碳稳定同位素技术在林木遗传改良中的应用

在植物水分利用特征研究领域，以δ^13C值和△值为分析指标的稳定同位素技术以其快速、简便的特点已逐渐被人们所接受。测定林木的δ^13C值来鉴定林木水分利用效率应用于遗传育种和节水生理方面的研究是目前的一个主要研究方向；植物碳稳定同位素，虽然是由遗传控制的，但环境效应仍然存在，光照和水分的可利用性是控制植物叶片δ^13C值的主要环境因子，影响上述2个因子的其他环境因素则会对δ^13C值产生间接影响，研究环境对δ^13C值的影响对于我们了解不同树种的水分利用特点，并根据生境选择合适的树种具有指导意义。与在作物上应用相比，碳稳定同位素技术在林木上应用还处在探索时期，进一步加强对碳稳定同位素技术的应用研究，对于提高育种效率和水平具有重要意义。     

兴安落叶松生态系统CO2浓度及其δ13C动态对环境因子的响应

【目的】探明环境因子对兴安落叶松原始林生态系统CO₂浓度及其δ¹³C动态的影响,深入理解生态系统的碳交换过程,为模拟和预测全球变化与生态系统之间的互馈机制以及科学评估寒温带森林生态系统碳汇能力提供参考。【方法】采用离轴积分腔输出光谱技术对兴安落叶松生态系统不同物候期、不同高度的CO₂浓度及其δ¹³C进行连续高频观测,并分析环境因子与CO₂浓度变化的关系。【结果】1)兴安落叶松生态系统不同高度的CO₂浓度在生长季和日尺度上均呈单峰变化,峰值分别出现在展叶期(522.34μmol·mol^-1)和凌晨(782.81μmol·mol^-1),谷值分别出现在落叶期(406.07μmol·mol^-1)和中午(379.72μmol·mol^-1);δ¹³C变化趋势与CO₂浓度相反;2)CO₂浓度随垂直高度升高而减小,δ     

植物逆境生理研究进展

综述了植物对干旱、冷害、冻害、热害、涝害、盐胁迫和CO₂胁迫等不良环境因子的生理反应机制。对应用于植物逆境生理研究的叶绿素荧光、气体交换、碳同位素分辨率和糖类化合物含量等参数的生理意义进行了阐述。     

两种彗星兰应对干旱胁迫的光合碳同化途径响应

为更加科学和高效地对两种彗星兰进行繁育工作,开展了叶片厚度、稳定碳同位素分馏值(δ¹³C)、昼夜净CO₂吸收动态和可滴定酸含量检测,探索该两物种应对干旱胁迫的光合碳同化途径响应。结果表明：长距彗星兰(Angraecum sesquipedale)的叶片厚度为1.07 mm、δ¹³C值为-17.24‰;拟长距彗星兰(A.sororium)的叶片厚度为0.58 mm、δ¹³C值为-27.74‰;长距彗星兰仅在暗期吸收CO₂并随着干旱胁迫的加深其净CO₂吸收速率也逐渐降低;拟长距彗星兰在未干旱条件下主要在昼期吸收CO₂,但在干旱处理后的第2～5天暗期净CO₂吸收速率转变为正值并逐渐增加;长距彗星兰的早晚可滴定酸含量差值由未干旱的47 mmol·g^-1降低至干旱胁迫的22 mmol·g^-1,而拟长距彗星兰的由39 mmol·g^-1增加至60 mmol·g<...     

柔枝松稳定碳同位素的研究

δ13 C值可用于评价植物的水分利用效率。通过对柔枝松(Pinus flexilis James.)稳定性碳同位素比值(δ13 C)的研究。结果表明,柔枝松种子的δ13 C值最大,其次为根,茎、小枝和叶子的值较小,柔枝松不同种源1年生叶、枝和根的δ13 C值均随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而增加。种源Rsi和Rl的δ13 C值较其他种源大,永久水分利用效率较其他种源高。在干旱胁迫过程中,柔枝松6个种源δ13 C值的变化较小,短期的干旱胁迫对2年生苗木的稳定性碳同位素比值影响不明显。     

大气中O3与CO2浓度升高对植物影响研究进展

由于工业的快速发展,大气中的O₃和CO₂浓度有逐年上升的趋势,对植物产生了很大的影响。目前,植物对O₃和CO₂浓度变化的复合作用的响应机制研究已经成为生态学研究的热点问题。文中阐述了O₃和CO₂浓度升高及其复合作用对植物的形态特征、光合作用、抗氧化系统及生物量等生理生化机制的影响,指出目前研究中存在并有待进一步研究的问题,以期为进一步开展高浓度O₃和CO₂对植物生理生态学影响研究提供科学参考和理论依据。     

