Fruit production and quality improvement in aonla （Emblica Officinalis Gaertn.） through canopy management

In order to maintain the health and vigour and to sustain the productivity, a pruning experiment was conducted on four year old ＂Balwant＂ cultivar of aonla grown in laterite soil, planted at a spacing of 5m×5m. To find out the best pruning method, six levels of pruning was performed i.e., （1） Light judicious pruning, （2） Detopping of primary branches at 8 feet from ground level ＋ removal of all secondary branches, （3） Detopping of primary branches at 8 feet from the ground level ＋ removal of all secondary branches at 2 feet from the base of primary branches, （4） Detopping of primary branches at 8 feet from the ground level ＋ removal of all secondary branches at 1 feet from the base of primary branches, （5） Light judicious pruning ＋ Detopping of plant canopy of at 8 feet from the ground level, （6） No pruning （control）. Results of three consecutive years of investigation revealed that light judicious pruning of thin, overlapping, criss-crossed, dead, unproductive and looping branches gave highest fruit yield in all the three years and resulted 64.4 percent yield increment over control when average of three years was considered. Severe pruning of primary and secondary branches caused drastic reduction of yield for two consecutive years after pruning. Judicious pruning helped to produce better sizeable and quality fruits.     

Changes of the Main Carotenoid Pigment Contents During the Drying Processes of the Different Harvest Stage Fruits of Lycium barbarum L

The test analyzed the regularity of biosynthesis and degradation of the main functional components, such as zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and esterified carotenoids in the fruit of Lycium barbarum L. in order to provide theoretical basis for improvement of processing condition, appearance quality, and preservation of carotenoids. RP-HPLC was adapted to assay the changes of the main carotenoids of the different harvested stage fruit during the drying processing. Quantification was realized using external standard with gradient elution. The results showed that zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased dramatically, 2-22 times that of fresh fruits at the beginning of the drying period. In the middle of drying period, degradation occurred to a some extent, and the fall fruit degraded to a large extent. At the end of drying period, zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents increased to a little extent until a balanced state is obtained. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate content had a total degradation to more than 40% at the beginning of the drying period, and increased a little at the middle period, then reached a balanced state finally. The total carotenoid content analysis showed that the summer fruit had higher carotenoid content than the fall fruit. The experiments demonstrated zeaxanthin and β-carotene contents in fruits increased and zeaxanthin dipalmitate decreased during the drying process, which had an effect on the production appearance.     

Effects of Peracetic Acid （PAA） Combined with Calcium Treatments on Storage Quality of Loquat Fruit

[Objective] The paper was to evaluate effects of peracetic acid （PAA） combined with calcium treatments on storage quality of Ioquat fruits, so as to pro- vide practical techniques to solve the problems of postharvest rot and quality deteri- oration for Ioquat fruits. [Method] With Ioquat fruits of Qingzhong variety as materi- als, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCI2 was used to soak Ioquat fruits for 4 min, 0.8% CaCl2 and water treatments were set as two controls; the fruits were dried and packaged by 0.02 mm PE bags, then stored under non-chilling low temperature of （7±1） ℃. The indicators related to storage quality of Ioquat fruits were randomly tested once every 3 d, and their variation situations were analyzed. [Result] Compared with two control treatments and 0.2% PAA, 0.8% PAA combined with calcium treatments, the treatment of 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 could significantly inhibit rot index, weight loss rate, firmness and cell membrane permeability of Ioquat fruits during storage period, which could also effectively delay the reduction of titratable acid, vitamin C, soluble solid content and juice yield, and maintain respiration intensity of fruits at a low level; the appearance and flavor qual- ity of fruits were good after stored for 25 d. [Conclusion] 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 treatment is an efficient, safe and economical practice technology in an- ti-corrosion and quality preservation for postharvest Ioquat fruits .     

