生物监测在水环境污染监测中的现状与展望

本文介绍了水质生物监测的定义、原理及其特点和主要方法:生物群落法、细菌学检验法、水生生物毒性试验、生产力测定法、微型生物监测、分子生态毒理学方法、硝化细菌测试法、幼虫变态实验、发光细菌毒性检测法、生物传感器、DNA生物传感器、聚合酶链反应技术,展望了生物监测的应用前景。     

遥感技术在水污染监测方面的应用

遥感技术在水污染监测方面的发展状况分析,阐述了各种水体的光谱特征、水污染遥感监测常用方法。着重介绍了遥感技术在水体悬浮物浓度、油污染、城市污水、水体富营养化等监测方面的应用。最后指出目前水体污染遥感监测技术存在的问题及其发展趋势,展望了遥感技术在水污染监测方面的应用前景。     

A New Monitoring System for the Surface Marine Anomalies

Today, widespread growth in the world is intertwined with multichannel monitoring systems based on remote sensing. Such systems allow for the collection of operational information that focuses on the environmental status of marine systems on different scales. The technique of identifying real-time abnormal phenomena in the marine environment requires the presence of algorithmic remote sensing measurements and appropriate software. The present study presents a new monitoring system for remotely sensed anomalies on the marine surface, equipped with a “spotting” model based on empirical data. The experimental verification of the efficiency of the system and the algorithms developed was based on data from the Cosmos-1500 satellite for several seas. Finally, it is stressed that the proposed system, in addition to water, can also be used to detect abnormal phenomena in both air and soil.     

微核技术在新立河水质污染监测中的应用

为了解滨城区新立河水质的污染状况,选取水库出水闸、西谢庄桥、黄河2路桥、黄河5路桥、黄河8路桥、黄河12路桥、黄河15路桥及北外环路桥8个河段处为取样点,利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对各采样点进行了生物监测。调查了各河段样点的排污口数及水质表观特征,综合评价了新立河水质的污染情况。结果表明,在污染最严重的黄河5路桥至黄河15桥河段污染指数均3.50,该河段污染来源主要来自生活污水及工业废水,排污口数达调查河段的58.54%。排放污水为黑色,带有明显恶臭。利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测结果与现场调查的水质表观污染状况基本吻合。综合分析表明,新立河水质污染较严重,且有导致生物染色体分裂异常现象,需加大力度进行治理。     

城市土壤污染的磁学监测研究

对上海市典型工业区(宝山区淞南镇)与农业区(宝山区罗泾镇)土壤磁性特征和重金属含量进行研究,结果表明:工业区土壤磁化率(χlf)平均为271×10-8m3/kg,最高达1660×10-8m3/kg,频率磁化率(χfd)平均<2%;农业区土壤χlf平均为32.5×10-8m3/kg,变化范围为:(15~58.6)×10-8m3/kg。工业区土壤磁性异常增值,与工业活动与交通运输中含Fe磁性颗粒的排放有关;工业区土壤χlf与土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Mn、Fe的含量存在极显著正相关性,表明土壤磁性可作为监测城市/工业土壤污染的有效手段。农业区土壤χlf接近土壤背景值,与土壤重金属的相关性不显著。     

Development of Highly Selective and Efficient Prototype Sensor for Potential Application in Environmental Mercury Pollution Monitoring

Mercury (Hg) is an environmental pollutant which is detrimental to the health of living beings due to the toxicity in its all oxidation states. To control mercury pollution development of low cost, efficient and highly sensitive prototype mercury sensor remains a challenge. In the present work, we have proposed a low-cost prototype device based on silver nanoparticle-impregnated poly(vinyle alcohol) (PVA-Ag-NPs) nanocomposite thin film for mercury detection. The thin film, fabricated through a facile protocol, is shown to be a fast, efficient, and selective sensor for Hg²⁺ in aqueous medium with a detection limit of 10 ppb. We have utilized the aggregation and amalgamation of Ag-NPs with Hg²⁺ to develop the low-cost, highly efficient and feasible prototype mercury sensor. In the presence of Hg²⁺, the yellowish thin film turned into colourless due to the loss of intense surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band of the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) through aggregation and amalgamation with mercury. The developed sensor has high selectivity for Hg²⁺ ions over a wide range of other competing heavy metal ions, generally present in water of natural sources. The sensor response is found to be linear over the Hg²⁺ ion concentration regime from 10 ppb to 5 ppm. The developed sensor has shown to determine a trace Hg²⁺ ions in real water samples. Finally, using the proposed technique, we have developed a simple and inexpensive prototype device for monitoring in field environmental mercury pollution.

