Influence of maize–wheat rotation systems on Fusarium head blight infection and deoxynivalenol content in wheat under low versus high disease pressure

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of small grain cereals resulting in a reduced grain yield and quality. FHB is the result of a complex interaction between weather conditions and agricultural practices including crop rotation, tillage, fungicide application and host resistance. This study deals with the results of field experiments conducted during the growing seasons 2009–2010 until 2011–2012 at Bottelare (Belgium). The experiments were set up to evaluate the influence of maize–wheat rotation on the visual symptoms of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in winter wheat. Using a randomised complete block design with four replications, we studied the impact of (a) maize variety as previous crop, (b) maize harvest method (grain or silage maize), (c) tillage method and (d) the influence of the wheat variety resistance on the FHB incidence and DON content. The experimental results showed that the susceptibility of the maize varieties for Fusarium and maize harvest method had only a minor effect on the FHB incidence and DON content of the wheat crop during the subsequent growing season. The tillage method and wheat variety resistance were more important; both factors had a significant influence on the FHB incidence and DON content. Furthermore, the quantitative effect of these factors depended on the disease pressure. The DON content reduction obtained by ploughing and by sowing moderately resistant wheat varieties was higher in case the weather conditions favoured FHB development. Furthermore, it was shown that repeated maize–wheat rotation in combination with favourable weather conditions for FHB could result in an accumulation of inoculum, which, for instance, led to DON contents up to 9.90 mg/kg in August 2012.     

小麦赤霉菌毒素合成机制及检测技术研究进展

赤霉病的发生不仅会导致小麦严重减产,其病原菌产生的DON、NIV等毒素也会污染小麦籽粒,对人畜健康造成严重威胁,因此研发小麦赤霉病及赤霉菌毒素的监测与防控技术是小麦生产与消费领域的核心议题。本文从细胞、遗传、生化等角度全面综述了小麦赤霉菌毒素合成、转运和调控的分子机制,介绍了目前主流的赤霉菌毒素检测技术,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了系统比较。以上研究进展可启发赤霉菌毒素监测防控新技术的出现,有利于保障粮食供给和食品安全。     

小麦产量和品质对不同类型土壤和施氮处理的响应

为了解小麦产量和品质对不同类型土壤和施氮处理的响应,以津强11号为试验材料,研究不同类型土壤（黑土、潮土）和施氮处理（不施肥、底施、三叶期施、拔节期施、抽穗期施）对春小麦产量和品质的调控效应。结果表明,土壤养分含量较高的黑土更有利于小麦穗部性状及产量和品质的提高,黑土处理小麦的总小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量较潮土分别提高5.76%、28.07%、18.37%和38.4%,蛋白质含量及其产量提高14.35%和38.37%,差异均极显著（P<0.01)。不同施氮处理间比较,穗部性状与籽粒产量均以拔节期施氮最高;各施氮处理较不施氮处理籽粒谷蛋白含量均大幅度提高,以抽穗期施氮的籽粒蛋白质含量最高。黑土和潮土中,在拔节期或抽穗期追肥均可以有效提高小麦籽粒产量和品质。籽粒圆度表现为潮土>黑土,其他籽粒性状在各处理间均无显著差异。     

外源硒对滴灌小麦籽粒硒含量及产量的影响

为给小麦高效富硒提供理论依据,通过田间小区试验研究了外源硒不同施用方式及用量对小麦籽粒硒含量及产量的影响。 结果表明,基施与喷施外源硒的小麦生物量和产量均随硒用量的增加而增加,滴施外源硒小麦的生物量和产量随硒用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。在喷施20 mg·L^-1外源硒处理下小麦产量最高,比对照提高了19.5%;滴施0.6 kg·hm^-2处理,小麦产量提高14.3%;而基施外源硒对小麦产量无显著影响;喷施处理最高产量分别比基施、滴施处理最高产量增加4.5％和0.8％。在小麦籽粒硒富集上,滴施处理中籽粒硒富集量最大,分别是基施和喷施处理的2.6倍和1.6倍。基施、滴施和喷施外源硒处理下,小麦籽粒硒转化率分别比对照提高了45.5%、55.6%和67.8%,喷施处理小麦籽粒转化率最高。喷施处理小麦的硒利用率显著高于基施和滴施处理,分别是基施和滴施的2.2和1.7倍。分别在小麦孕穗期和灌浆期滴施0.6 kg·hm^-2、喷施20 mg·L^-1 Na₂SeO₃,既能使小麦籽粒硒含量达到国家富硒食品标准,又能增加小麦产量。     

