Pectin Methylesterases Enhance Root Cell Wall Phosphorus Remobilization in Rice

Pectin contributes greatly to cell wall phosphorus (P) remobilization. However, it is currently unclear whether the methylesterification degree of the pectin, which is related to the activity of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), is also involved in this process. Here, we demonstrated that elevated PME activity can facilitate the remobilization of P deposited in the cell wall. P-deficient conditions resulted in the reduction of root cell wall P content. This reduction was more pronounced in Nipponbare than in Kasalath, in company with a significant increment of the PME activity, indicating a possible relationship between elevated PME activity and cell wall P remobilization. This hypothesis was supported by in vitro experiments, as pectin with lower methylesterification degree had higher ability to release inorganic P (Pi) from insoluble FePO₄. Furthermore, among the 35 OsPME members in rice, only the expression of OsPME14 showed a relationship with PME activity. In addition, transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsPME14 had increased PME activity, released more P from the root cell wall, and more resistant to P deficiency. In conclusion, PMEs enhance P remobilization in P-starved rice by increasing PME activity in Nipponbare, which in turn helps to remobilize P from the cell wall, and thus makes more available P.     

不同基因型春小麦对磷胁迫的适应性反应

采用缺磷的石灰性土壤，利用盆栽试验研究了不同供磷水平对4个不同基因型春小麦的根系特征、酸性磷酸酶活性及产量的影响，以探讨不同基因型春小麦对低磷胁迫的适应性反应。结果表明，在高磷水平下，甘春20号根干重和地上部干重的增加率均高于其它基因型，产量比其它基因型高8．7％～25．1％；在缺磷条件下，甘春20号体内酸性磷酸酶活性比适当供磷和高磷处理分别增加了41．6％和101．9％，高于其它基因型，说明此基因型主要通过向根际释放磷酸酶以适应缺磷环境。在三个供磷水平下，定西33号和会宁18号的根都最长，平均比甘春20号和眈春16号长26．4％～36．7％，说明这两个旱地品种主要是通过增加根长扩大磷素吸收范围来适应缺磷环境的。根系酸性磷酸酶和根系形态参数可分别作为小麦耐低磷品种筛选的指标。     

基于主成分分析的玉米萌发期抗旱性综合评定

试验在人工气候室内利用称重法精确控制75%和35%土壤相对含水量(RWC),通过分析播种后7 d不同玉米品种的发芽率、根系生长、干物质转化等对干旱胁迫的响应差异,对10个玉米品种进行萌发期抗旱性综合评定。结果表明,干旱胁迫降低了玉米的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发抗旱指数、地上部与地下根物质积累和贮藏物质转运率,增大了根冠比。利用主成分分析与热图分析得出,玉米萌发期抗旱鉴定的四级指标分别为干物质积累量、发芽指数和种子萌发抗旱指数;根长、根冠比和根干重等;根体积和贮藏物质转运率;发芽势。将指标按照对抗旱性影响的差异分为4类,发芽率、发芽指数、种子萌发抗旱指数;根体积、贮藏物质转运率;根冠比;根长和芽长。依据综合值对10个玉米品种萌发期抗旱性评价,其抗旱性强弱依次为浚单29、蠡玉35、五谷704、吉祥1号、先玉335、博优989、郑单958、伟科702、农玉2号、登海605。     

Effect of Phosphorus Deficiency on Leaf Photosynthesis and Carbohydrates Partitioning in Two Rice Genotypes with Contrasting Low Phosphorus Susceptibility

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors to the crop production in most of the soils throughout the world [1]. The traditional way to alleviate P deficiency is the application of P fertilizer. However, the scarcity of P mineral resou…     

玉米自交系耐低磷胁迫的基因型差异

土壤缺磷是农业生产中普遍存在的限制因素,植物在磷的吸收利用方面存在着基因型差异.我国玉米种质资源丰富,但我国玉米自交系的磷吸收利用效率性状的差异报道较少.本研究利用磷肥长期定位田,通过两年试验,鉴定了100份自交系对低磷胁迫的反应,以产量和苗期缺素症为指标,选出部分磷高效玉米自交系,其中早熟型的有45(小白磁)、90(97-42-1)、46(早27)、33(陕综3号)和24(原黄81),中熟的有15(原引1号)、14(许1)和87(齐205).同时,初步探讨了玉米自交系成熟期、株型和耐低磷的关系。     