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Long-Term Monitoring of Infiltration Trench for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control

Nonpoint source pollution management initiated by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) in Korea resulted to the construction of 25 pilot facilities termed Best Management Practices (BMPs) until 2005. The national nonpoint sources control projects were employed to fulfill the Total Maximum Daily Load programs. The long-term monitoring being conducted at the sites which began in 2006 is providing detailed insight into the performance of the BMPs. The experience and performance data will be used to better understand and implement similar structural BMPs in the future as well as to assist the MOE in developing the design and maintenance guidelines of BMPs. This study presents the results gathered from the monitoring field tests and experiments over 22 rainfall events between the June 2006 and September 2008 period investigating the pollutant removal efficiency of the infiltration trench BMP that is one of the 25 pilot projects of the MOE. In addition, it includes the development of simple linear regression models to estimate constituent event mean concentration. The results reveal high treatment efficiencies for total suspended solids (89%); biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved organic carbon (89–93%); oil and grease (100%); cadmium, lead, and zinc (89–93%); total nitrogen (84%); and total phosphorus (82%). The monitoring data and results will represent a step forward to a better prediction of impacts in the environment and to the national development of BMPs for sustainable watershed management in the country.     

The Case of Pollution of Lake Maggiore: a 12-Year Study with the Bioindicator Mussel Dreissena polymorpha

In 1996, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) pollution of industrial origin was discovered in Lake Maggiore. It was caused by industrial effluents on a tributary of the River Toce, one of the major affluents of the lake in correspondence of Pallanza Bay. This event is the worst case of environmental pollution that has occurred in Western countries in the last 25 years, not due to agricultural use of DDT, but because of an accidental industrial discharge. Heavy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution was also noticed in 2002, with concentration levels three to seven times higher than those measured in other Italian subalpine lakes. In this study, the current DDT and PCBs contamination levels were assessed according to their presence in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) specimens sampled in the last 5 years (2003–2008) in eight sampling stations of Lake Maggiore, chosen to cover the entire perimeter of the basin. Moreover, for two stations (Baveno and Pallanza-Villa Taranto) located inside and outside Pallanza Bay, respectively, it is possible to make comparisons starting from 1996. The results obtained show how Lake Maggiore is still an ecosystem with a severe environmental risk, more than 10 years after the original insecticide discharge. DDT contamination continues to evolve, and natural events, like lake overturn, floods, and heavy rains, can have a great influence on the insecticide levels in the lake. By contrast, PCB contamination is absolutely negligible, even if the peak of pollution revealed in 2002 seems to indicate that these pollutants are still present in large quantities in the Lake Maggiore watershed.     

小流域面源污染监测技术体系的构建

依据构建的目标和原则,依次进行优选面源污染模型、选择监测对象、筛选面源污染指标、配置监测设施设备、确定指标获取方法、监测数据分析和管理等步骤,建立起完整的小流域面源污染监测技术体系,其科学性和可行性在重庆三峡库区陈家沟小流域的面源污染监测实践中得到了验证。该监测技术体系还兼顾了面源污染防治和水土保持监测网点建设等,紧密结合防治工作实际,希望能更好地为小流域面源污染预防、监测、治理工作服务。     

Proposed Indices for Assessing Soil Pollution Under the Application of Sludge

The assessment of soil pollution with heavy metals has been studied, based on experimental soil and plant analytical heavy metal data obtained by a pot experiment conducted during 2010?C2011 in a green house. A completely randomized block design was used, including the following sludge treatments (in tons per hectare): 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and (30+treated wastewater) in four replications. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) var. longifolia was used as a test plant. Three indices were proposed, i.e., (1) elemental pollution index, (2) heavy metal load, and (3) total concentration factor. They were found to be linearly and statistically significantly related to the pollution load index, which was used as a reference index, and curvilinearly related to lettuce dry matter yield. It was concluded that the above indices could be used for the assessment of soil pollution level.     

Rhodophyta Seaweed Species as Bioindicators for Monitoring Toxic Element Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem of Ghana

Six seaweed species of the Rhodophyta family were sampled for atwo-year period from June 1996 to August 1998 along the Atlanticcoast of Ghana (part of the Atlantic Ocean). The species wereanalysed to determine the levels of eleven chemicalelements namely: Al, As, Br, Cd, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Hg, V and Zn byInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Al, Br, Ni, andZn were measured in all the seaweed species studied. The elementAl generally showed the highest concentrations in most of thespecies analysed while Hg levels were the lowest. Precision andaccuracy of the method have been evaluated and the detectionlimits also calculated. The results showed high variability inand between species, among sampling sites and times ofcollection. The high values of metal concentrations in themacroalgae suggest that these marine organisms can be used asbiological indicators for studing marine pollution.     