Both genetic and environmental conditions affect wheat grain texture: Consequences for grain fractionation and flour properties

This review summarizes the results of studies on near-isogenic common wheat lines differing in the Pinb-D1 allele encoding puroindoline B or durum wheat into which both wild-type puroindoline genes were introduced. The material was grown in different environments to evaluate the respective effect of puroindoline genes or of the environmental factors on grain characteristics and milling behavior.Environmental conditions were found to impact grain porosity (=1/vitreousness) and the presence of both wild-type puroindoline genes was found to reduce the vitreousness threshold under 60%. Hardness measurements with single kernel characterization system were found to differ from near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis and were linearly related to vitreousness but differently depending on the puroindoline allele carried.Puroindoline genes were found to play a major role in the grain porosity, breaking energy, size of generated particles and in the concentration of phytic acid and damaged starch into flour whereas vitreousness introduced variations in the ability to break and in the level of damaged starch.Finally, the highest flour yield is obtained from either vitreous common wheat grains carrying the wild-type puroindoline alleles or carrying mutated alleles and displaying low vitreousness. This result was confirmed using common French wheat cultivars whose puroindoline genes were identified.     

“金太龙”叶面肥对冬小麦产量及干热风抗性的影响

为探究"金太龙"叶面肥对冬小麦产量及干热风抗性的调节作用,通过两因素随机区组试验,对不同水、肥喷施量下冬小麦产量及干热风抗逆指数进行了分析。结果表明,干热风胁迫下,冬小麦的产量、干热风抗性与叶面肥用量和喷施水量均密切相关。孕穗期喷施"金太龙"叶面肥的增产作用主要归因于穗粒数、千粒重增加,尤其是千粒重。喷施水量较低时,提高叶面肥用量不利于增加粒重,低叶面肥用量则可保证冬小麦高产和提高抗干热风的能力;喷施水量较高时,提高叶面肥用量有助于延长旗叶功能期,有利于增加粒重。综合来看,孕穗期"金太龙"叶面肥用量为3kg·hm~(-2)、喷施水量225kg·hm~(-2)时,冬小麦产量最高,对干热风的抗性最好。     

麦类作物赤霉病抗性离体筛选的原理与方法

赤霉病（Fusarium head blight）是麦类作物最主要的世界性病害，在湿热的流行年份不仅减产严重，而且受过赤霉病菌毒素污染的籽粒对人类和畜禽有害，严重影响籽粒的品质。目前对赤霉病尚缺乏有效的化学和生物防治技术，最好的防治途径仍然是对抗性或耐性基因型的选育。但在赤霉病抗性选择的各种技术上，还有许多问题有待研究解决。本文以小麦为重点，介绍了赤霉病抗性离体筛选技术体系等方面的研究进展，包括毒素抗性和田间实际抗性的相关性、适宜的毒素筛选浓度、植物组织对毒素的差异反应、菌株与作物品种的互作，并讨论了抗性选择中应注意的有关问题。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对再生稻产量及品质的影响

【目的】以叶面喷施的形式研究硒对再生稻产量及品质的影响,旨在为再生稻优质、高产栽培技术提供依据。【方法】试验于2016年在湖北省洪湖市沙口镇进行,以丰两优香1号为试验材料,Na_2SeO_3为供硒源;设置0、5.625和11.250 g/hm~2三个硒肥施用量,始穗期、齐穗期和始+齐穗期三个施硒时期进行叶面喷施。【结果】叶面喷施Na_2SeO_3的处理再生稻产量均高于对照组,始穗期喷施Na_2SeO_3处理的再生稻产量与对照相比虽然有提升但并不显著;齐穗期施用5.625 g/hm~2、11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3处理分别增产2.59%和5.50%,始穗期+齐穗期施用5.625 g/hm~2、11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3处理分别增产4.83%和7.08%;始穗期与齐穗期均喷施11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3处理产量最高,为5533 kg/hm~2,叶面施用Na_2SeO_3能增加再生稻每穗粒数、实粒数和结实率。齐穗期施用11.250g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3的再生稻稻米整精米率最高,且显著高于对照组,最高值为61.37%;齐穗期施用11.250 g/hm~2Na_2SeO_3的再生稻稻米垩白粒率最低,且显著低对照组,最低值为9.37%。【结论】研究表明,施用Na_2SeO_3能提升再生稻产量,改善再生稻米品质,提升再生稻整精米率,降低垩白率。始穗期与齐穗期均喷施11.250 g/hm~2Na_2SeO_3再生稻产量达到最高;齐穗期施用11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3再生稻品质最优。     