Effect of Using Magnetic Brackish Water on Irrigated Bell Pepper Crop （Capsicum annuum L.） Characteristics in Lower Jordan Valley/West Bank

Increasing salinity of the groundwater is one of major challenges faced by agricultural sector in West Bank/Palestine. This study was carried out in the Lower Jordan Valley （LJV） under greenhouse field condition, where an area of 0.12 ha was irrigated with 3.5 dS/m magnetic treated water during the growing season 2012/2013. The results of this pilot project show that there are significant increases in the yield of red and yellow bell pepper of about 20% and 18% on fresh weight basis, respectively. Water use efficiency increased by 15% and an increase in shelf time of 7 d were also recorded. The chlorophyll content raised significantly in the leaves of treated plants compared to the controlled one by 2.5 mg/g. Bell pepper irrigated with magnetic water produces 37% more four champers than that of the controlled one. On the other hand, there were no clear significant effects on the height of the plant, number of fruits, distance between nods, size of fruits, number and thickness of walls and sugar contents. Applying visible/near infrared （VIS/N｜R） spectroscopy test shows that it is possible to distinguish between treated and controlled bell pepper fruits. Multivariate data analysis （MVDA） method was used to test the classification of chemical elements in the fruit and it was found that treated and controlled fruit samples are divided into two groups according to their water treatment. An increase in all nutrient concentrations was found in fruits irrigated with magnetic treated water compared with the controlled one. Further testing is needed especially by involving other variables such as decreasing the volume of irrigated water and fertilizers.     

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alcoholic Fermentation and Qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube During Storage

This article investigates the effects of nitric oxide （NO） on alcoholic fermentation and the qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube during storage, and explores the action mechanisms of browning and softening of fruits to provide theoretical proofs for using NO in the storage of Chinese Winter Jujube. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were fumigated with different concentrations of NO gas （0, 10, 20, 30 μL L^-1） under anaerobic conditions and stored at 22±1℃ and 4± 1℃. The changes in appearance qualities, the contents of pyruvate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） were investigated. The contents of pyruvate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were significantly reduced, and the peak of pyruvate content was delayed by 20 μL L^-1 NO. The activities of ADH and LDH in 20 μL L^-1 NO treated fruits were also significantly inhibited. However, the alcoholic fermentation and softening of Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were promoted by 30 μL L^-1 NO during storage. The results indicated that 20 μL L^-1 NO could mitigate the injury of ethanol on Chinese Winter Jujube and effectively delay the browning and softening of fruits during storage.     

Fatty Acid Accumulation in Seeds of Three Seed Pumpkin Cultivars

In the literature there are many reports on the composition and properties of pumpkin seed oil; however, few is known about the effect of different stages of seed development on various fatty acid profiles in developing seeds. The objective of this study was to provide the changes of various fatty acid accumulations in seed oil obtained from the seeds of three pumpkin varieties belonging to the species Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita pepo. Unsaturated acids (oleic and linoleic) were dominant in various fatty acids, which constituted 38.9%-49.1% and 29.4%-42.7% of the total fatty acids at seed maturity for three pumpkin varieties, respectively, while other fatty acid concentrations except for palmitic acid all did not reach 10%. Different varieties exhibited greater effect on various fatty acid contents and the total fatty acid contents in the seeds of pumpkin rather than the species. On the whole, palmitic acid profiles of the seed oil in three varieties all followed the fluctuant decrease during all the stages of seed development, but palmitoleic acid and the total fatty acid profiles of the seed oil in three varieties were just the opposite. Stearic, oleic and linoleic acid profiles of the seed oil in three varieties all experienced the third pattern that fluctuated during all the stages of seed development, but no significant differences in these three fatty acid concentrations were found from the beginning to the end. Linolenic acid concentrations of three varieties were on the decline and ultimately close to zero. Myristic and arachidic acid profiles of the seed oil followed different trends in three varieties. Among them, myristic and arachidic acid profiles of the seed oil of Yinhui-1 fluctuated downward all the time until seed maturity, but those of 0238-1 and Jinhui-2 completely changed oppositely.     