不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应

通过水培试验,以典型耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和低钾敏感玉米自交系835为试材,分别于4、6、7、9和10叶期测定玉米根形态、根系还原力、伤流量和干物质积累量,研究不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3表现为根长增幅大,根表面积、根体积降幅小,根平均直径降幅大。与低钾敏感玉米自交系835相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3的根系相对发达、根系活力强、伤流量大及干物质积累量较大。     

不同籼稻品种对低磷响应的差异及其农艺生理性状

[目的]研究不同籼稻品种对低磷响应的差异及其农艺生理性状.[方法]以12个江苏省近80年来各阶段在生产上应用的具有代表性的中熟籼稻品种为材料,进行全生育期水培种植,设置低磷(磷浓度为标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20)处理,以正常磷处理(标准培养液配方)为对照.[结果]将耐低磷指数作为评价籼稻品种耐低磷性的指标,并将供试品种...     

Two strategies for achieving higher yield under phosphorus deficiency in winter wheat grown in field conditions

Under field conditions, phosphorus (P) deficiency reduces wheat yield by affecting different yield components. However, the physiological strategies by which wheat genotypes with different yield structures respond to low-P stress are not clear. In the present study, we investigated tiller, floret, and root biomass, and P uptake and remobilization at two levels of P under field conditions in three winter wheat genotypes with different yield structures and P-efficiencies. Results showed that P-efficient cultivars CA9325 and ND139 got higher yield and total P accumulation than P-inefficient ND3291 at low-P, but not at normal P treatment. However, both the P-efficient wheat cultivars tend to have the same advantageous yield components at both high P and low-P stress. CA9325, a large-eared genotype, developed more fertile florets, and therefore had more grains at low-P stress. Increasing the number of grains formed a large sink for P demand during the grain-filling stage. Correspondingly, this genotype developed large roots for sustaining post-anthesis P uptake. ND139, a multi-eared genotype, developed many more tillers at low-P stress, and formed more ears at maturity. P from infertile tillers was probably reutilized by the surviving tillers to ensure floret development. Correspondingly, the contribution of pre-anthesis P uptake in ND139 and subsequent remobilization of P to the grains was higher. It was found that larger root rather than higher root activity was the determinant factor in efficient pre-anthesis P uptake in ND3291 and efficient post-anthesis P uptake in CA9325. It is concluded that increasing wheat yield at low soil P availability can be realized by either increasing ears per plant or increasing grains per ear through crop management or breeding.     

水杨酸通过一氧化氮途径调控水稻缓解低磷胁迫

【目的】深入剖析水杨酸调控水稻低磷胁迫响应的生理与分子机制具有重要意义。【方法】选取常规水稻品种日本晴,外源添加水杨酸后测定水稻体内总磷含量、酸性磷酸酶活性、木质部汁液磷含量、水稻根系特征参数、磷转运子基因表达水平和一氧化氮含量等指标解析水杨酸缓解水稻缺磷胁迫的生理和分子机制。【结果】1）水杨酸对水稻磷吸收的调控存在剂量效应,1 μmol/L水杨酸显著提高低磷条件下水稻体内总磷含量,5 μmol/L水杨酸则降低水稻体内总磷含量。2）低磷条件下,1 μmol/L水杨酸使酸性磷酸酶活性提高了11.35%,根系总长增加了20.90%,根系表面积增加11.86%,根系体积增加了15.38%,总根数增加了23.55%,木质部汁液中的磷含量提高了22.67%。同时,1 μmol/L水杨酸提高了水稻根系磷转运子基因的表达,从而提高水稻对外界磷的吸收和体内磷的转运。3）水杨酸通过提高硝酸还原酶的活性增加水稻根系的一氧化氮含量,从而通过调控磷转运子基因的表达提高低磷条件下水稻对外界磷的吸收。【结论】水杨酸与信号分子一氧化氮互作缓解低磷胁迫。     

Characterization and Selection of Phosphorus Deficiency Tolerant Rice Genotypes in Sri Lanka