Grain cadmium and zinc concentrations in wheat as affected by genotypic variation and potassium chloride fertilization

Thirteen bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars were grown over six site-years to identify differences in grain Cd and Zn concentrations, as affected by genotypic variation and soil application of potassium chloride (KCl) fertilizer. Application of KCl fertilizer did not consistently affect grain Cd concentration of wheat cultivars, but increased average grain yield and decreased average grain Zn in 4 of 6 site-years. However, soil type and year had significant effects on grain Cd and Zn, indicating a strong environmental effect on grain quality. Grain concentrations of Cd and Zn were generally lower for the clay loam (CL) than the fine sandy loam (FSL) soils. The wheat cultivars showed significant genotypic differences in grain concentrations of Cd and Zn, suggesting the potential of breeding to reduce Cd and increase Zn concentrations in grain. The two durum cultivars contained high concentrations of Cd but not Zn compared to the bread wheat. The interaction between cultivars and site-years was significant for grain Zn, but not for grain Cd, suggesting that grain Cd is a more stable trait than grain Zn across environments. Grain Zn and Cd were not related to each other but they both correlated negatively with grain yield. The lack of relationship between Zn and Cd suggests that breeding for enhanced Zn concentration can be attained without necessarily affecting grain Cd concentration. The negative relationship between Cd and Zn concentration and dry matter yield was likely the result of biological dilution, suggesting that genetic improvement leading to increased yield may concurrently decrease mineral concentration. Results of this study are useful to improve the mineral composition of wheat used for human consumption through the development of cultivars and use of agronomic management practices that increase Zn and/or reduce Cd concentrations in wheat grain.     

Rheological Behaviour of Wheat Endosperm—Proposal for Classification Basedon the Rheological Characteristics of EndospermTest Samples

A simple, rapid method for the preparation of parallelepiped-shaped samples from a grain is used in the proposal of a study of the rheological behaviour of wheat endosperm. Compression rupture, creep and relaxation tests are used. A series of compression tests on mealy and vitreous endosperm of different wheat varieties (soft, hard and durum) shows that the rheological properties are influenced by both the genetic origin and grain vitreousness. The main mechanical characteristics—Young's modulus, elastic and rupture stresses, rupture energy and rupture strain—were determined at moisture contents of 12 to 17%. The influence of the moisture content on rheological behaviour is demonstrated. The vitreous endosperm of some wheat varieties displays considerable ductility before rupture. The nature of this plasticity was analysed by creep and relaxation tests on hard and soft wheats. Comparison of the different endosperm rheology values clarifies the notions of vitreousness and hardness. Wheat classification based on endosperm mechanical characteristics is proposed. It seems that Young's modulus characterises hardness whereas rupture energy is related to the vitreousness of the different varieties studied. Entering the results in a Young's modulus–rupture energy system leads to a classification of wheats according to two essential factors: hardness of varietal origin and vitreousness of cultural origin.     

The occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Kenyan wheat

Freshly harvested wheat grain samples were collected during the 2004 growing season to determine the presence of head blight-causing Fusarium species. Fungal contamination was determined by isolation on agar media, while mycotoxin analysis was by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The wheat grain samples were highly contaminated with fungi, especially Epicoccum, Alternaria and Fusarium species. The mean Fusarium infection rate varied from 13% to 18%, with the major head blight-causing species being Fusarium poae, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium avenaceum. F. graminearum isolates were found to be highly virulent (79% disease severity) and significantly reduced kernel weight. Most grain samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, with a mean incidence rate of up to 75% for deoxynivalenol (DON) and 86% for T-2 toxin. Other mycotoxins detected were zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. Co-occurrence of DON, T-2 toxin and zearalenone was found in up to 35% of the samples. The results suggested the presence of Fusarium head blight and associated mycotoxins in Kenya. The presence of several mycotoxins, even at such low levels, could pose chronic adverse health effects to human and livestock fed on the contaminated wheat products.     