实时气象数据自动监控传输程序设计

通过C#程序自动化和FTP网络技术解决了OSSMO 2004自动气象站监控软件在实际工作中无法正常卸载实时数据和不能自动上传数据文件的问题,从而提高实时数据传输率。同时在其他数据未能正常传输的情况下,设置多台站联防监控,进一步确保实时数据准确、及时传输。     

Coordinated Effects Monitoring and Modelling for Developing and Supporting International Air Pollution Control Agreements

For 20 years the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has worked to control air pollutant emissions in Europe and North America. Its Working Group on Effects (WGE) has been responsible for much of the underpinning science. The WGE's six International Cooperative Programmes (ICPs) on Waters, Natural Vegetation and Crops, Forests, Materials and Cultural Heritage, Integrated Monitoring, and Modelling and Mapping, together with a Joint Task Force on Human Health with WHO, quantify air pollution effects on the environment through monitoring, modelling and scientific review. Early work found evidence to support the need for decreases in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen pollutants. More recently, monitoring results and models have provided the scientific basis, e.g. critical loads and levels, for effects-based Protocols and for evaluating their effectiveness. ICP studies on trends show recovery from acidification effects in keeping with the fall in sulphur emissions. Steady-state models provide an indication of long-term improvements. Recent increased emphasis on developing dynamic models will enable better links between recovery rates and abatement strategies. The scientific network of the ICPs and the monitoring and modelling results have been key to the development of the Convention and are an essential component for its success in the future.     

MFC应用程序基本框架分析

MFC（Microsoft Foundation Class Library）基础类库提供了一种在Windows平台上编程的框架,该框架是一个编写高效更专业应用的强大工具,缩短了开发时间,增强了代码的可移植性,在不减少编程的自由和灵活性的情况下提供了更多的支持。对基于MFC的应用程序基本框架进行了分析和讨论。     

Seasonal Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Degraders in Alabama Marine Ecosystems Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Following the Deepwater Horizon explosion and crude oil contamination of a marsh ecosystem in AL in June 2010, hydrocarbon-degrader microbial abundances of aerobic alkane, total hydrocarbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degraders were enumerated seasonally. Surface sediment samples were collected in October and December of 2010 and in April and July of 2011 along 40?C70-m transects from the high tide to the intertidal zone including Spartina alterniflora-vegetated marsh, seagrass (Ruppia maritima)-dominated sediments, and nonvegetated sediments. Alkane and total hydrocarbon degraders in the sediment were detected, while PAH degraders were below detection limit at all locations examined during the sampling periods. The highest counts for microbial alkane degraders were observed at the high tide line in April and averaged to 8.65?×?10⁵ of cells/g dry weight (dw) sediment. The abundance of alkane degraders during other months ranged from 9.49?×?10³ to 3.87?×?10⁴, while for total hydrocarbon degraders, it ranged between 5.62?×?10³ and 1.14?×?10⁵ of cells/g dw sediment. Pore water nutrient concentrations (NH ₄ ⁺ , NO ₃ ^? , NO ₂ ^? , and PO ₄ ^3? ) showed seasonal changes with minimum values observed in December and April and maximum values in October and July. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments averaged 100.4?±?52.4 and 141.9?±?57.5?mg/kg in January and July, 2011, respectively. The presence of aerobic microbial communities during all seasons in these nearshore ecosystems suggests that an active and resident microbial community is capable of mineralizing a fraction of petroleum hydrocarbons.     

3种海洋贝类重金属污染及食用风险评价研究

为全面了解常见海产贝类的重金属污染状况,对3个不同养殖区域内水煮加工后的牡蛎、缢蛏和血蚶体内的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、甲基Hg和无机As等重金属含量进行分析,利用体外生物可利用度分析贝类中重金属在人体胃肠道中的溶解和转化情况,并采用生物质量指数(Pi)和靶标危害系数(THQs)对贝类食用风险进行评估。结果表明,牡蛎中重金属污染水平较高,且Cu、Cd是牡蛎的主要污染因子。Pb和Cd的单项污染指数平均值分别达到4.6675和1.0601,综合污染指数最大值达7.6552,说明部分贝类达到重度污染。体外生物利用度模型表明,贝类中的重金属在人体胃肠道环境下不能完全溶解,其生物利用度在1.1975%~69.5775%之间。采用THQs值评价贝类中金属元素总量和体外消化模型后的含量,以金属总量进行评价时,77.78%贝类样品的THQs值大于1.0;以体外消化模型后的金属元素含量评价时,3个养殖区的牡蛎和象山缢蛏的THQs值大于1.0,表明长期食用牡蛎对人体存在一定的健康风险,并且各重金属对人体的危害依次为Cd无机AsCuPb甲基HgCr。本研究结果为评价重金属对人类健康的风险提供了更为可靠的科学依据。     