Phosphorus（P） deficiency in soil is a major constrain for rice production. An important set of rice genotypes（landraces, old improved and new improved varieties） were screened for P deficiency tolerance in two major cropping seasons of Sri Lanka, in 2012. The Ultisol soil, which was collected from a plot cultivated with rice without fertilizer application for past 40 years（P₀） at the Rice Research and Development Institute（RRDI）, Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka, was used as the potting medium for greenhouse trials. Two field trials were conducted in the same plots at RRDI. Both P₀ and P₃₀（30 mg/kg P₂O₅） conditions were used in the two greenhouse trials. At the early vegetative（three weeks after transplanting）, late vegetative（six weeks after transplanting） and flowering stages, plant height and number of tillers per plant were recorded. At the flowering stage, shoots were harvested and shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, shoot P uptake and P utilization efficiency were measured. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, regression and cluster procedures. The measured parameters were significantly different between P₀ and P₃₀ conditions（P < 0.05）. Higher shoot dry weight was reported by the rice genotypes H4 and Marss under P₀ conditions. The regression analysis between shoot dry weight and P utilization efficiency revealed that the studied rice genotypes could be categorized to three P deficiency tolerance classes. A total of 13 genotypes could be considered as highly tolerant and 4 genotypes as sensitive for P deficiency. These results could be used to select parental genotypes for breeding and genetic studies and also to select interesting varieties or landraces for organic rice production.     

Root Development,Water Uptake,and Shoot Dry Matter Production under Water Deficit Conditions in Two CSSLs of Rice: Functional Roles of Root Plasticity

Abstract

Root traits that can contribute to drought resistance have not been clearly indentified. We examined the role of root system development in enhancing water uptake and contribution to dry matter production by using the root box-pinboard method, with which quantitative assessment of root system development and the water uptake of root are possible. Chromosome segment substitution lines CSSL45 and CSSL50, and the recurrent parent Nipponbare were grown under continuously waterlogged conditions (control), and various intensities of water deficit in root boxes. There was no significant difference among the genotypes in shoot growth and root development, while CSSL45 and CSSL50 showed greater shoot dry weight than Nipponbare under water deficit conditions. This was due to their abilities to promote root system development as compared with Nipponbare, which facilitated greater water extraction than Nipponbare, especially under the mild water deficit condition of 20–25% w/w soil moisture contents. Furthermore, the increased root length density did not exceed the estimated critical value for water uptake, which indicates that plastic root system development was functionally effective and efficient for the enhancement of water uptake under mild water deficit conditions.     

Genetic and physiological analysis of tolerance to acute iron toxicity in rice

Background

Fe toxicity occurs in lowland rice production due to excess ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) formation in reduced soils. To contribute to the breeding for tolerance to Fe toxicity in rice, we determined quantitative trait loci (QTL) by screening two different bi-parental mapping populations under iron pulse stresses (1,000 mg L⁻¹ = 17.9 mM Fe²⁺ for 5 days) in hydroponic solution, followed by experiments with selected lines to determine whether QTLs were associated with iron exclusion (i.e. root based mechanisms), or iron inclusion (i.e. shoot-based mechanisms).

Results

In an IR29/Pokkali F₈ recombinant inbred population, 7 QTLs were detected for leaf bronzing score on chromosome 1, 2, 4, 7 and 12, respectively, individually explaining 9.2-18.7% of the phenotypic variation. Two tolerant recombinant inbred lines carrying putative QTLs were selected for further experiments. Based on Fe uptake into the shoot, the dominant tolerance mechanism of the tolerant line FL510 was determined to be exclusion with its root architecture being conducive to air transport and thus the ability to oxidize Fe²⁺ in rhizosphere. In line FL483, the iron tolerance was related mainly to shoot-based mechanisms (tolerant inclusion mechanism). In a Nipponbare/Kasalath/Nipponbare backcross inbred population, 3 QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 1, 3 and 8, respectively. These QTLs explained 11.6-18.6% of the total phenotypic variation. The effect of QTLs on chromosome 1 and 3 were confirmed by using chromosome segment substitution lines (SL), carrying Kasalath introgressions in the genetic background on Nipponbare. The Fe uptake in shoots of substitution lines suggests that the effect of the QTL on chromosome 1 was associated with shoot tolerance while the QTL on chromosome 3 was associated with iron exclusion.

Conclusion

Tolerance of certain genotypes were classified into shoot- and root- based mechanisms. Comparing our findings with previously reported QTLs for iron toxicity tolerance, we identified co-localization for some QTLs in both pluse and chronic stresses, especially on chromosome 1.     