不同生育时期施用硅肥对优质食味粳稻产量和品质的影响

探究不同生育时期施用硅肥对优质食味粳稻产量和品质的影响,可为优质食味粳稻合理施硅提供理论基础和技术支撑。以优质食味粳稻品种南粳9108为试验材料,以不施肥（CK1）和常规施肥（CK2）为对照,在常规施肥的基础上分别设置硅肥浸种（T1）、硅肥浸种+苗期喷施硅肥15 kg/hm²（T2）、硅肥浸种+拔节期喷施硅肥15 kg/hm²（T3）、硅肥浸种+抽穗期喷施硅肥15 kg/hm²（T4）、硅肥浸种+苗期20%、拔节期30%、抽穗期50%喷施硅肥15 kg/hm²（T5）、硅肥浸种+苗期1/3、拔节期1/3、抽穗期1/3喷施硅肥45 kg/hm²（T6）处理,比较不同施硅方式对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,T6处理产量最高,其次是T5、T4、T3处理,T1和T2处理产量较CK2增幅较小;不同硅肥处理单位面积穗数、每穗颖花数、千粒重和结实率较不施硅处理均有不同程度提高。施硅对产量构成因素的影响大小依次为每穗颖花数>单位面积穗数>千粒重>结实率,T3、T5和T6处理的单位面积穗数和每穗颖花数增幅较大。与CK2相比,T3、T4、T5和T6处理增加了水稻库容量、源强度及源库比,提高了糙米率、精米率和整精米率,同时降低了垩白粒率、垩白度及蛋白质含量。T6处理稻米的峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度较CK2显著提高,而其他处理对稻米淀粉黏滞谱特性的影响不显著。主成分分析结果表明,不同硅肥处理对水稻产量和品质影响的大小依次为T6>T5>T4>T3>T2>T1。综合考虑硅肥投入、水稻产量及品质,在常规施肥加硅肥浸种基础上,优质食味粳稻推荐硅肥施用方式为：喷施量15 kg/hm²,苗期占20%、拔节期占30%、抽穗期占50%。     

叶面锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响

为明确叶面施锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响,选用小麦山农紫（紫粒）和山农129（红粒）为试验材料,采用大田试验,设置不施锌肥（Zn₀,对照）、叶面喷施锌肥10 kg·hm^-2（Zn_{10）、20 kg·hm^-2（Zn20）、30 kg·hm^-2（Zn30）、40 kg·hm^-2（Zn40）5个处理,分析了不同施锌量下紫粒小麦产量和品质相关指标的异同。结果表明,与不施锌肥比较,叶面施锌肥后山农129和山农紫分别增产1.4%~4.7%和2.3%~5.2%;随着施锌量的增加,山农129和山农紫的籽粒锌含量、总蛋白含量及蛋白质产量均表现出先增后降的趋势,分别在Zn30和Zn20处理下达到最高值,比Zn0分别提高25.8%、1.2%、16.8%和44.1%、2.1%、20.1%。两品种叶面施锌肥较其对照显著提高了籽粒蔗糖含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数（P<0.05),但总淀粉和可溶性糖含量无显著性差异;总体上,山农紫小麦增幅大于山农129。综上所述,本试验条件下,叶面喷施锌肥可提高紫粒小麦产量、锌含量以及营养品质,以喷施锌肥20 kg·hm^-2较佳。}     

Path analysis of genotype × environment interactions in rainfed durum wheat

This study was investigated to analyze genotype × environment (GE) interactions for grain yield and its components and to investigate the mechanism by which the stability of grain yield is achieved in rainfed durum wheat. Twenty-four durum wheat genotypes (breeding lines, old, and new varieties) along with one old bread wheat cultivar were tested in 21 diversified rainfed environments during 2010–2013 cropping seasons. The data were analyzed by path analysis model which is composed of a main effect and four multiplicative effects. The flowering time (X1), maturity time (X2), plant height (X3), and 1000-kernel weight (X4) were assumed to be sequential characters for the development of grain yield productivity (Y) in rainfed durum wheat. A high relationship (p < .01) between observed and expected yields of genotypes in different environments confirmed the validity of the causal scheme adopted in the analysis. Comparison the estimates of components provided information on the degree of response of each genotype to the environmental stresses. The results indicated that higher grain yields are associated with higher kernel weight (v₄), which resulted from early flowering (v₁), and so more emphasis should be given to these traits for the improvement of yield potential in durum wheat under highland rainfed conditions of Iran. Positive correlation of stability variance (σ²) with v₄ component indicated that the kernel weight is the main contributor towards GE interaction for grain yield in rainfed durum wheat.     