Relationship between Protein Accumulation Regulation and Yield Formation in Soybean

Three different genotypes soybeans were adopted in this experiment under three fertilizer levels. The object of this study was to investigate protein accumulation regulation of soybean cultivars under the condition of different nutrient levels, and their effects on soybean yield and quality, and to provide theoretical evidence for breed, cultivation and agricultural production, also man-powered controllable locations. The concentration of N in the leaves declined after seedling stage, then increased again at stage of early flowering, and started to decrease up to leaf senescence, declined rapidly from seed-filling season to stage of yellow ripeness. The concentration of N in the stems and pod walls declined with growth stage. High seed protein genotypes exhibited higher N assimilating and partitioning during whole growth stages. Pod walls were media of N partitioning. Protein was accumulated mainly during the later period of reproductive growth stage up to harvest, so plant growth after stage of yellow ripeness could not be neglected.     

Review of History and Recent Development of Organic Farming Worldwide

The history of the organic farming worldwide was reviewed in this paper. The development of the organic farming worldwide had gone through three stages, emergence, expansion, and growth. The contributors and their thoughts during the different development stages of the organic farming were briefly introduced. And the development status of the organic farming worldwide was reviewed from the aspects of land area under organic management, land area under organic management in percentage of total agricultural area, and world markets for organic products. Besides, the main existing problems for the further development of the world＇s organic farming, as well as the development status, problems and strategies of the Chinese organic farming were discussed.     

Effect of Different Irrigation Methods on Dissolved Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in the Greenhouse Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the contents and distribution of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） at 0-100 cm soil depth under three irrigation treatments, viz., subsurface, drip and furrow irrigation in the greenhouse soil. The soil samples were collected at different depths （0-100 cm）, and the contents of soil total organic carbon （TOC）, DOC and MBC were analysed. The experiment was conducted for 10 yr, during which period the application of fertilizers and crop management practices were kept identical. The results showed that the contents of TOC, DOC and MBC were significantly affected by different irrigation regimes, decreased with the increase of soil depth. TOC at 0-10 and 80-100 cm soil depths followed the order of furrow irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation 〉 drip irrigation, whereas at the depth of 10-80 cm followed the order of subsurface irrigation 〉 furrow irrigation 〉 drip irrigation. DOC and MBC contents at 0-100 cm soil depths followed the order of furrow irrigation 〉 drip irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation, and drip irrigation 〉 furrow irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation, respectively. The ratios of DOC and MBC to TOC accounted for 4.98-12.87% and 1.48-2.82%, respectively, which were the highest in the drip irrigation treatment, followed were in the furrow irrigation treatment, and the lowest in subsurface irrigation treatment. There were significant positive correlations among the contents of DOC, MBC and TOC in all irrigation treatments. The furrow irrigation facilitated the accumulation of TOC and DOC, while drip irrigation increased the MBC. The content of TOC and the ratios of DOC to TOC were the lowest in subsurface irrigation treatment.     

Reduction of Chilling Injury and Ultrastructural Damage in Cherry Tomato Fruits After Hot Water Treatment

The effects of hot water treatment in alleviating chilling injury and reducing ultrastructural damage of mature-green cherry tomatoes （Lycopersicun esculentum cv. cerasiform Alef） were investigated. Mature-green cherry tomato fruits were treated in water at 40℃ or 45℃ for 5 min or 15 min, and then stored at 5℃ for 19 days followed by ripening at 20℃. Water treatment at 40℃ for 15 min increased tolerance of cherry tomato fruits to chilling stress, indicating as low outbreak of skin lesion, high color a＊ value, and low electrolyte leakage. Treated fruits showed typical climacteric respiration and developed normal red color with chlorophyll degradation and lycopene accumulation during ripening, while fruits without treatment failed to develop red color and suffered skin lesion. After 19 days of chilling, heated fruits showed the conversion of chloroplast to chromoplast with the disappearance of thylakoids. Mitochondria and other cell organelles were not adversely affected in treated fruits. However, ultrastructures in pericarp cells in control fruits severely damaged with extensive disorganization of cytoplasm, swelled chloroplasts, distorted and unstacked thylakoids. Chloroplast was the first and most severely impacted organelle by chilling stress. Hot water treatment （40℃ for 15 min） before storage alleviated chilling injury in cherry tomato fruits. The results suggest that chilling injury is related with the damage of cell structure under chilling stress.     

