Remote estimation of shelterbelt width from SPOT5 imagery

Width is one of the key parameters of a shelterbelt. Traditional methods to acquire this width are mainly based on field measurement, which is impractical for monitoring shelterbelts at regional scale. There are many studies analyzing linear objects, but they are not directly applicable to width detection of such objects. In this paper, we analyzed relationships among vegetation fractions retrieved from SPOT5 remote sensing imagery with 10 m × 10 m spatial resolution, shelterbelt area, and shelterbelt width in one pixel. Based on this analysis, we developed a method for recognizing shelterbelt width from a remote sensing image of central western Jilin Province, China. The result was validated by field measurement data and measurement from an aerial image of 0.5 m × 0.5 m spatial resolution. Mean absolute error was 2.40 and 2.73 m respectively, suggesting that the proposed method is feasible and its accuracy is acceptable. The study provides a valuable method for monitoring shelterbelt width across large spatial scales and an accurate input parameter for the recognition of shelterbelt porosity from remote sensing data in future research.     

退化草牧场防护林土壤腐殖质碳组分特征及酶活性

[目的]探讨不同防护林结构的配置、不同林龄草牧场防护林对土壤腐殖质碳组分特征和酶活性的影响及其两者的关系,寻找最佳草牧场防护林结构的配置方式。[方法]采用对比分析的方法,对草牧场防护林和无林草牧场(对照)土壤腐殖质碳组分特征和土壤酶活性进行了研究。[结果]林龄为15年距林带0 m处,网格状草牧场防护林的胡敏酸和富里酸总碳量、胡敏酸碳组分、富里酸碳组分和胡敏素的含量以及过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶的活性等测定指标均分别比对照显著提高70.26%、120.97%、73.76%、139.84%、51.80%、85.00%、42.17%、94.65%、53.77%、49.81%;与带状、疏林状草牧场防护林相比,网格状草牧场防护林除土壤有机质、富里酸碳组分、胡敏素、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶的差异不显著外,以上10个测定指标中的其余指标差异均显著。对于网格状草牧场防护林,土壤富里酸碳组分、胡敏素、多酚氧化酶、脲酶等测定指标在林龄为1~5年时随其增大而增加,5~15年缓慢降低,15年后下降速度增大;距离林带50 m处土壤有机质含量、胡敏素、多酚氧化酶活性高于距离防护林0 m和100 m,且100 m处较0 m处低,其它测定指标基本上随距离林带距离的增加而减小。距离防护林带100 m处时,部分指标与对照差异不显著,土壤改良效益基本消失。胡敏酸和富里酸总碳量与过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,胡敏酸与蛋白酶呈极显著正相关;富里酸与过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶呈极显著正相关;胡敏素与蔗糖酶呈显著负相关。[结论]林龄为5年的网格状防护林土壤富里酸碳组分、胡敏素、多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性等最佳;对防护林及其多数土壤腐殖质碳组分和酶活性升高的分析表明,网格状防护林的带间距应小于200 m。     

我国沿海防护林植被生态恢复技术研究进展

从树种抗逆性、树种筛选、造林方法和林带结构功能优化配置、次生林改造技术研究等方面综述了我国沿海防护林植被生态恢复技术的研究成果与进展，并针对目前存在的问题，提出了沿海防护林的研究方向：加强分子水平上树种抗性的研究，建立树种的综合评价模型；开展防护林带的更新和改造技术及配置模式研究；应用RS和GIS等现代科学方法，开展区域水平的海防林空间布局研究。     

遥感技术在沿海防护林中的应用

遥感技术是沿海防护林管理中的重要手段。文中概述了遥感技术在沿海防护林管理中的应用现状, 介绍了沿海防护林遥感的主要技术系统组成, 包括遥感数据源选择、沿海防护林遥感分类方法和分类精度评价等; 阐述了遥感技术在沿海防护林资源调查、动态监测和病虫害监测等领域中的应用以及当前基于遥感技术的沿海防护林的全球变化研究以及3S技术在沿海防护林管理中的综合应用; 指出目前存在的沿海防护林原始影像数据的选取、遥感分类精度以及沿海防护林遥感分类方法选择等问题, 展望了遥感技术在沿海防护林中的应用前景。     

小尺度样方植被覆盖度信息提取方法的探索

笔者在传统照像法的基础上,探索性地用数码相机在小尺度样方内拍摄不同分辨率的数码像片,用图像处理软件Photoshop提取植被覆盖度信息,在遥感软件ENVI下用非监督分类的方法对提取结果进行再分类。同时,在原像片的基础上构建验证样本,并对植被覆盖度提取精度进行了评价。结果表明,Photoshop提取不同分辨率的植被覆盖度信息精度较高,总体精度80％以上,Kappa系数在0．6以上,利用Photoshop软件对植被覆盖度信息提取是一种可行的方法。     

