和京771分别作为抗感亲本进行杂交,后代分离结果表明,YW243对条锈菌CY31的抗性由1个显性基因控制。分子标记初步研究表明,该基因与RAPD引物OPY08扩增出的1条特异DNA片段连锁。     

Inheritance of resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum nigrum</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>

Solanum nigrum, black nightshade, is a wild non-tuber bearing hexaploid species with a high level of resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Colon et al. 1993), the causal agent of potato late blight, the most devastating disease in potato production. However, the genetic mode of resistance in S. nigrum is still poorly understood. In the present study, two S. nigrum accessions, 984750019 (N19) and #13, resistant (R) and susceptible (S), respectively, to three different isolates of P. infestans, were sexually crossed. The various kinds of progeny including F1, F2, F3, and backcross populations (BC₁; F1 × S), as well as two populations produced by self-pollinating the R parent and S parent, were each screened for susceptibility to P. infestans isolate MP 324 using detached leaf assays. Fifty seedling plant individuals of the F1 progeny were each resistant to this specific isolate, similarly to the seedling plants resulting from self-pollination of the resistant R parent. Thirty seedling plants obtained from self-pollination of the S parent were susceptible. Among a total of 180 F2 plants, the segregation ratio between resistant and susceptible plants was approximately 3: 1. Among the 66 seedling plants of the BC₁ progeny originating from crossing an F1 plant with the susceptible S parent, there were 26 susceptible and 40 resistant plants to P. infestans. The segregation patterns obtained indicated monogenic dominant inheritance of resistance to P. infestans isolate MP 324 in S. nigrum acc. 984750019. This gene, conferring resistance to P. infestans, may be useful for the transformation of potato cultivars susceptible to late blight.     

亚麻品系9801-1对白粉病的抗性遗传分析

 The genetics of resistance against powdery mildew in flax was analyzed. The F₁ plants from reciprocal cross of resistant materials 9801-1 and three susceptible cultivars ILONA, VENUS and DIANE were resistant to powdery mildew. The ratio of resistant and susceptible plants in F₂ generation fitted the excepted 3 to 1. It was postulated that 9801-1 carded a single dominant and resistant gene.     

Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene lr46 and its association with stripe rust resistance gene yr29 in wheat

ABSTRACT Leaf and stripe rusts, caused by Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, respectively, are globally important fungal diseases of wheat that cause significant annual yield losses. A gene that confers slow rusting resistance to leaf rust, designated as Lr46, has recently been located on wheat chromosome 1B. The objectives of our study were to establish the precise genomic location of gene Lr46 using molecular approaches and to determine if there was an association of this locus with adult plant resistance to stripe rust. A population of 146 F(5) and F(6) lines produced from the cross of susceptible 'Avocet S' with resistant 'Pavon 76' was developed and classified for leaf rust and stripe rust severity for three seasons. Using patterns of segregation for the two diseases, we estimated that at least two genes with additive effects conferred resistance to leaf rust and three to four genes conferred resistance to stripe rust. Bulked segregant analysis and linkage mapping using amplified fragment length polymorphisms with the 'Avocet' x 'Pavon 76' population, F(3) progeny lines of a single chromosome recombinant line population from the cross 'Lalbahadur' x 'Lalbahadur (Pavon 1B)', and the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative population established the genomic location of Lr46 at the distal end of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1B. A gene that is closely linked to Lr46 and confers moderate levels of adult plant resistance to stripe rust is identified and designated as Yr29.