Microdochium nivale and Microdochium majus in seed samples of Danish small grain cereals

Microdochium nivale and Microdochium majus are two of fungal species found in the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) complex infecting small grain cereals. Quantitative real-time PCR assays were designed to separate the two Microdochium species based on the translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF-1α) and used to analyse a total of 374 seed samples of wheat, barley, triticale, rye and oat sampled from farmers' fields across Denmark from 2003 to 2007. Both fungal species were detected in the five cereal species but M. majus showed a higher prevalence compared to M. nivale in most years in all cereal species except rye, in which M. nivale represented a larger proportion of the biomass and was more prevalent than M. majus in some samples. Historical samples of wheat and barley from 1957 to 2000 similarly showed a strong prevalence of M. majus over M. nivale indicating that M. majus has been the main prevalent Microdochium species in Danish cereals for at least 50 years. PCA analysis of the two quantified Microdochium species in wheat, barley and triticale samples generally showed co-existence of M. majus and M. nivale in all three cereal species. Strobilurin resistance in M. nivale/majus was analysed in selected wheat samples from 2003 to 2007, selected barley samples from 2007 as well as in historical samples from 1957 to 2000 using CAPS analysis to detect the G143A substitution. The results confirm strobilurin resistance from 2003 in the Microdochium populations of wheat and also confirmed resistance in barley for the first time. The presence of strobilurin resistance should be considered in future fungicide control strategies.     

Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic restriction reducing yield in wheat crops affecting both, grain number and/or grain weight, depending on developmental stage at which infection occurs (pre- or post-anthesis, respectively). Grain weight reductions due to foliar diseases were widely reported in the literature mostly associated with decreases on radiation interception during the grain filling period. However, different evidences in wheat showed variations on grain weight responses when fungicide was applied during the grain filling period, probably associated with the timing of fungicide application or with the amount of available resources per grain set when fungicides are applied. The present study was designed to determine the causes of grain weight reduction due to foliar diseases complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot) in wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different years, locations, cultivars and N supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years under field conditions in different locations of Argentine and France. Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early and late sowing dates; and two contrasting N availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Grain number was not affected by foliar diseases as their appeared after anthesis. Grain weight was strongly, poorly or not affected by foliar diseases and was not associated individually with both, the sink size and the source size. However, when the grain weight response due to fungicide application was plotted against the healthy area absorption per grain (HAA_G), a significant negative association (r² = 0.81; p < 0.0001) was found for the Argentine experiments. When the HAA_G was corrected by the grain weight potential (HAA_GW) all experiments conduced in Argentine and in France fit well to a common negative linear regression (r² = 0.74, p < 0.0001) for the relationship between grain weight variation and HAA_GW demonstrating that grain weight potential is an important feature to consider in diseases control programs. Foliar diseases forced the crop to use the accumulated reserved increasing the utilization rate of the water soluble carbohydrates (WSC_UR), depleting as a consequence the water soluble content at physiological maturity (WSC_PM) in all experiments. The association between WSC_UR and the healthy area absorption per grain corrected by grain weight of healthy crops (HAA_GW) suggest that foliar diseases in wheat cause source limitation, forcing to the crop to use the WSC reserve which could be insufficient to fill the grains previously formed.     

Harvest index is a critical factor influencing the grain yield of diverse wheat species under rain-fed conditions in the Mediterranean zone of southeastern Turkey and northern Syria

Environmental and plant factors critical to the grain yields of bread (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (T. durum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum L.) wheat cultivars were investigated at two Mediterranean rain-fed field sites: Adana in southeastern Turkey (2009 and 2010) and Aleppo in northern Syria (2009). The grain yield (GY) and biological yield (BY) of most cultivars were higher in Adana than in Aleppo, and the lower GY in Aleppo resulted from lower harvest index (HI) and lower BY due to higher temperatures and lower rainfall. The variations in the HI among cultivars were greater in Adana than in Aleppo. The GY was closely related to the HI but not the BY across cultivars at each site, and a higher GY was accompanied by a superior conversion-efficiency of incident radiation during the grain filling period for grain yield [GY/Ra, where Ra is the cumulative radiation for 30 days after heading (D₃₀)] across all observations. The GY/Ra correlated negatively with the average temperature for D₃₀, and higher HI values resulted in higher GY/Ra. In Adana, the time from anthesis to physiological-maturity decreased as the average temperature for D₃₀ increased, resulting in a lower HI. Cultivars exhibiting the early heading trait can effectively escape the negative impacts of terminal high-temperature and water-shortage conditions on the HI. The results suggested that the HI is a critical factor for GY across diverse wheat cultivars under terminal high-temperatures and water-shortages in Mediterranean areas, and the BY is also an important factor under severe water-limitation conditions.     