Recognition of shelterbelt continuity using remote sensing and waveform recognition

Shelterbelt systems play an important and long-term role in ecological stability and food security. Today, shelterbelts are threatened by anthropogenic destruction, plant diseases, and insect pests. Determining the continuity of shelterbelts is essential for the management and maintenance of complete and stable shelterbelt systems. In this paper, we acquired SPOT 5 images with a 10 m × 10 m spatial resolution, and, based on a GIS method, we generated belt waveforms using a waveform data collector. We then developed a waveform recognition model for belt continuity based on waveform recognition theory. Finally, we identified a minimum threshold value for the identification of belt gaps, and conducted belt continuity recognition in the study area. The results were compared with data calculated from aerial images with a 0.5 m × 0.5 m spatial resolution. When belt gaps were <10 m, recognition was poor, but when belt gaps were between 10 and 20 m, the mean absolute error was 3.8 %, and when belt gaps were >20 m, the mean absolute error was 2.7 %. We propose that this method provides a powerful new tool for the investigation and management of shelterbelt systems.     

Protection efficiency assessment and quality of coastal shelterbelt for Dongshan Island at the coastal section scale

The coastal shelter forest in China is under threat of destruction and degradation because of the impact of human activities. Protection efficiency assessment of the coastal shelterbelt is an important component of shelter-forest remediation planning and sustainable management. In this study, a protection efficiency index (PEI) model was established using the projection pursuit method to assess the protective quality of the coastal shelter forest at the coastal section scale of Dongshan Island, China. Three criteria were used, including forest stand structure, forest belt structure, and windbreak effect; each criterion further comprised multiple factors. Based on survey data of 31 plots in the coastal shelter forest of Dongshan Island, we calculated PEI values using a projection of a pursuit model. The result showed 64.5 % of the PEIs fell at or below the middle level, which can indicate the status of the coastal shelterbelt is unsatisfactory. To further explore whether the different bays and land use types create significant differences in PEIs and evaluation indices, we used an ANOVA to test the influence of various bays and forms of land use on coastal shelterbelts. The results showed that PEI and most of the indices differed significantly by bay; mean tree height, mean DBH, mean crown width, stand density, vegetation coverage, and wind velocity reduction differed significantly by land use. Therefore, relevant measures for different locations, bays and surrounding land use can be proposed to improve the existing conditions of the coastal shelterbelt. The results of this study provide a theoretical and technical framework for future changes and sustainable management of coastal shelterbelt on Dongshan Island.     

沿海防护林防护效能综合评价方法的比较与选择

采用主成分分析,熵权法和层次分析法对海南省海防林防护效能进行了综合评价,并通过样本聚类分析对3种评价方法进行了选优,确定层次分析法中的分值评价是海防林防护效能综合评价的有效方法。用层次分析法的分值评价对海南省沿海12个市县进行综合评价,结果显示:2005年文昌市和万宁市海防林防护效能达到了良好状态,儋州市、昌江县等6个市县海防林的防护效能较差。     

A case study of shelterbelt effect on potato (Solanum tuberosum) yield on the Atherton Tablelands in tropical north Australia

An experimental study was conducted on the Atherton Tablelands of tropical north Australia to quantify the shelterbelt benefit to the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Wind speed, wind direction and potato yield were measured at various distances from the leeward side of the shelterbelt. Non-linear modelling was used to describe the relationship between potato yield and distance from the shelterbelt. With the developed model, definite integral was used to calculate the net increase percentage of potato yield.Wind speed was greatly reduced by the shelterbelt. Potato yield was increased by 6.7% due to the shelterbelt.It appears that fitting non-linear models is a useful method to determine an accurate net increase of crops from shelterbelts, providing an accurate assessment of the average crop yield on the open areas is achieved.     

Effects of species and shelterbelt structure on wind speed reduction in shelter

Live shelterbelts are common elements in coastal land areas and play an important role in reducing wind speed and sand drift. A simple measured index, that well represents relationship between shelterbelt structure and wind speed reduction, is required by landowners to enable them in establishing more effective shelterbelts. A three-dimensional crown (3D) density is proposed, which can be easily identified through shelterbelt parameters including maximum height, shelterbelt width, vertical crown/stem area ratio, and horizontal crown/stem area ratio. The utility of the index was tested in 10-year-old Casuarina equisetifolia and in 7-year-old Acacia auriculiformis shelterbelts in north central Coast of Vietnam. There was a significant negative linear relationship (R ² = 0.64, p < 0.001) between 3D density and wind speed reduction efficiency, while there was no relationship between a two-dimensional crown density and wind speed reduction efficiency. Reduction efficiency was found to increase at higher wind speeds in shelterbelts of A. auriculiformis, but not C. equisetifolia. The A. auriculiformis shelterbelt was more efficient in reducing wind speed compared to C. equisetifolia shelterbelt. The former recovered 70 % wind speed at 130 m (16.5H) leeward, while it recovered 70 % at 85 m (8H) leeward in C. equisetifolia shelterbelt.     