留穗量对龙眼花芽分化期叶片矿质营养及果实品质产量的影响

探讨立冬本龙眼不同留穗量对花芽分化期秋梢叶片矿质营养含量、结果母枝生长及果实品质和产量效益的影响。结果表明,株留穗量1/3和对照树的秋梢叶片N、P、K含量高于株留穗量1/2处理,Ca、Mg含量表现为留穗量1/2留穗量1/3对照。留穗量1/3处理,年际间结果母枝粗度、长度、叶片数差异均不显著,都是优良结果母枝,大年和小年均表现果大(13.0g以上),穗大(800.0g以上),品质优,大小年变幅小(14.67%),与留穗量1/2相比,4年平均增产24.20%,提高经济效益44.68%。说明留穗量1/3是较适宜的负载量。     

红提葡萄冬季修剪效应观察

为研究红提在浙南山区避雨栽培条件下的生长结果特点和修剪效应,从短梢、中梢和长梢三种修剪试验比较,分析结果母枝不同的剪口粗度和芽位对结果性能的影响,并分析不同结果母枝(更新枝、当年结果枝)在不同选留情况下的差异性表现。通过研究,认为浙南山区避雨栽培下红提冬剪时结果母枝剪口粗度控制在0.8~1.2 cm为宜,且应以6~8芽中梢修剪为主,短、长梢修剪视树势、枝条老熟程度、结果母枝粗度和空间等情况结合使用,要特别重视更新枝的培育与选用。     

不同抗虫棉品种简化整枝方式研究

[目的]对鲁西种植的3个抗虫棉品种的不同整枝方式进行研究,为该区域棉花简化栽培提供依据。[方法]供试抗虫棉品种分别为鲁棉研28、K638和K836,以鲁棉研28为对照。设不整枝(除打顶外不整枝,叶枝顶和赘芽也要保留)、精细整枝(按常规精细管理,去叶枝、抹赘芽、打边心、去无效蕾等,去叶枝时保留主茎叶)、粗整枝(6月10日前后将果枝以下的枝叶全部捋去,即撸裤腿,以后除打顶外不再整枝)3个处理。[结果]鲁棉研28和K638粗整枝既能够保证较高子棉产量、皮棉产量,较好的纤维品质,又能够有效减少棉田用工,在用工价格越来越高的实际情况下,棉农的纯收益最高;K836子棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维品质在精整枝、粗整枝、不整枝的整枝方式下差别较小,但不整枝较粗整枝的整枝方式田间治虫效果差,会增加一定棉田用工,建议也以粗整枝方式为主。[结论]在鲁西区域土壤肥力中等的种植条件下,鲁棉研28、K638进行粗整枝,K836进行粗整枝或不整枝,能够有效减少棉田用工,获得最高纯收益。     

翠冠梨果枝类型及坐果序位与产量和果实品质的关系

以翠冠梨为试材,探讨了不同果枝类型、坐果序位与产量、果实品质的关系。结果表明:翠冠梨长、中果枝结果总量超过短果枝,且长果枝果实可溶性固形物含量较高,中果枝果实果形较端正,修剪上应适量保留这两者结果,以提高产量,增进品质;不同坐果序位的产量分布及果实品质差异明显,第1至第3低序位果在产量上占有绝对优势,综合品质优于中、高位果,尤以第2低序位果所占产量比例最大、果形端正一致、可溶性固形物含量最高,疏果时应尽量加以保留。     

整枝对辣椒大棚长季节栽培产量和效益的影响(英文)

在长江中下游地区,辣椒长季节栽培的关键技术之一是越夏整枝。为了研究不同整枝方式对越夏栽培辣椒生长的影响,试验设计了3种整枝处理,即处理1(再生整枝)、处理2(四干整枝)和处理3(多干整枝),以不整枝为对照(CK)。结果表明,采取多干整枝法最有利于辣椒的越夏生长,能使植株保持获得高产的良好株型,可有效减轻病毒病的为害,提高辣椒果实的商品性,椒果产量和经济效益分别比对照处理增加15.8%和19.0%。     

