蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）幼虫级型分化差异蛋白质组分析

【目的】对蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）蜂王与工蜂级型分化期的蛋白质组进行比较,以探明蜂王和工蜂在级型分化时期蛋白质表达调控方面的异同。【方法】采用双向电泳建立蜂王和工蜂级型分化期蛋白质组表达 谱,获得图谱中蛋白质表达的数量、表达量、等电点和分子量等信息,然后进行比较蛋白质组研究。【结果】在幼虫3日龄,蜂王表达288个蛋白质,工蜂表达259个蛋白质,2种级型蜂共有蛋白质为156个,其中25个蛋白质在蜂王中的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,34个蛋白质工蜂表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王和工蜂的特异蛋白质分别为132个和103个;到幼虫5日龄时,蜂王表达274个蛋白质,工蜂为236个,这2种级型蜂共有蛋白质点为95个,其中蜂王15个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,工蜂26个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王特异蛋白质点为179个,工蜂特异蛋白质点为141个;到蛹11日龄时,蜂王蛋白质组有311个蛋白质点,而工蜂则有278个蛋白质点,2种蜂共有蛋白质点为194个,其中蜂王45个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,工蜂35个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王的特异蛋白质点为117个,工蜂特异蛋白质点为84个。【结论】在蜜蜂3日龄、5日龄、11日龄时,蜂王和工蜂的蛋白质表达谱存在显著差异,蜂王表达的蛋白质总数和特有蛋白质数都较工蜂多,说明蜂王幼虫的基因表达和代谢比工蜂幼虫更加旺盛。2种级型蜂发育中所表达的共有蛋白质可能是它们发育所必须的管家蛋白质,但级型间部分共有蛋白质的表达模式存在较大差异,在3个日龄中蜂王和工蜂中所表达的特异蛋白质表明在级型分化中,不同级型需要不同的蛋白质来调节各自的发育。这些特异蛋白质是否是级型发育相关的功能蛋白质,还有待进一步的研究。     

Genetic compatibility affects queen and worker caste determination

The development of queen and worker phenotypes in ants has been believed to be largely determined from environmental effects. We provide evidence that the production of discrete phenotypes is also influenced by genetic interaction effects. During the development of eggs into adults, some patrilines among offspring of multiply mated Pogonomyrmex rugosus ant queens became more common in workers while others became overrepresented in queens. Controlled crosses showed that these changes stem from some parental genome combinations being compatible for producing one phenotype but less compatible for the other. Genetic interaction effects on caste may be maintained over evolutionary time because the fitness of an allele depends on its genetic background.     

Ancestral developmental potential facilitates parallel evolution in ants

Complex worker caste systems have contributed to the evolutionary success of advanced ant societies; however, little is known about the developmental processes underlying their origin and evolution. We combined hormonal manipulation, gene expression, and phylogenetic analyses with field observations to understand how novel worker subcastes evolve. We uncovered an ancestral developmental potential to produce a "supersoldier" subcaste that has been actualized at least two times independently in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole. This potential has been retained and can be environmentally induced throughout the genus. Therefore, the retention and induction of this potential have facilitated the parallel evolution of supersoldiers through a process known as genetic accommodation. The recurrent induction of ancestral developmental potential may facilitate the adaptive and parallel evolution of phenotypes.     

生长激素诱导的跨膜蛋白基因(GHITM)在东方蜜蜂 (Apis cerana)幼虫不同发育阶段的相对表达分析

蜜蜂社会中,工蜂与蜂王基因型相同但由于基因的表达差异、表观遗传差异及营养控制等因素造成工蜂和蜂王表型有很大的不同。GHITM基因是参与家蚕蜕皮与变态发育的pgdr基因的直系同源物,但关于其在蜜蜂中的研究目前未见报道。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了此基因在东方蜜蜂工蜂蛹和幼年工蜂以及蜂王蛹期的mRNA相对表达量,目的是为了探究GHITM基因在东方蜜蜂级型分化分子机理及预测可能由该基因产生的蜜蜂成虫的行为。结果表明:在工蜂蛹及工蜂成虫中GHITM基因表达量随日龄而增加;在蜂王蛹中GHITM的表达量从封盖蛹到2日龄蛹中呈下降趋势,2日龄后表达量随日龄增加。本研究结果可为东西方蜜蜂基因表达差异及级型分化分子水平的研究和GHITM基因功能的研究提供一定的理论依据。     

