皂苷调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃中的发酵过程,不仅会造成能量和氨态氮的损失,动物生产性能的降低,而且还对环境造成污染.皂苷是一类对反刍动物瘤胃发酵有调控作用的植物次级代谢产物.本文主要综述了皂苷的化学结构、分布和存在形式及其对反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能影响的最新研究进展,为我国开展皂苷作为反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控添加剂的研究提供参考.     

油脂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷产量及生产性能影响的研究进展

油脂具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式、减少甲烷排放和提高动物生产性能等功能,被认为是一种可以替代抗生素药物的天然饲料添加剂。越来越多的研究致力于探讨各种来源的油脂对瘤胃发酵和瘤胃甲烷排放的影响。该文综述了油脂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放和生产性能的影响,旨在为今后油脂在反刍动物健康养殖应用上提供科学的理论参考依据。     

植物提取物对高精料饲粮下反刍动物瘤胃功能、微生物区系和炎症反应的调控效果

为提高反刍动物生产性能,满足其营养需求,实际生产中生产者常常使用高精料饲粮饲喂反刍动物。反刍动物长期饲以高精料饲粮会导致瘤胃微生物区系改变,引起瘤胃发酵和代谢紊乱,进而影响动物健康。植物提取物具有调节瘤胃微生物区系、改善瘤胃发酵和代谢的作用。本文综述了植物提取物对高精料饲粮下反刍动物瘤胃功能、微生物区系和炎症反应的影响及作用效果。     

日粮精粗比对反刍动物的影响

通过分析介绍日粮精粗比对反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃发酵及采食量的影响,指出了反刍动物干物质采食量(DMI)是维持和挖掘其潜在生产性能关键所在。     

瘤胃发酵调控

正反刍动物的瘤胃是迄今已知的降解纤维素能力最强的天然发酵罐,它是一个复杂的厌氧发酵体系,在反刍动物营养代谢研究中占据着及其重要的位置。反刍动物自身可利用的大部分营养物质都来自瘤胃发酵的终产物,主要是挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和菌体蛋白(MCP),它们的含量会直接影响反刍动物的营养代谢。因此,人们期望通过研究瘤胃的发酵,提高反刍动物生产性能。随着生产技术的不断更新,人们能够根据反刍动物的生产目的针对性的对瘤胃进行调控,其中瘤胃调控的主要手     

微量元素在反刍动物生产中的应用

微量元素在反刍动物体内发挥着重要作用,作者阐述了微量元素在反刍动物体内的营养作用,以及其对反刍动物生产性能、繁殖性能和瘤胃微生物的影响。为合理补饲微量元素、调控瘤胃发酵、提高生产性能和繁殖性能提供参考依据。     

皂甙在反刍动物营养上的研究进展

由于反刍动物生产性能的提高和抗病的需要,目前动物生产上很普遍使用抗生素,但随着公众对动物源性食品中化学残留物以及对抗生素的日益关注,需要开发新的安全性添加剂代替化学性添加剂。皂甙作为纯天然提取物在调节瘤胃发酵和动物性能方面可以代替化学添加物,由于皂甙的化学结构和添加量及日粮组成不同,许多研究结果不一致,文中就皂甙在瘤胃微生物区系、瘤胃发酵和反刍动物生产性能等方面的研究进展进行综述,以促进皂甙在反刍动物生产上的应用。     

植物多酚对反刍动物瘤胃脂肪酸氢化及微生物组成影响的研究进展

脂肪酸的生成与瘤胃发酵参数、生物氢化以及瘤胃微生物等因素密切相关。植物多酚可以调节反刍动物生产性能，提高氮的利用率，调节脂肪酸氢化，影响瘤胃微生物活性及数量。文章综述了植物多酚对反刍动物瘤胃脂肪酸氢化及微生物组成影响的研究进展，为植物多酚在对反刍动物瘤胃脂肪酸氢化及微生物组成影响的研究及应用提供参考。     

反刍动物精饲料饲喂水平研究进展

精饲料的饲喂水平对提高反刍动物生长性能及健康状况起关键性作用,研究精饲料饲喂水平对反刍动物的生产性能和经济效益具有重要意义.文章综述精饲料饲喂水平对反刍动物的生长性能与健康状况各项指标的影响,分析反刍动物的生长性能、血清生化指标、瘤胃发酵情况以及瘤胃微生物区系的变化,以期为反刍动物提供适宜的精饲料饲喂水平参考.     

饲粮精粗比在反刍动物中研究进展

饲粮精粗比是影响反刍动物生长发育的重要因素之一。适宜的精粗比可以改善反刍动物的生长性能,增强机体免疫力,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。为了解反刍动物生产过程中精粗比应用的研究现状,文章综述精粗比对反刍动物生长性能、血液生化指标、瘤胃发酵参数的影响,为反刍动物生产过程中选择合适的饲粮精粗比提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.