花生基因型耐铝性生物学标定

根据植物耐铝性与其遗传的关系,在花生生态分类学四大类型中,选取40个不同基因型花生,通过组合式溶液培养试验、上培试验和田间试验,结果表明：（1）不同耐铝性花生品种具有不同的生物学特征,在根色、根形、根长、根系体积、植株生长量、叶色、叶形和荚果等具有明显差异;在植物细胞排列、细胞壁厚度、细胞形状以及细胞内的变化等也具有明显差异。（2）通过生物学标定,选择6个典型花生品种划分为高耐、中耐和敏感型三种耐铝基因型。（3）三种耐铝基因型在铅胁迫下,其浓度与花生主根长度、主根生长速率、根系体积、植株生长量和荚果发育量呈极显著负相关,其相关绝对值是敏感型＞中耐型＞高耐型。（4）三种耐铝基因型在溶液培养条件下,铝胁迫临介值分别为5．9、2．9和1．1mg／L,而在土培条件下,铝胁迫临界值（交换性铝饱和度）分别为12％、6％和1％左右。     

Roles of Root Aerenchyma Development and Its Associated QTL in Dry Matter Production under Transient Moisture Stress in Rice

Abstract

Enhanced aerenchyma development in rice under transient drought-to-waterlogged (TD-W) stress promotes root system development by promoting lateral root production. This study analyzed the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the plasticity in aerenchyma development under TD-W stress. A mapping population of 60 F₂ genotypes of chromosome segment substituted lines (CSSL) derived from CSSL47 and Nipponbare crosses were grown in rootboxes and evaluated for shoot and root growth, and aerenchyma development (expressed as root porosity). The TD-W stress was imposed starting with water saturated soil condition at sowing and then to progressive drought from 0 to 21 days after sowing (DAS) prior to exposure to sudden waterlogging for another 17 days (21 to 38 DAS). We performed simple and composite interval mapping to identify QTLs for aerenchyma development. QTL associated with aerenchyma development was mapped on the short-arm of chromosome 12 and designated as qAER-12. The effect of qAER-12 on the plasticity in aerenchyma development under TD-W was significantly associated with the increase in lateral root elongation and branching. This resulted in greater root system development as expressed in total root length and consequently contributed to higher dry matter production. This qAER-12 is probably the first reported QTL associated with aerenchyma development in rice under TD-W and is a useful trait for the improvement of the adaptive capability under fluctuating soil moisture conditions.     

Development and Distribution of Root System in Two GrainSorghum Cultivars Originated from Sudan under Drought Stress

Abstract

The difference in rooting pattern between two grain sorghum cultivars differing in drought tolerance was investigated under drought stress. The cultivars, Gadambalia (drought-tolerant) and Tabat (droughtsusceptible), were grown in bottomless wooden or acrylic root boxes to examine root parameters. Gadambalia consistently exhibited higher dry matter production and leaf water potential than Tabat under drought stress in both root boxes. In the experiment with wooden root boxes, under a drought condition, Gadambalia extracted more water from deep soil layers (1.1-1.5 m), which was estimated from the reduction in soil water content, than Tabat. This was because Gadambalia had a significantly higher root length density in these soil layers. The high root length density was due to enhanced lateral root development in Gadambalia. In the other experiment with acrylic root boxes, though total root length in the upper soil layer (0-0.5 m) was declined by limited irrigation in both cultivars, the reduction in Gadambalia was moderate compared with that in Tabat owing to the maintenance of fine root growth. Unlike Tabat, Gadambalia had an ability to produce the nodal roots from higher internodes even under drought, which resulted in the high nodal root length of Gadambalia. The growth angle of nodal roots was significantly correlated with root diameter, and the nodal roots from the higher internodes had large diameters and penetrated into the soil more vertically. These results indicate that the responses of roots (i.e. branching and/or growth of lateral root, and nodal root emergence from higher internodes) to soil dryness could be associated with the drought tolerance of Gadambalia.     

大豆苗期耐低磷主成分及隶属函数分析

应用主成分和隶属函数分析对国内20种大豆基因型的耐低磷能力进行评价,结果表明:11个差异显著的耐低磷评价指标通过主成分分析归纳为地上部分生物量因子、磷因子、根系因子3个主成分;供试基因型耐低磷由强到弱的顺序为:赶泰、五河齐黄豆、7650、湘豆4号、先进2号、苏88M-21、Peking、高作选1号、科丰一号、新沂小黑豆、南农1138-2、94-156、87-23、菏84-5、波高、RN-9、通山薄皮甲、皖82-178、湘秋豆2号、垫江早黄豆。     

