不同大豆品种在酸性红壤和石灰性土壤上耐低磷能力的差异

研究不同耐低磷大豆品种在酸性红壤和石灰性土壤上的耐性变化。结果表明,大豆品种的耐低磷能力与土壤类型有一定关系,干物质积累量和磷积累量的大豆品种×土壤类型间交互作用极显著。在酸性低磷红壤上,大豆品种湘春９１—１００、涟源泥冬黄豆和浙春２ 号的干物质量和磷积累量都显著高于桂阳傲泉黄豆和湘豆３ 号。在石灰性土壤上,干物质表现为湘春９１—１００、涟源泥冬黄豆＞ 桂阳傲泉黄豆、浙春２ 号＞ 湘豆３ 号,而磷积累量除湘春９１—１００ 显著较高外,其它４ 个品种间无显著差异。土壤类型对大豆品种的根系生长有较大影响     

不同基因型甜糯玉米耐低磷能力的评价

采用盆栽试验,在不施磷和施磷条件下,对广东省广泛种植的18个甜糯玉米品种进行比较研究,旨在筛选耐低磷的甜糯玉米品种,合理布局甜糯玉米种植,提高土壤中磷利用效率。结果表明：不同基因型甜糯玉米耐低磷能力存在明显的差异,根冠比、根干重、冠干重和植物磷积累量可作为甜糯玉米耐低磷筛选的重要指标。初步筛选出3个耐低磷甜糯玉米品种花糯一号、孺子牛269号和红帅。     

寒地粳稻低磷品种鉴定研究

１９９５－１９９７年对３０８份稻粳材料进行了耐低磷鉴定,筛选出耐低磷早粳品种２３份,有的品种已开始在缺磷土壤上推广应用,明确耐低磷品种对产量的不同反应以及与分蘖,根长,根重之间的关系。     

不同玉米品种苗期对磷胁迫反应的研究

以17个主要推广玉米品种、5个新组合和3份资源为材料,利用盆栽苗期试验比较它们在酸性低磷土壤的适应性。研究结果表明,供试玉米品种存在明显的耐低磷基因型差异,华玉106、华玉104、华玉107、桂单22、农大68和兴黄单936等耐低磷性较好,其中,华玉106和华玉104在地上部和根生物量、根长和根表面积都最高,可作为玉米耐低磷育种重要资源。     

湖南茶园四种主要土壤类型氮磷钾施用比例研究

采用盆栽试验，设计Ｎ：Ｐ２Ｏ５：Ｋ２Ｏ为１：１：１，２：１：１，３：１：１三种施肥配比进行研究。结果认为配比施肥处理与茶叶产量的相关性达极显著水平。最适合的氮，磷，钾施肥配比：第四纪红壤和板页岩红壤茶园为２：１：１，石灰岩红壤与花岗岩红壤茶园为１：１：１。     

氮磷钾钙镁肥及土壤酸度对番荔枝生长结实和叶片养分含量的影响

一个用花岗岩发育而成的赤红壤进行的番荔枝盆栽肥料试验，设有氮、磷、钾、钙、镁５种肥料和土壤ＰＨ５．５、６．５、７．５３种酸度，共８种处理，历时３年的试验结果表明：氮肥对番荔枝的生长和结实有较好的肥效，钾、钙肥次之，镁肥的效应欠佳。氮、钾、镁、钙肥的施入，对叶片养分的含量有较明显的提高。     

不同基因型春小麦对磷胁迫的适应性反应

采用缺磷的石灰性土壤，利用盆栽试验研究了不同供磷水平对4个不同基因型春小麦的根系特征、酸性磷酸酶活性及产量的影响，以探讨不同基因型春小麦对低磷胁迫的适应性反应。结果表明，在高磷水平下，甘春20号根干重和地上部干重的增加率均高于其它基因型，产量比其它基因型高8．7％～25．1％；在缺磷条件下，甘春20号体内酸性磷酸酶活性比适当供磷和高磷处理分别增加了41．6％和101．9％，高于其它基因型，说明此基因型主要通过向根际释放磷酸酶以适应缺磷环境。在三个供磷水平下，定西33号和会宁18号的根都最长，平均比甘春20号和眈春16号长26．4％～36．7％，说明这两个旱地品种主要是通过增加根长扩大磷素吸收范围来适应缺磷环境的。根系酸性磷酸酶和根系形态参数可分别作为小麦耐低磷品种筛选的指标。     

酸性红壤低磷胁迫对玉米苗期生长的影响

采用3个基因型玉米进行盆栽试验,研究酸性红壤低磷胁迫对玉米苗期生长的影响.结果表明低磷胁迫显著降低了玉米株高、单株叶面积和地上部干物量,不同基因型玉米受影响的程度不同.3个基因型玉米,以桂单26较耐低磷,而阳单82对低磷较敏感.     

不同产量水平红壤茶园磷素状况的研究

我国有70％以上的茶园是分布在低丘红壤上,这种土壤固磷能力极强,有效磷含量很低,磷肥的利用率一般仅为10％,加之长期以来人们对红壤茶园土的磷素状况又缺乏了解,施用磷肥存在盲目性,效果较差,这已成为我国低丘红壤茶园低产低质的重要原因之。众所周知,施用磷肥的效果决定于作物对磷的需求和土壤的供磷能力,而土壤供磷能力则与土壤磷素状况直接相关。为此,笔者对我国主要产茶省区红壤茶园土的磷素状况进行了研究,以期为改良低丘红壤茶园的磷素营养和合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。材料与方法供试土壤分别来自广东、广西、贵州、江西、安徽及湖南6省红壤茶区典型高产(>200kg/亩)和低产     

水稻品种的耐低磷性及其农艺生理性状

【目的】 本研究旨在探明水稻耐低磷性的评价指标和耐低磷品种的农艺生理特征。【方法】以11个江苏省近70年来的代表性粳稻品种作为材料,进行水培种植,设置低磷(标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20)处理,以正常磷浓度(国际水稻研究所标准营养液配方)为对照。【结果】 耐低磷指数(低磷产量×耐低磷系数/所有供试品种低磷处理的平均产量)、干物质指数(低磷干物质量/对照干物质量)与耐低磷系数(低磷产量/对照产量)及低磷处理下的产量呈显著或极显著正相关。将耐低磷指数和干物质指数作为评价水稻品种耐低磷性的指标。根据两指标值的大小将供试品种分成3类：强耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均≥1;中耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均>0.6, 耐低磷指数或干物质指数<1;弱耐低磷品种或低磷敏感型品种,耐低磷指数或干物质指数≤0.6。与弱耐低磷品种相比,强耐低磷品种在低磷处理下具有根量大、根系活力强,分蘖早期分蘖数多,总叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI大、有效LAI比例高,库容量大,抽穗期茎鞘中糖积累量多,抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强等特征。与对照相比,低磷处理增加了磷素产谷利用率(稻谷产量/磷吸收量)和磷收获指数(籽粒中磷/成熟期植株中总吸收的磷)。在低磷下的磷素产谷利用率,强耐低磷品种高于弱耐低磷品种。【结论】 耐低磷指数和干物质指数可以作为耐低磷品种的筛选指标;在低磷处理下,根量大、分蘖早期分蘖数多、库容量大、抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强是耐低磷性强和磷利用效率高水稻品种的重要农艺生理特征。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.