减氮增苗技术在益阳笔架山乡的示范推广

为了解决水稻生产中的"高氮肥、低基本苗"问题,2014年在洞庭湖区的益阳笔架山乡示范推广了"减氮增苗"丰产节肥技术。早稻示范推广区的株两优819、湘早籼45号、中早39的产量分别比常规操作区高5.6%、4.5%、4.6%;晚稻示范推广区的五优308、湘晚籼12号、湘晚籼17号的产量分别比常规操作区高5.4%、4.6%、4.8%,表明"减氮增苗"丰产节肥技术模式在洞庭湖区具有较高的推广价值。     

减缓施肥对水稻生长和产量形成的影响

为了探讨海南水稻氮肥运筹达到提高产量、减少施肥对环境污染的目的,以籼型杂交稻特优669为材料,研究减少水稻前期氮肥施用量并延缓氮肥施用时期（减缓施肥）与当地习惯施肥对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明：减缓施肥在分蘖期和孕穗期分蘖数少、植株矮小、叶面积小、干物质积累少,在结实期叶面积减少缓慢、群体干物质生产能力较高;减缓施肥在减少氮、磷、钾肥施用量的条件下,通过较高成穗率弥补前期分蘖数少,以较高成穗率和高结实率获得了比习惯施肥略高的产量。     

氮肥分配比例对免耕强化栽培单季晚稻的影响

试验结果表明,减少基肥、分蘖肥的施用比例,适当增加穗粒肥的施用,有利于免耕强化栽培单季晚稻产量的提高;减少前期氮肥施用比例,有利于控制中期群体,提高成穗率,增加每穗总粒数和实粒数;增加穗粒肥的施用比例,有利于提高结实率和千粒重;科学合理的氮肥施用比例,还有利于降低水稻纹枯病的发生,从而减少农药施用量,降低生产成本,也有利于保护生态环境,促进无公害稻米的生产。     

氮肥用量与运筹比例对机插水稻产量影响效应研究

研究不同氮肥施用量与运筹比例对机插水稻武育粳3号产量影响效应。结果表明:机插水稻氮肥用量以纯氮20kg/667m2为宜,运筹比例采用基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥为1∶2∶2处理产量最高;穗肥施用应因苗制宜,基蘖肥较多、群体较大、长势较好的选择在倒3 1(促花肥与保花肥使用倒数叶龄,下同)叶龄期施用,基蘖肥较少、群体较小、长势较差的选择在倒4 2或倒5 3叶龄期施用,以提高施氮安全性和利用率。     

不同施氮处理对水稻颖果灌浆和呼吸活性的影响

为了研究施氮量和施氮时期对水稻颖果生理活性的影响,以一籼一粳两个水稻品种为材料,施用分蘖肥和孕穗肥,并在施氮总量相同的条件下设置了前高后低和前低后高两个处理。研究结果表明：增施氮肥维持了水稻颖果灌浆后期较高的含水率,延长了颖果灌浆充实的时间;维持了水稻颖果灌浆充实期尤其是灌浆后期较高的呼吸速率,并且使颖果维持较高呼吸活性的时间延长;延长了颖果各组织维持脱氢酶活性的时间。其中孕穗肥较高的施氮处理比分蘖肥较高的施氮处理效果更为显著。     

氮肥对啤酒大麦蛋白质含量及产量的影响

分析了啤酒大麦港啤1号氮肥的施用量、氮肥运筹比例以及拔节起身肥施用时期对其收获籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的影响，并找出啤麦籽粒蛋白质含量不超标(≤12%)，又能获得可观产量(7749kg／hm2)的最优施肥组合。即：氮肥用量为225kg／hm2，运筹比例(基肥：分蘖肥：起身肥)为70：15：15，起身肥施用时期为叶龄余数3．0时。     

不同时期施氮对华南双季杂交稻产量及氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响

以两系法杂交水稻粤杂122为材料，在广州进行2a4季田间试验，研究了氮素作基肥、蘖肥和穗粒肥施用对水稻氮素吸收、稻谷产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：施用穗粒肥具有显著的增产作用，其增产效果比基肥和蘖肥好；施用穗粒肥显著提高水稻总吸氮量，基肥和蘖肥对吸氮量影响较小；在总施氮量相同的情况下，氮肥作穗粒肥施用的吸收利用率和农学利用率比基肥和蘖肥高；水稻最适吸氮量随结实期日照时数的增加而提高。控制氮肥总量，适当减少基肥和蘖肥用量，增加穗粒肥用量，实行氮肥后移，有利于提高华南双季杂交稻的产量和氮肥利用率。     

秧田施送嫁肥对双季超级稻分蘖期的节氮效应

以超级杂交早稻淦鑫203和超级杂交晚稻荣优225为材料,研究了秧田施送嫁肥对双季超级稻分蘖期的节氮效应。结果表明,秧田施送嫁肥,移栽时秧苗的硝酸还原酶活性和氮素含量提高,单株根数、百苗干重、氮素积累量均增加,秧苗素质提高。在分蘖氮肥减施总施氮量的5%~10%条件下,施送嫁肥处理与不施送嫁肥且不减氮的处理比较,生育前期叶片SPAD值和LAI没有明显差异,分蘖速率略有下降,成穗率显著提高,有效穗数和每穗总粒数无显著差异,干物质积累量和氮素积累总量无显著下降,而氮肥表观利用率和稻谷产量略有提高。秧田施送嫁氮肥34.5 kg/hm2,(种植1 hm2大田所需秧田送嫁氮肥施用量约3.45kg),大田分蘖氮肥可减施总施氮量的5%~10%,即早稻可减氮9~18 kg/hm2,晚稻可减氮11.25~22.5 kg/hm2。     

机插稻科学高效施用氮肥效果初探

通过机插稻氮肥不同施肥量,前后期不同比例施肥,分蘖肥和穗肥施用时期等试验,揭示了机插水稻高产栽培中氮肥的最适用量,分蘖肥和穗肥最适试用时期,基蘖肥和穗肥的最佳比例等技术关键。明确机插稻在实行群体质量栽培时,应采用"前控、中稳、后增"的施肥技术,其运筹要点为少施基肥、施足促蘖肥、增施穗肥。     

水稻机械点播的综合效益和配套技术

水稻生产不经育秧插秧等环节，采用机械点播机直接种子点播，生产效率提高20倍，稻谷增产7％，每667m^2节本增效100多元，综合效益显著。经试验示范，探明机械点播的配套技术为：整地平烂净，湿润点播，合理调控点播量，浅水分蘖、发足80％穗数苗烤田；适当减少分蘖肥，增施穗粒肥。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.