全球[CO2]变化与植物水分关系

业已发现增加环境[CO₂]可以改善大多数植物的水分胁迫。许多研究结果表明,较低的蒸腾速率（Tr）与[CO₂]增加导致气孔关闭有关。由于[CO₂]增加引起蒸腾速率的下降和净光合速率（Pn）的提高,因此,生长在高于环境[CO₂]下的植物常常能够保持较高的水分利用效率（WUE）.也发现生长在高于环境[CO₂]下的植物能够保持较高的总水势（Ψ）,增加叶面积和生物量,有较大的根/茎比率（R/S）,因而通常比生长在正常环境[CO₂]下的植物更耐干旱。[CO₂]增加诱导产生的植物结构的变化（比如导管或管胞的解剖结构、叶比导度等）,可能与木质部空穴脆弱性的变化有关,也可能与栓塞逃逸的环境条件相联系。这些重要的问题需要进一步的研究。     

植物对气候变化生理响应研究进展

自工业革命以来, 人类活动尤其是发达国家在工业化过程中消耗大量资源、能源, 造成大气中温室气体浓度增加, 引起全球范围内的气候变化, 给人类的生存和发展带来严峻挑战, 也对植物的生理过程产生了影响。关于CO₂浓度升高及其与气候因子和环境胁迫因子对植物生理过程的影响已引起各国科学家广泛关注。文中就近年来气候变化对植物生理过程的影响国内外研究进行归类和分析, 介绍了植物对CO₂、温度、水分等因素变化的响应过程研究进展, 并提出对进一步研究的展望。     

全球气候变化研究的新技术——稳定碳同位素分析的应用

文中主要从植被动态研究、植物水分利用效率研究、树木年轮的δ^13C值对环境变化预测的研究以及利用^13C标记应用于碳循环的研究几方面，阐述了稳定碳同位素分析在全球气候变化研究中的应用。     

超临界CO2流体在木材干燥中的应用

超临界流体是指高于其临界压力和临界温度的流体,CO₂是最常用的超临界流体。超临界CO₂流体干燥法可以有效减少气液界面张力,在有效脱除水分的同时最大限度地减少因毛细管表面张力导致材料微观结构的改变。文中综述了利用超临界CO₂流体干燥木材的工艺,以及超临界CO₂流体对木材渗透性和干燥特性的影响;重点综述了近几年来利用超临界CO₂干燥木材的机理,包括使用流体动力学模型预测干燥过程以及使用核磁共振观察水分和CO₂的传递规律,以期为超临界流体干燥木材提供理论参考。     

The long way down--are carbon and oxygen isotope signals in the tree ring uncoupled from canopy physiological processes?

The carbon (δ(13)C) and oxygen (δ(18)O) stable isotope composition is widely used to obtain information on the linkages between environmental drivers and tree physiology over various time scales. The tree-ring archive can especially be exploited to reconstruct inter- and intra-annual variation of both climate and physiology. There is, however, a lack of information on the processes potentially affecting δ(13)C and δ(18)O on their way from assimilation in the leaf to the tree ring. As a consequence, the aim of this study was to trace the isotope signals in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from leaf water (δ(18)O) and leaf assimilates (δ(13)C and δ(18)O) to tree-ring wood via phloem-transported compounds over a whole growing season. Phloem and leaf samples for δ(13)C and δ(18)O analyses as well as soil water, xylem water, leaf water and atmospheric water vapour samples for δ(18)O analysis were taken approximately every 2 weeks during the growing season of 2007. The δ(13)C and δ(18)O samples from the tree rings were dated intra-annually by monitoring the tree growth with dendrometers. δ(18)O in the phloem organic matter and tree-ring whole wood was not positively related to leaf water evaporative enrichment and δ(18)O of canopy organic matter pools. This finding implies a partial uncoupling of the tree-ring oxygen isotopic signal from canopy physiology. At the same time, internal carbon storage and remobilization physiology most likely prevented δ(13)C in tree-ring whole wood from being closely related to intra-annual variation in environmental drivers. Taking into account the post-photosynthetic isotope fractionation processes resulting in alterations of δ(13)C and δ(18)O not only in the tree ring but also in phloem carbohydrates, as well as the intra-annual timing of changes in the tree internal physiology, might help to better understand the meaning of the tree-ring isotope signal not only intra- but also inter-annually.     