磷对水稻耐铝性及根尖细胞壁组分的影响

 为阐明外源磷供应引起水稻体内磷代谢和根尖细胞壁组分变化进而阐述磷、铝间的相互作用,以水稻菲优多系1号(耐铝毒基因型)和红良优166(铝毒敏感基因型)为材料,水培条件下先用0.5、10和30 mg/L磷预处理9 d,然后用50 μmol/L Al处理48 h,研究铝毒胁迫下磷对水稻根尖的防护效应及磷作用下根尖细胞壁组分变化与水稻耐铝性的关系。结果表明,50 μmol/L Al处理抑制水稻总根长,尤其是在0.5 mg/L磷预处理后用铝交替处理时该作用更为明显。铝毒胁迫下,0.5 mg/L磷预处理时两基因型水稻叶片的丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著高于其他处理,10 mg/L和30 mg/L磷预处理显著降低两基因型水稻叶片的MDA、ASA和Pro含量,表明充足的磷供应减轻了铝对水稻的伤害。耐铝毒水稻根尖的果胶和半纤维素2含量在30 mg/L磷与铝交替处理时显著低于0.5 mg/L 和10 mg/L 磷与铝交替处理,根系的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性在0.5 mg/L磷与铝交替处理时显著高于10 mg/L与30 mg/L磷与铝交替处理。而铝毒敏感水稻的根尖细胞壁多糖组分含量、ACP活性在不同浓度的磷、铝交替处理间无显著差异。表明铝耐性水稻在缺磷条件下通过提高ACP活性以提供更多的Pi与铝结合钝化铝,在磷充足条件下通过降低细胞壁多糖含量以减少铝结合位点,进而提高铝毒耐性。     

水稻灌浆期耐热害的数量性状基因位点分析

 利用由98个家系组成的Nipponbare / Kasalath // Nipponbare回交重组自交系群体及其分子连锁图谱，以粒重感热指数\[（适温粒重-高温粒重）/适温粒重×100\]为评价指标，采用混合线性模型的QTL定位方法，对水稻灌浆期耐热性的主效、上位性数量性状基因位点及其与环境的互作进行分析。共检测到3个灌浆期耐热性主效QTL，分别位于第1、4和7染色体上，LOD值为8.16、11.08和12.86，贡献率8.94%、17.25%和13.50%。其中位于第4染色体标记C1100-R1783之间的QTL，没有显著的上位性和环境互作效应，表明在不同环境和遗传背景中的表达较为稳定，在水稻耐热性育种中可能具有较大的利用价值，其耐热性等位基因来自亲本Kasalath，高温热害时可减少粒重损失3.31%。位于第1染色体标记R1613-C970之间的QTL和第7染色体标记C1226-R1440之间的QTL，耐热性等位基因来自亲本Nipponbare，分别可减少粒重损失2.38%和2.92%。这两个QTL均具有与环境的互作效应，其中第7染色体上的QTL还和其他基因位点有互作。检测到8对加性×加性上位性互作QTL，分布于第1、2、3、5、7、8、10和12染色体上。没有检测到上位性QTL与环境的互作效应。     

Root plasticity under fluctuating soil moisture stress exhibited by backcross inbred line of a rice variety,Nipponbare carrying introgressed segments from KDML105 and detection of the associated QTLs

In rainfed lowland rice ecosystem, rice plants are often exposed to alternating recurrences of waterlogging and drought due to erratic rainfall. Such soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) which is completely different from simple or progressive drought could be stressful for plant growth, thereby causing reduction in yield. Root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation under such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in dry matter production and yield under SMF using Nipponbare, KDML 105 and three backcross inbred lines (BILs) and to identify QTL(s) associated with root traits in response to SMF at two growth stages using Nipponbare/KDML105 F₂ plants. A BIL, G3-3 showed higher shoot dry matter production and yield than Nipponbare due to its greater ability to maintain stomatal conductance concomitant with greater root system development caused by promoted production of nodal and lateral roots under SMF. QTLs were identified for total nodal root length, total lateral root length, total root length, number of nodal roots, and branching index under SMF at vegetative and reproductive stages. The QTLs detected at vegetative and reproductive stages were different. We discuss here that relationship between root system of G3-3 and the detected QTLs. Therefore, G3-3 and the identified QTLs could be useful genetic materials in breeding program for improving the adaptation of rice plants in target rainfed lowland areas.     

NaCl Facilitates Cell Wall Phosphorus Reutilization in Abscisic Acid Dependent Manner in Phosphorus Deficient Rice Root

Phosphorus(P) starvation in rice facilitates the reutilization of root cell wall P by enhancing the pectin content. NaCl modulates pectin content, however, it is still unknown whether NaCl is also involved in the process of pectin regulated cell wall P remobilization in rice under P starved conditions. In this study, we found that 10 mmol/L NaCl increased the shoot and root biomasses under P deficiency to a remarkable extent, in company with the elevated shoot and root soluble P contents in rice...