山东昌邑海洋特别保护区土壤水盐运移现场原位自动监测研究

随着经济社会的发展,对土壤性质进行时间与空间的监测研究对农业发展和环境保护显得尤为重要,而通过地球物理方法可以对土壤进行原位自动监测。基于温纳法自主开发了一套土壤盐渍化原位、长期监测系统,并利用该系统在潍坊昌邑海洋自然保护区进行了原位测试。通过分析土壤电阻率的变化可以对土壤的水盐运移过程进行辨识,对土壤盐渍化过程进行监测、评估、预测,从而为盐渍区域的修复与可持续利用提供参考信息。监测数据表明,监测区域水盐由下自上运移强烈,容易发展为表聚型盐渍土。在降雨过程中,由于雨水淋洗作用,土壤剖面盐分重新分布。淋洗后表层土壤脱盐现象及下部区域盐峰下移过程明显,土壤剖面0~10 cm处为脱盐区域,10~35 cm处为盐峰下移区域。     

概率配点法在流域非点源污染不确定性分析中的应用

农业非点源污染的形势十分严峻,流域水环境模型虽能为非点源污染管理提供决策支撑,但显著的不确定性制约着模型的应用效果。系统的不确定性分析十分重要,而传统的基于Monte Carlo模拟的不确定性分析方法存在着计算成本高昂的缺点。因此,尝试将概率配点法（Probabilistic Collocation Method）应用于流域非点源污染的不确定性分析。研究以美国Newport Bay流域的二嗪磷农药非点源污染为案例,利用WARMF模型进行污染模拟。结果表明,在许多情况下,概率配点法可以通过很小的计算成本获得与传统Monte Carlo模拟方法相近的不确定性分析结果,体现出该方法在非点源污染研究中应用的优势。此外,还揭示了管理因素对于非点源污染模拟及其不确定性分析的影响作用。     

背角无齿蚌组织中的元素分布研究

利用Agilent7500ce型电感耦合等离子质谱仪研究了18种元素（Na、Mg、K、Ca、Zn、Mn、Fe、Al、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Tl、Pb）在背角无齿蚌5种组织（外套膜、闭壳肌、足、鳃和内脏团）中的分布特征。结果表明,总体上鳃中元素的浓度最高,内脏团和外套膜次之,足和闭壳肌中较低。Ca、Mn、Mg、Zn、Al、Cu、Ni、As和Se9种元素浓度均在鳃中最高,Na在外套膜中浓度最高,K在足中浓度最高,Fe和Pb在内脏团中浓度最高。元素负荷量的绝大部分存在于重量较大的鳃和内脏团中,但近50%的Na却积累于外套膜、闭壳肌和足中。背角无齿蚌不同组织或器官对元素的积累具有明显的选择性。     

Monitoring of Atmospheric Mercury at a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Site on An-Myun Island, Korea

In order to investigate the regional background concentration levels of mercury (Hg), measurements were routinely recorded on An-Myun Island off the coast of Korea (December 2004 to April 2006). The mean concentration of Hg computed from the entire measurement period was 4.61?±?2.21 ng m^?3 with a range of 0.10–25.4 ng m^?3 (N?=?10,485). Using these data, we inspected various aspects of Hg behavior from the relatively remote island of An-Myun in Korea. Inspection of the seasonal patterns of Hg indicated that its concentration levels generally peaked in spring, while reached a minimum in summer. The summertime deficiency of Hg along with the lack of diurnal variation suggests that the environmental behavior of Hg at the study site was strongly suppressed by heavy precipitation during specific period. The diurnal variations of Hg, typically characterized by a relative daytime dominance, are distinguishable between seasons so that such patterns disappear during the summer. The results of our analysis, when inspected in terms of long-range transport of airborne pollutants, imply that Hg concentration levels can be affected intensively by trans-boundary input processes over certain period of time. Its springtime dominance hence suggests the combined effects of various local source processes and the meteorological conditions favorable for the massive air mass transport phenomenon (such as Asian Dust storms) during that time period.