加工番茄果实成熟过程中果胶积累特性

为探讨加工番茄果实成熟过程中果胶物质的积累特性，对3个加工番茄品种及不同果实生育期和不同坐果节位的果实果胶组成和含量进行测定分析。结果表明，3个品种果实的果胶物质均是由水溶性果胶(WSP)、草酸溶性果胶(OSP)和碱溶性果胶（ASP）构成。在绿熟期果实内以OSP和ASP为主，红熟期果实内以WSP和OSP为主；随着果实的成熟，果实内的WSP含量均呈上升趋势，ASP含量均呈下降趋势，OSP含量表现上升至粉红期后又逐渐降低的趋势；3个不同品种中，Q020 品种的总果胶（TP）含量最高，里格尔87 5品种的TP含量最少，Q020果实内的WSP、OSP和ASP在成熟过程中总体均高于里格尔87 5和屯河8号。     

槟榔间作条件下不同修剪方式对可可生长和产量的影响

以槟榔间作可可条件下的可可为研究对象,比较不同修剪方式对其生长、光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明:中度修剪提高可可株高、干周和主枝粗度,重度修剪和仅控冠幅降低可可干周和主枝粗度。中等修剪可可叶片Pn显著高于轻度修剪和仅控冠幅,可能由于修剪提高了新梢叶片叶肉细胞光合作用能力。中度修剪可可徒长枝重量分别比轻度修剪、重度修剪和仅控冠幅显著降低了69.27%、54.69%和57.03%,大大降低了养分消耗,提高产量的同时节省了修剪工作量。综上所述,在槟榔间作可可条件下,采用中度修剪有利于提高光合作用效率,形成健康平衡树形,降低徒长枝养分消耗,提高产量,为槟榔间作可可节本增效技术研究与优化提供依据。     

整枝方式对露地秋冬番茄生长结果的影响

采用不同整枝方式,对田阳县秋冬露地番茄生产进行区试,以筛选出效果较好的无限生长型番茄整枝方式供大面积推广应用。结果表明,采用单秆整枝比一秆半和双秆整枝番茄植株生长健壮,病虫危害较轻,且产量和优质商品果率明显高于采用其它整枝方式的番茄生产。     

修剪对苹果枝(梢)皮层总黄酮含量的影响

以“长富2号”、“玉华早富”苹果树为试材,采用NaNO₂-Al(NO₃)₃比色法测定总黄酮含量,研究了枝(梢)秋剪、冬剪后剪口自然暴露空气不同时长后枝(梢)皮层组织总黄酮含量的动态变化特征。结果表明,1)修剪处理后与未修剪情况下枝(梢)皮层组织总黄酮含量变化存在显著差异。2)秋季修剪后,果树秋梢皮层组织总黄酮含量在24 h内均呈波动变化,0～3 h逐渐升高,3～24 h逐渐下降; 修剪处理24 h后秋梢皮层组织总黄酮含量逐渐增加并趋于稳定,净增加率达50%以上。3)冬季修剪后,果树1年生枝条皮层组织总黄酮含量24 h以内的变化特征与秋季相同; 24 h后呈现波动变化,表现为24～48 h逐渐升高,48～168 h逐渐下降至初始值左右。修剪能够改变黄酮类化合物的代谢,影响枝(梢)总黄酮含量,可为指导苹果树修剪及枝条剪口的保护提供科学依据。     

切花月季红唇高枝修剪的生育期及产量

为满足切花月季不同花期需要,以自主选育月季红唇切花新品种为供试材料,采用高枝留桩修剪方法研究其生育特性和产量。结果表明:高枝修剪萌芽集中,生长一致,萌发2.3个腋芽,形成花枝2.1枝,切花品质一致,花期提前5d,产量提高11.13%。该试验获得月季红唇高枝留桩调整花期、提高切花产量和质量的方法。