Conditional use of sex and parthenogenesis for worker and queen production in ants

The near-ubiquity of sexual reproduction in animal species has long been considered a paradox because sexually reproducing individuals transmit only half of their genome to their progeny. Here, we show that the ant Cataglyphis cursor circumvents this cost by using alternative modes of reproduction for the production of reproductive and nonreproductive offspring. New queens are almost exclusively produced by parthenogenesis, whereas workers are produced by normal sexual reproduction. By selectively using sex for somatic growth and parthenogenesis for germline production, C. cursor has taken advantage of the ant caste system to benefit from the advantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction.     

Genetic relatedness in colonies of tropical wasps with multiple queens

The evolution of worker behavior in the social insects is usually explained by kin selection: although workers do not produce offspring, they do reproduce their genes by aiding the reproduction of relatives. The most difficult case for kin selection theory would be species in which workers are fully capable of reproducing but instead opt to rear brood of low relatedness. These conditions are perhaps best fulfilled by the swarm-founding wasps because they have little caste differentiation and their colonies usually have multiple queens, which should lower relatedness. Estimates of within-colony relatedness for three species in this group confirm that it is sometimes (but not always) very low. Inbreeding is negligible in these species, so the hypothesis that inbreeding may raise relatedness is not supported. The maintenance of worker behavior in such species is a significant challenge for kin selection theory.     

Bivoltinism as an antecedent to eusociality in the paper wasp genus Polistes

To learn the evolutionary trajectories of caste differentiation in eusocial species is a major goal of sociobiology. We present an explanatory framework for caste evolution in the eusocial wasp genus Polistes (Vespidae), which is a model system for insect eusocial evolution. We hypothesize that Polistes worker and gyne castes stem from two developmental pathways that characterized the bivoltine life cycle of a solitary ancestor. Through individual-based simulations, we show that our mechanistic framework can reproduce colony-level characteristics of Polistes and, thereby, that social castes can emerge from solitary regulatory pathways. Our explanatory framework illustrates, by specific example, a changed perspective for understanding insect social evolution.     

从《摩奴法典》看古印度的种姓制度

《摩奴法典》是印度最古老的宗教、哲学与法律的汇编,由婆罗门教僧侣根据吠陀经典和历来的习惯编制而成,维护种姓制度是法典的核心内容。随着印度教的发展,种姓制度涵盖和渗透了印度社会人与人之间在政治、经济、社会生活等各方面的相互关系,在印度国内外产生了重要影响,一直持续到今天,要想消除它任重而道远。     

The many selves of social insects

Social insects show multiple levels of self identity. Most individuals are sterile workers who selflessly labor for their colony, which is often viewed as a superorganism. The superorganism protects itself with colony recognition systems based on learned odors, typically cuticular hydrocarbons. Transfer of these odors within the colony obscures separate clan identities. Residual individual interests do appear to cause conflicts within colonies over sex ratio, male production, caste, and reproductive dominance. However, genomic imprinting theory predicts that the individual's maternal and paternal genes will evolve separate infraorganismal identities, perhaps leaving virtually no coherent individual identity.     

