早熟春玉米杂交种同单38的选育及应用

同单38是山西省农业科学院高寒区作物研究所玉米研究中心以自交系母本1262与父本同71杂交而成玉米单交种,该品种属早熟春玉米品种,2001-2005年在各级各类试验及生产中表现出高产、优质、抗病和适应性好等特点,产量在8500～9500kg/hm2。适宜在早熟春玉米区种植,种植密度以6万株/hm2为宜。     

Production of mammastatin, a tissue-specific growth inhibitor, by normal human mammary cells

The growth of human mammary cells may be regulated by a balance between growth stimulatory and growth inhibitory pathways. Polypeptides of 47 and 65 kilodaltons (mammastatin) were isolated from conditioned medium of normal human mammary cells. Monoclonal antibodies against mammastatin were generated that blocked its activity and were used for purification and further characterization of the protein. Mammastatin inhibited the growth of 5 transformed human mammary cell lines, but had no effect on the growth of 11 transformed human cell lines derived from nonmammary tissues. Mammastatin appeared to be a heat-labile protein distinct from transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). By immunoperoxidase staining it was detected in cultured normal human mammary cells, but was decreased in transformed mammary cells.     

Surface expression of HLA-E, an inhibitor of natural killer cells, enhanced by human cytomegalovirus gpUL40

The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader sequence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL40 (gpUL40). It is shown that, independently of the transporter associated with antigen processing, gpUL40 can up-regulate expression of HLA-E, which protects targets from NK cell lysis. While classical MHC class I molecules are down-regulated, HLA-E is up-regulated by HCMV. Induction of HLA-E surface expression by gpUL40 may represent an escape route for HCMV.     

大孔树脂纯化桑葚渣中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的工艺优化及其活性成分研究

以桑葚渣为原料,研究了桑葚渣水提液中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的分离纯化方法及其成分。以α-淀粉酶抑制率为指标,对比了5种树脂(AB-8、S-8、D101、NKA-9和HZ-806)对桑葚渣水提液中α-淀粉酶抑制剂静态吸附和解吸的影响,从而筛选出适于分离α-淀粉酶抑制剂的大孔树脂;以此为基础,对桑葚渣水提液中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的分离、纯化参数,如上样流速、洗脱剂体积分数、洗脱剂流速进行优化;利用高相液相色谱分析不同体积分数(10%、30%、50%、70%、90%)乙醇洗脱液中的成分,以期探明桑葚渣中具有α-淀粉酶抑制活性的成分。结果表明:AB-8大孔树脂适于分离桑葚渣水提液中α-淀粉酶抑制剂,分离纯化最佳工艺为上样流速12 mL·min^-1,70%体积分数乙醇溶液作为洗脱剂,洗脱剂流速24 mL·min^-1。通过分析不同体积分数乙醇洗脱液中的物质组成及其对α-淀粉酶的抑制活性发现,槲皮苷的质量浓度变化与洗脱液对α-淀粉酶的抑制率呈相似趋势,推测其可能是桑葚渣水提物中α-淀粉酶抑制活性的主要贡献因子。     

Effects of chilling tolerance induced by spermidine pretreatment on antioxidative activity,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure of indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings

Spermidine(Spd) is known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to chilling stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions.Antioxidant activities,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure change under chilling stress were investigated in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd(1 mmol L~(-1)) and then a chilling stress(6℃,4 d) was induced,followed by a subsequent recovery(25℃,4 d).Results showed that malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline content were enhanced significantly,whereas shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery;chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery;additionally,total soluble sugar,sucrose,fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress,and only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery;chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) activities,but declined after recovery,and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery;however,endogenous indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),zeatin riboside(ZR),gibberellic acid(GA_3),and abscisic acid(ABA) levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment.The microscopic analysis revealed that chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery.In contrast,exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde,proline and carbohydrates accumulation coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism.After recovery,Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and normal physiological function of chloroplasts.These results suggest that Spd could promote effectively chilling tolerance which might be largely attributable to the integrity of cell structure and normal metabolism of endogenous hormones in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.     

添加硝化抑制剂、秸秆及生物炭对亚热带农田土壤N2O排放的影响

为了筛选适合亚热带农田土壤性质和气候条件的N_2O减排调控措施,采用室内培养试验研究了添加硝化抑制剂、秸秆和生物炭三种调控措施对亚热带红壤(JX)和紫色土(SC)农田土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明,在添加硝化抑制剂(三氯甲基吡啶)的初期阶段(24 h),可显著降低两种土壤N_2O的排放,尤其是SC土壤,抑制程度可达62%。而生物炭的添加可显著增加JX土壤的N_2O排放,但在SC土壤中虽有升高趋势却不显著。添加秸秆对土壤N_2O排放的影响与秸秆类型和性质、土壤质地和理化性质,以及添加的时长有关。短时条件内(24 h),苜蓿和水稻秸秆可显著增加SC土壤N_2O排放,而添加甘蔗渣后N_2O排放虽有增加但不显著;JX土壤中添加水稻秸秆可显著刺激N_2O排放,但苜蓿和甘蔗渣则显著降低了其排放。添加秸秆较长时间后,苜蓿和水稻秸秆对土壤N_2O排放的影响程度下降,而甘蔗渣在6个月后仍能显著降低SC土壤N_2O的排放。研究表明,在对土壤进行调控时,若以减少N_2O排放为目的,应当根据土壤类型和性质选择合适的措施。     

The secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree is induced by trichostatin A,an inhibitor of histone acetylation

The secondary laticifer, a specific tissue in the secondary phloem of rubber tree, is differentiated from the vascular cambia. The number of the secondary laticifer in the trunk bark of rubber tree is positively correlated with rubber yield. Although jasmonates have been demonstrated to be crucial in the regulation of secondary laticifer differentiation, the mechanism for the jasmonate-induced secondary laticifer differentiation remains to be elucidated. By using an experimental morphological technique, the present study revealed that trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylation, could induce the secondary laticifer differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. The results suggest that histone acetylation is essential for the secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree.     

Stress triggering of the 1994 m = 6.7 northridge, california, earthquake by its predecessors

A model of stress transfer implies that earthquakes in 1933 and 1952 increased the Coulomb stress toward failure at the site of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The 1971 earthquake in turn raised stress and produced aftershocks at the site of the 1987 Whittier Narrows and 1994 Northridge ruptures. The Northridge main shock raised stress in areas where its aftershocks and surface faulting occurred. Together, the earthquakes with moment magnitude M >/= 6 near Los Angeles since 1933 have stressed parts of the Oak Ridge, Sierra Madre, Santa Monica Mountains, Elysian Park, and Newport-lnglewood faults by more than 1 bar. Although too small to cause earthquakes, these stress changes can trigger events if the crust is already near failure or advance future earthquake occurrence if it is not.     

从植物抗病基因的克隆看其基因结构、功能和进化

对植物抗病基因的克隆技术及已克隆的一些抗病基因作了概述,归纳了抗病基因的类型、产物结构和功能,对抗病基因进化的可能分子机制也作了讨论.     

Alleviation of arsenic toxicity by phosphate is associated with its regulation of detoxification,defense, and transport gene expression in barley

Arsenic(As) contamination in soils has posed a severe threat to safe crop production. The previous studies showed the antagonism between phosphorus(P) and As in plant growth and As uptake, while the mechanisms of alleviating As toxicity by P is not completely clear. Due to the limiting P condition, it is imperative to understand how low P addition can be used to suppress arsenate As(V) uptake and the subsequent mechanisms involved. Thus in this study we investigated the effect of P addition on As uptake, anti-oxidative enzyme activity, and anti-oxidant content, and the relative expression of transport, defense, and detoxification genes using two barley genotypes differing in As toxicity tolerance. P addition significantly reduced As concentration in plant tissues, and caused the great changes in activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, glutathione content, and the relative expression of examined genes when the plants of the two barley genotypes were exposed to 100 μmol L~(–1) As, with ZDB160(As-tolerant) being much more affected than ZDB475(As-sensitive). The current results show that P addition can alleviate As toxicity by regulating the expression of As transport, defense, and detoxification genes to a greater extent in As tolerance of barley, suggesting the possibility of controlling As uptake and toxicity by applying low amount of P fertilizers in the As-contaminated soils.     

ASI法测定土壤速效氮磷钾的方法比较及相关性研究进展

ASI方法是在多年来国际上土壤测试和推荐施肥的基础上逐步发展形成的一套高效、快速、精确的,用于土壤养分测试和推荐施肥的完整方法。文章就ASI法与常规化学方法在土壤速效氮、磷、钾的提取及测定,ASI法与作物吸肥的相关性等国内外研究进展作对比分析及综述,并对该领域存在问题和今后研究方向作了探讨。     

华南地区甘蔗黄叶病发生及甘蔗绵蚜传毒特性研究

近年华南多个蔗区发生由甘蔗黄叶病毒(Sugarcane yellow leaf virus, SCYLV)引起的甘蔗黄叶病。田间调查显示，华南地区果蔗和糖蔗均已受到该病毒的侵染，被侵染的品种有黑皮果蔗、黄皮果蔗、ROC16、ROC22、ROC25、粤糖93-159、127Q、Q174、粤糖8388和HOCP91-555等。大多田块病株零星分布，病株率0.5%～10%，但少数田块病株率超过80%。RT-PCR扩增及扩增产物序列分析揭示，华南地区大多数SCYLV分离物 CP基因核苷酸序列(591bp)与SCYLV巴西分离物(SCYLV-B1)相应基因同一率为100%，仅少数分离物与SCBV-B1存在1至3个核苷酸的差异。本文还首次证实华南地区甘蔗上普遍发生的甘蔗绵蚜为SCYLV传毒媒介。建立了能够检出单头蚜虫及侵染早期未现症植株体内SCYLV的巢式RT-PCR技术，在超过80%的饲毒2周以上的甘蔗绵蚜无翅成虫体内检测到病毒的存在。甘蔗绵蚜除能在甘蔗植株间高效地传播SCYLV外，还可将SCYLV传至高粱、水稻及玉米幼苗，每株接种15头饲毒甘蔗绵蚜，传毒成功率分别为100%（9/9）、75%（6/8）和50%（4/8）；本试验中，甘蔗绵蚜未能将SCYLV传至小麦和香蕉。     