光合菌剂对弱光照生态区小麦光合特性和产量的影响

为了探究光合菌剂在不同施用方式下对弱光照生态区小麦生长的影响,以四川主栽小麦品种川麦104为材料,采用大田试验,研究了两种光合菌剂(类球红细菌和沼泽红假单胞菌)灌根和喷施、磷酸二氢钾喷施和等量清水喷施处理(对照)对小麦叶片气体交换参数、干物质量和产量性状的影响。结果表明,两种光合菌剂喷施均显著提高小麦旗叶大小和气体交换参数,而灌根处理显著提高小麦植株干物质量。叶面喷施沼泽红假单胞菌,小麦旗叶长、宽和面积最大,较磷酸二氢钾处理分别提高6.9%、2.7%和9.8%;孕穗期和开花期旗叶的各气体交换参数最高,且孕穗期旗叶气孔导度较磷酸二氢钾处理增加14.4%,差异显著;小麦产量也最高,较对照处理增加12.7%,差异显著,与喷施磷酸二氢钾的小麦产量和产量构成间没有显著差异。相关性分析表明,穗数与干物质量呈显著正相关,穗粒数与旗叶的大小和气体交换参数呈显著或极显著正相关,产量与旗叶宽、面积和净光合速率呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,叶面喷施或灌根光合菌剂能有效促进小麦生长,改善叶片光合特性,从而提高小麦产量。     

Impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on the gluten content and composition of high protein wheat grown under humid Mediterranean conditions

The rise in high protein common wheat in humid Mediterranean areas has determined a need to compare specific and effective nitrogen (N) fertilisation protocols in order to increase their end-use value. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on grain yield and protein content (GPC), gluten fraction composition, and rheological traits. Different applications and types of fertiliser (soil applied ammonium nitrate, soil applied urea, foliar applied urea and a foliar applied commercial fertiliser) were distributed at the same rate (30 kg N ha⁻¹) in a field experiment in NW Italy, during three growing seasons. A control without any late-season N fertilisation was also considered. All the treatments received 130 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammonium nitrate (AN), which was split between tillering and the beginning of the stem elongation growth stages.None of the compared late-season N fertilisations significantly affected canopy greenness and stay green duration during the grain filling period, or the grain yield, test weight, and thousand kernel weight, although the foliar application significantly increased foliage burning (+9.8%). The late application of N consistently increased GPC (+1.1%) and dough strength (W, +21%) in the different growing seasons. The type of fertilisation strategies clearly affected the gluten content and rheological parameters: AN was more effective than urea as a soil top-dressed applied fertiliser in increasing W (+10%), as a result of a higher rise in the GPC content (+0.5%) and extensibility (L, +11%). The foliar application at anthesis, at the same N rate, led to a comparable GPC and W with those of the soil top-dressed granular fertiliser. Only a weak effect of granular urea on y/x type HMW was observed for the gluten composition. Conversely, a notable influence of year was observed (i.e. GS/Glia and y/x type HMW), which in turn resulted in a significant impact on W and P and on the aggregation time and aggregation energy.This study offers a further contribution to the improvement of specific N fertilisation strategies in order to enhance the wheat quality according to its end-use value.     

喷施铁肥对不同基因型小麦产量和铁吸收的影响

为研究小麦的最佳喷施铁肥时期并筛选高铁基因型小麦,采用盆栽方法,以14个不同基因型小麦为材料,通过不同时期喷施铁肥,比较其对小麦产量和铁吸收的影响。结果表明,小麦拔节期叶面喷施铁肥可以增加籽粒产量、籽粒铁含量、籽粒铁累积量及占植株总铁积累量的比例。拔节期喷施铁肥提高了小麦根系的铁含量、累积量及根系铁占植株总铁累积量的比例。不同基因型小麦喷施铁肥时茎中的铁含量、铁累积量及占植株总铁累积量的比例均显著降低。小麦体内的铁主要储存在根系中,地上部的铁主要分布在叶片等营养器官中。与低铁基因型相比,高铁基因型小麦具有较低的籽粒产量和生物量,但籽粒产量占全株总生物量的比例却高于低铁基因型。无论是否喷施铁肥,高铁基因型小麦籽粒铁含量、铁累积量及占植株总铁累积量的比例均显著高于低铁基因型小麦。无论是否喷施铁肥,高铁基因型的根系生物量显著低于低铁基因型,但根系铁含量则显著高于低铁基因型,铁累积量则没有显著差异。拔节期喷施铁肥是促进不同基因型小麦生长、改善小麦铁营养状况的有效途径。