意大利蜜蜂amLDH基因的克隆与表达分析

乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)是糖酵解和葡萄糖异生途径中一种发挥重要作用的蛋白酶。本研究以意大利蜜蜂为研究对象,RT-PCR和生物信息学方法克隆并分析了意大利蜜蜂乳酸脱氢酶基因及其表达产物的分子特征和结构功能,并利用qRT-PCR技术对amLDH基因在意大利蜜蜂不同级型、不同发育阶段的表达模式进行了分析。序列特征结果表明,意大利蜜蜂amLDH基因包含一个1 008 bp的开放阅读框,编码335个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列与中华蜜蜂高度相似(96.4%),并存在13个磷酸化位点、2个乳酸脱氢酶功能域,是一种稳定的疏水性蛋白。qRT-PCR结果表明,amLDH基因在不同级型、不同发育时期的表达差异显著(P<0.05)。工蜂卵期3日龄、雄蜂卵期3日龄、蜂王幼虫期4日龄表达最高,蜂王和雄蜂预蛹期至红眼蛹期表达均高于工蜂。本研究结果推测,amLDH基因在意大利蜜蜂的生长发育以及糖酵解中发挥重要作用,该研究结果能够为进一步探讨amLDH在意大利蜜蜂生殖发育中的功能提供理论依据。     

Extended life-span conferred by cotransporter gene mutations in Drosophila

Aging is genetically determined and environmentally modulated. In a study of longevity in the adult fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we found that five independent P-element insertional mutations in a single gene resulted in a near doubling of the average adult life-span without a decline in fertility or physical activity. Sequence analysis revealed that the product of this gene, named Indy (for I'm not dead yet), is most closely related to a mammalian sodium dicarboxylate cotransporter-a membrane protein that transports Krebs cycle intermediates. Indy was most abundantly expressed in the fat body, midgut, and oenocytes: the principal sites of intermediary metabolism in the fly. Excision of the P element resulted in a reversion to normal life-span. These mutations may create a metabolic state that mimics caloric restriction, which has been shown to extend life-span.     

营养因素影响蜜蜂级型分化的研究进展

从营养元素方面综述蜜蜂级型分化的研究进展,介绍蜂王浆中10-HDA、Royalactin,蜂粮中相关MicroRNA对蜜蜂级型分化的影响,并展望今后蜜蜂级型分化分子机制的研究方向。     

Efficient oxidative dechlorination and aromatic ring cleavage of chlorinated phenols catalyzed by iron sulfophthalocyanine

An efficient method has been developed for the catalytic oxidation of pollutants that are not easily degraded. The products of the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) oxidation of 2,4,6,-trichlorophenol (TCP) catalyzed by the iron complex 2,9,16,23-tetrasulfophthalocyanine (FePcS) were observed to be chloromaleic, chlorofumaric, maleic, and fumaric acids from dechlorination and aromatic cycle cleavage, as well as additional products that resulted from oxidative coupling. Quantitative analysis of the TCP oxidation reaction revealed that up to two chloride ions were released per TCP molecule. This chemical system, consisting of an environmentally safe oxidant (H(2)O(2)) and an easily accessible catalyst (FePcS), can perform several key steps in the oxidative mineralization of TCP, a paradigm of recalcitrant pollutants.     

The sociogenesis of insect colonies

Studies on the social insects (ants, bees, wasps, and termites) have focused increasingly on sociogenesis, the process by which colony members undergo changes in caste, behavior, and physical location incident to colonial development. Caste is determined in individuals largely by environmental cues that trigger a sequence of progressive physiological restrictions. Individual determination, which is socially mediated, yields an age-size frequency distribution of the worker population that enhances survival and reproduction of the colony as a whole, typically at the expense of individuals. This "adaptive demography" varies in a predictable manner according to the species and size of the colony. The demography is richly augmented by behavioral pacemaking on the part of certain castes and programmed changes in the physical position of colony members according to age and size. Much of what has been observed in these three colony-level traits (adaptive demography, pacemaking, and positional effects) can be interpreted as the product of ritualization of dominance and other forms of selfish behavior that is still found in the more primitive insect societies. Some of the processes can also be usefully compared with morphogenesis at the levels of cells and tissues.     