北京松山自然保护区森林群落物种多样性及其神经网络预测

物种多样性是群落结构和功能复杂性的一种度量,物种多样性的空间分布格局受许多环境因子的影响。运用多样性指数,多层感知器网络,分析了松山保护区森林群落物种多样性与群落类型、结构和生境之间的关系。结果表明:(1)大果榆+山杨混交林、油松+青杨混交林物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均较高,而大果榆林、华北落叶松林的各项指数值均较低。Patrick指数和Shannon-Weiner指数在森林群落中均表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层;Pielou指数在榆林中表现为草本层>乔木层>灌木层,而在其他森林群落中表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。(2)功能层物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化趋势不同,在乔木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度随海拔的升高逐渐降低;在灌木层,丰富度、多样性和均匀度均呈比较明显的单峰曲线变化趋势;在草本层,丰富度和多样性随海拔的升高都呈下降趋势,而在草本层,均匀度变化不大。(3)用多层感知器网络预测功能层多样性效果很好,结果发现坡向对乔木层和灌木层物种多样性的影响最大,而海拔高度对草本层物种多样性的影响最大。     

柑橘采后绿霉病生防酵母菌的筛选、鉴定及其生防效果研究

【目的】筛选能有效防治柑橘采后绿霉病菌(Penicillium digitatum)的拮抗酵母菌,为柑橘的采后保鲜提供参考。【方法】从园艺果园采集不同的水果样品,用稀释平板法分离筛选生防酵母菌株,并进行鉴定;采用PDB液体培养试验和刺伤接种的方法,研究不同浓度酵母菌悬浮液对离体和活体柑橘绿霉病菌的防治效果。【结果】获得1株拮抗酵母菌HP-10,结合生理生化特性及18S rDNA序列同源性分析,将其鉴定为马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces ma-rxianus)。离体和活体抑菌试验表明,菌株HP-10悬浮液能有效抑制绿霉病菌孢子的萌发;用108CFU/mL HP-10悬浮液处理病原菌孢子时,其萌发率仅为3.61%,而对照的萌发率为88.06%;25℃条件下,用108CFU/mL的酵母悬浮液处理柑橘果实2 d后,发病率仅为6.67%,病斑直径仅为2.14 mm,显著低于对照的发病率(93.33%)和病斑直径(53.31mm)。【结论】不同浓度HP-10菌悬液对柑橘绿霉病菌均具有一定的防治效果,表现出良好的生防潜力。     

抗病毒剂VA诱导烟草对TMV的抗性与Ca2+的关系

以枯斑三生烟为材料,抗病毒剂VA为诱导剂,用细胞化学沉淀法测定了VA对烟草叶片细胞中Ca^2 分布的影响,并探讨了Ca^2 在植物诱导抗病性中的作用。结果发现,枯斑三生烟健叶中的Ca^2 主要分布于细胞间隙和液泡,喷施VA可以增加健叶细胞间隙中的Ca^2 。接种TMV后,细胞间隙中的Ca^2 逐渐向细胞内转移,在接种后48h,Ca^2 主要分布于过敏性坏死细胞和近坏死区细胞,远坏死区细胞间隙缺Ca^2 ;以后由于枯斑停止发展,远坏死区细胞逐渐恢复钙稳态,VA TMV处理比水 TMV处理恢复钙稳态快,在接种后72h就可恢复,而水 TMV处理的远坏死区要在接种后96h才恢复钙稳态。     

免耕条件下川香优9838氮磷钾吸收规律与氮肥合理施用研究

在四川稻-油轮作制的免耕条件下,川香优9838不同生育期吸收养分的总量差异较大。氮（N）在整个生育期以拔节期的吸收量为最高;其次是成熟期,第三是分蘖期;对磷的吸收从苗期至成熟期表现为小幅持续升高;对钾的吸收主要集中在拔节期到抽穗期,占了全生育期吸收量的73．4％。在土壤养分管理上,川香优9838的氮肥施用宜早,主要在拔节期前。如果水稻在抽穗后土壤供氮不足,应考虑追施粒肥以保证高产优质。磷肥宜作底肥施用。如遇保肥能力很差的沙质土壤或对磷固定能力很强的强酸性／强碱性的土壤,在磷肥施用上则需要分次施用,保证中后期的磷素供应。钾肥的施用应主要在前中期。如遇土壤质地较轻,也可在抽穗期补施少量K肥。免耕栽培川香优9838产量为11t／hm^2时的最适施氮量为165kg左右。