中国森林土壤有机碳活性组分及其影响因素

森林土壤碳库在调节全球碳循环和碳平衡、降低大气CO2浓度等方面产生重要影响.作为陆地生态系统最重要的碳库,森林土壤有机碳对于土壤物理、化学和生物特性具有良好的调节作用.为了研究森林土壤有机碳及其组分,为森林经营和土壤管理提供参考,文中从全球、全国和区域尺度上综述了森林土壤有机碳储量的研究进展,阐述了森林土壤有机碳各活性...     

Dry mass allocation, water use efficiency and delta(13)C in clones of Eucalyptus grandis, E. grandis x camaldulensis and E. grandis x nitens grown under two irrigation regimes

Clonal variation in water use efficiency (WUE), dry mass accumulation and allocation, and stable carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) of crude leaf fiber extracts was determined in six clones of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. grown for 16 months in field lysimeters in two soil water regimes. The relationships between delta(13)C and WUE calculated on the basis of leaf, harvestable stem, shoot and whole-plant dry mass accumulation were investigated. There was no clonal variation in dry mass accumulation but clonal allocation to roots, harvestable stems, branches and leaves varied. Water use efficiencies (mass of plant or plant part/water used over 16 months) differed significantly between clones. The clonal ranking of WUE varied depending on the units of dry mass accumulation used. Significant relationships between delta(13)C values and instantaneous water use efficiencies and ratios of internal leaf to ambient CO(2) concentrations were found only in the high soil water treatment. There were no relationships between delta(13)C values and whole-plant, shoot and harvestable stem water use efficiencies and soil water availability. Values of delta(13)C were negatively correlated with dry mass accumulation in the low soil water treatment. At the whole-plant level, WUE was positively correlated with dry mass accumulation in the high soil water treatment. We found significant differences in delta(13)C values between clones and the clonal rankings in delta(13)C and WUE were maintained in both soil water treatments.     

Variation in nitrogen supply changes water-use efficiency of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Populus x euroamericana; a comparison of three approaches to determine water-use efficiency

We studied the effects of three nitrogen (N) supply rates (low, intermediate and high) on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings and poplar clone "I-214" (Populus x euroamericana (Dole) Guinier) cuttings growing in mini-stands. Our specific objectives were to: (1) evaluate the effects of N supply on water-use efficiency (WUE) and biomass production; (2) determine if N affects WUE through control of carbon assimilation rates or through stomatal control of water loss; and (3) compare three methods of estimating WUE: one short-term method (WUE(i), based on gas exchange measurements) and two long-term methods (WUE(T), based on the ratio between biomass production and transpired water, and Delta, based on leaf carbon isotope discrimination tested as a proxy of WUE). In both species, biomass production, WUE(i) and WUE(T) increased with increasing N supply, but there was no effect of N supply on either transpiration or stomatal conductance and Delta was negatively related to leaf N concentration. Plots of Delta versus both WUE(i) and WUE(T) revealed negative trends, but the regression between WUE(i) and Delta was significant only for Douglas-fir, and the regression between WUE(T) and Delta was significant only for poplar. Thus, the mechanisms underlying the response of WUE to N supply were mainly related to a positive effect of N supply on photosynthetic rates. The data confirm that carbon isotope discrimination may be a useful proxy of WUE. The finding that N availability enhances both biomass production and WUE may have practical implications in regions where these factors impose constraints on forest productivity.     

基于硝酸盐氮氧同位素的三门峡黄河湿地硝酸盐来源分析

三门峡黄河湿地属于国家级湿地自然保护区,是国家级珍禽白天鹅的栖息地及重要水源涵养地.为了解湿地沉积物氮的垂直分布(0～50 cm),定性判断硝酸盐的来源,通过对河水理化参数化及不同剖面沉积物中硝酸盐氮氧同位素特征值进行分析,结果发现:水体硝酸盐主要为无机氮,占比为95％,硝酸盐同位素特征值为14.89‰ ～15.95‰...     

多孔炭材料吸附CO2研究进展

由CO₂等温室气体排放带来的全球变暖问题是目前最严峻的环境问题之一。因此,利用多孔炭材料作为其高效吸附材料的研究得到了广泛的关注。系统综述了近年来用于CO₂吸附的5种多孔炭材料,即煤/石油焦基活性炭、生物质多孔炭、炭气凝胶、金属有机骨架衍生物和碳纳米材料,以及多孔炭材料主要的4种制备方法(高温炭化与活化法、水热炭化法、溶胶-凝胶法和模板法),并重点讨论其结构与CO₂吸附性能的关系;随后对多孔炭材料的孔结构和表面化学性质吸附CO₂的机理进行总结。最后,提出多孔炭材料吸附CO₂发展过程中尚待解决的问题,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Effects of Water and Nutrient Availability in Pinus pinaster Ait. Open Pollinated Families at an Early Age: Growth, Gas Exchange and Water Relations