化学放射法测定蜜蜂保幼激素酯酶活性

蜜蜂保幼激素(JH)是由蜜蜂咽侧体(CA)合成和分泌的一种氧化物。保幼激素酯酶是对蜜蜂体内呈游离态或结合态的保幼激素进行专化性降解的特异性酯酶。采用放射化学法(RC)测定了西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L．)不同日龄工蜂体内保幼激素酯酶(JHE)的活性。结果表明，工蜂体内保幼激素酯酶活性随着日龄的增大而下降。     

构建完全积累、缴费确定型的农民工养老保险模式

农民工养老保险问题是重大的民生问题,是构建和谐社会的重要内容。目前,建立全国统一的农民工养老保障制度的政治、经济条件已经逐步成熟。为此,提出了坚持"以人为本",实行完全积累、缴费确定型的筹资模式,合理设计缴费基数与比例,制定符合农民工特点的登记、缴费、转移、接续及发放服务管理制度,构建全国统一的农民工养老保险管理的技术平台等措施,加快推进农民工养老保险制度建设。     

Enabling food sovereignty and a prosperous future for peasants by understanding the factors that marginalise peasants and lead to poverty and hunger

Dominant development discourse and policy are based on crucial misconceptions about peasants and their livelihoods. Peasants are viewed as inherently poor and hungry and their farming systems are considered inefficient, of low productivity, and sometimes even environmentally degrading. Consequently, dominant development policies have tried to transform peasants into something else: industrialised commercial farmers, wage labourers, urban workers, etc. This article seeks to deconstruct three key misconceptions about peasants by explaining how and why marginalised peasants around the world face poverty and hunger. An explanation of the process of marginalisation of peasants through the influence of five ??mediating factors?? is put forward. It is contended that by addressing the mediating factors through policies devised with the active participation of peasants, the marginalisation of peasants would be reduced or eliminated. This would allow peasants to forge an adequate livelihood in rural areas based on their independent farming, and thereby contribute to the achievement of food sovereignty.     

接触二甲苯实验人员淋巴细胞染色体畸变分析

目的:研究二甲苯对实验人员外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变的影响.方法:外周血培养制备染色体标本,分析外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变.结果:二甲苯接触组的染色体数目畸变细胞率(11.3%)高于对照组(6.8%)(P＜0.05);结构畸变细胞率(包括裂隙)(3.57%)高于对照组(2.6%)(P＜0.05)并且呈剂量效应关系;接触组的未成熟着丝粒分离细胞率(1.85%)与对照组(1.34%)相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:二甲苯接触导致外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变增加;二甲苯接触是否诱导未成熟着丝粒分离有待进一步深入研究.     

近代祁门茶工生活状况的考察简

茶业经济成为近代祁门的支柱产业,茶工在茶叶生产制作中发挥重要作用。按照茶叶制作工序,可将茶工分为有摘茶工和制茶工两类。茶工群体的文化素质普遍较低,劳动强度大,工资待遇低,但其内部也因性别与工种的不同而存在一定的差异。茶工群体身份较为复杂,对近代祁门地方秩序造成了一定的负面影响。     

农民工人力资本、社会资本投资行为影响因素分析

随着经济发展,我国靠传统物质资本投资拉动经济增长的方式需要改变。而此时,人力资本、社会资本作为经济增长的内生变量,其作用受到越来越多学者的关注。本文基于资本投资决策理论,以农民工为对象,利用调查数据,采用有序Logistic模型,对投资影响因子展开深入分析,探讨决定微观个体人力资本、社会资本投资的主要影响因素。结果表明,工资性收入显著影响人力资本、社会资本的投资,工资性收入每增加一个单位,投资则增加0.5个单位。农民工动机内容影响资本投资,越倾向返回农村则投资性越强。人力资本禀赋、性别、生命周期对农民工的人力资本投资有显著影响,对社会资本投资影响不大。研究揭示了农民工在人力资本投资上是理性经济人行为,对投入产出具有理性的权衡;而对社会资本的认知和行为要弱于人力资本。