Growth and physiological responses of Pinus pinaster Ait. to water and nutrient availability were compared in four open pollinated families of Arenas de San Pedro provenance (Central Iberian Peninsula), looking for more useful parameters and growing conditions to be included in early selection programmes of forest trees. Young seedlings were grown in a greenhouse, subjected to high and low water and nutrient regimes, during 14 weeks. Interfamily differences were significant with regard to growth, nutrient content and water-use efficiency (WUE): differences in growth were higher under more favourable growing conditions; gas exchange differences were higher in the short term (9 weeks), indicating a faster reaction to water stress of the better adapted families to these conditions; the highest growth rates were found in the families with the largest plasticity, highest WUE and highest nutrient content. Water regime and nutrients had significant effects on growth, δ¹³C, gas exchange and water relation parameters. For these parameters the ranking of the families was kept regardless the water × nutrient supply combination and there was not a significant family × treatment interaction. In the long term (14 weeks) higher water supply and nutrient content significantly increased instantaneous WUE. The positive relationships between growth, intrinsic WUE (A/g _wv) and δ¹³C demonstrate that it should be possible to use physiological parameters (e.g. g _wv, δ¹³C) as a surrogate for the efficiency in the use of water, at least if short periods of water stress (up to 2 months long) were frequent, as it occurs in the Mediterranean basin. There was also some indication that the decrease in nitrogen or potassium supply led to increasing stomatal conductance and hence lower WUE.     

不同种源杉木树轮α纤维素δ13C对年气候因子的响应

[目的]通过对不同地理种源杉木α纤维素中的稳定碳同位素(δ^13C)与气候因子的相关性分析,筛选出影响杉木树轮δ^13C的主导气候因子,解释不同种源差异性响应,为种源层面上区域杉木的培育提供理论参考。[方法]以广西柳州的杉木试验林场的30个种源为研究材料,提取并测量α纤维素中δ^13C,利用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法,对杉木树轮δ^13C与当年、前1年、前2年的降水、平均温度、最低气温、最高气温、平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度、日照时数及湿润度指数进行分析。[结果]不同种源杉木(1987-2013)树轮δ^13C值的变幅为-20.997‰^-25.910‰,表现出较强的一阶自相关,相关系数为0.181~0.866。大部分种源杉木树轮的δ^13C与平均温度、最高气温、最低气温呈显著正相关(p<0.05),与日照时数呈不显著正相关,与平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),而与降水及湿润度指数的相关性不统一。逐步回归分析结果发现,30个杉木种源中有26个种源与当年最小相对湿度呈线性关系。[结论]最小相对湿度是影响不同种源杉木树轮α纤维素中δ^13C的主导气候因子,而对降水的依赖性很小。杉木不同种源树轮δ^13C对气候因子的响应存在明显的滞后效应。研究有效的填补了种源层面上树轮稳定碳同位素对气候响应研究的不足,也为杉木培育及经营管理提供了参考。     

Environmental controls on the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem-respired CO2 in contrasting forest ecosystems in Canada and the USA

We compared the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem-respired CO2 (delta13C(R)) from 11 forest ecosystems in Canada and the USA and examined differences among forest delta13C(R) responses to seasonal variations in environmental conditions from May to October 2004. Our experimental approach was based on the assumption that variation in delta13C(R) is a good proxy for short-term changes in photosynthetic discrimination and associated shifts in the integrated ecosystem-level intercellular to ambient CO2 ratio (c(i)/c(a)). We compared delta13C(R) responses for three functional groups: deciduous, boreal and coastal forests. The delta13C(R) values were well predicted for each group and the highest R2 values determined for the coastal, deciduous and boreal groups were 0.81, 0.80 and 0.56, respectively. Consistent with previous studies, the highest correlations between delta13C(R) and changes in environmental conditions were achieved when the environmental variables were averaged for 2, 3 or 4 days before delta13C(R) sample collection. The relationships between delta13C(R) and environmental conditions were consistent with leaf-level responses, and were most apparent within functional groups, providing support for our approach. However, there were differences among groups in the strength or significance, or both, of the relationships between delta13C(R) and some environmental factors. For example, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil temperature were significant determinants of variation in delta13C(R) in the boreal group, whereas photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was not; however, in the coastal group, variation in delta13C(R) was strongly correlated with changes in PPF, and there was no significant relationship with VPD. At a single site, comparisons between our delta13C(R) measurements in 2004 and published values suggested the potential application of delta13C(R) measurements to assess year-to-year variation in ecosystem physiological responses to changing environmental conditions, but showed that, in such an analysis, all environmental factors influencing carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthetic gas exchange must be considered.