SBELTS: A model of soybean production under tree shelter

Farmers in the North Central region of the United States often are reluctant to use shelterbelts because of inadequate information clearly showing their benefits. We developed a computer model, called SBELTS for ShelterBELT and Soybeans, that simulates the influence of a shelterbelt on soybean (Glycine max L.) production across an agricultural field in the midwestern United States. Objectives of this study were to 1) describe the structure of SBELTS, 2) present model simulations, and 3) discuss model limitations. SBELTS is composed of three submodels. The first submodel produces characteristics of a shelterbelt that are passed to the second submodel that estimates daily windrun at user-specified distances leeward (away from the prevailing wind) of the shelterbelt. Estimated daily windruns are merged with other microclimatic information to produce weather files for each specified distance. Finally, the third submodel uses a soybean growth/yield model to estimate soybean yield at specified distances, and the yields are averaged. Data collection was not a part of the present project, so SBELTS was evaluated by comparing predicted results with published information. SBELTS was used to predict soybean yield across a field leeward of a 7.6 m tall shelterbelt, and the predicted yield curve compared well with published yield curves. The sensitivity of SBELTS to variation in rainfall was evaluated by predicting yields for 3.8 m tall and 7.6 m tall shelterbelts in wet, normal, and dry years. Results showed no shelterbelt influence in wet years, some influence in normal years, and a sizable influence in dry years. Results showed that the 7.6 m shelterbelt had more influence than the 3.8 m shelterbelt. Although SBELTS has limited use, it is the first step in the development of more advanced models that will be able to simulate production of soybeans and other crops under the influence of shelterbelts on a variety of soil types.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

东北平原农田防护林规格的研究

东北平原农田防护林已经形成了比较完整的林网体系。本研究分析了农田防护林网全方位的防风作用、防霜作用以及林网内的综合气候效益场。在林网内,全方位防风效能大于10%的区域为防护效益区。作物产量和质量分析表明,林网的防护范围为25倍树高。根据高生长分析确定了构成农田防护林主要杨树品种的成林高度。根据综合分析确定适宜农田防护林网的规格为400m×400m。图7表3参11。     

Characterizing pork producer demand for shelterbelts to mitigate odor: an Iowa case study

Shelterbelts have been shown to mitigate livestock odors incrementally through complex physical and social dynamics. By surveying Iowa hog producers, we assessed the current degree of shelterbelt usage by pork producers, examined producers’ beliefs and concerns regarding shelterbelt usage for odor mitigation and estimated both their willingness to pay and their overall demand for shelterbelts. Overall, Iowa hog producers display strong beliefs that shelterbelts help, social-psychologically, to mitigate odors and generally believe that shelterbelts physically reduce odors. Seventy-five percent of producers expressed a mean willingness to pay $0.18 per pig produced annually. Sixty percent are willing to pay within a range of estimated costs, and 13% are willing to pay more. Overall, younger (<mean) producers are the most probable users of this technology, and they tend to meet four criteria: they plan to be at the same site for over 10 years; they are located in regions with high pig populations; they are at higher risk of affecting neighbors with odors, due to their proximity; they appreciate the more intangible perceived benefits of using shelterbelts (e.g., those associated with social-psychological responses). Overall, the younger producers perceived excessive cost/labor requirements as their main concerns. This information is critical to guide future extension programming that addresses all key concerns of current and potential users of shelterbelts.     

星载激光雷达波形长度提取与林业应用潜力分析

森林是重要的环境资源,作为陆地生态系统的主体,森林是陆地上面积最大、分布最广、组成结构最复杂、物质资源最丰富的生态系统.我国虽然是一个森林资源相对较少的国家,森林生物量依然是陆地植被总生物量的主要组成部分.鉴于森林的重要性,世界各国都投入很大的力量对森林资源进行保护,每隔一定年限对其进行调查和监测.     

防护林健康评价研究进展

防护林是防御自然灾害、维护基础设施和维持生态平衡的重要森林群落。文中通过分析森林健康的概念、内涵,并结合防护林的特点,归纳得出防护林健康的内涵;从防护林健康的评价指标和评价方法出发,详细阐述了防护林健康评价已取得的成果,并提出当前研究所面临的挑战以及今后的研究趋势。     

基于面向对象的高分辨率影像的森林植被变化信息提取研究

如何利用遥感技术获取森林植被变化信息是遥感应用的重要领域之一。基于ALOS高空间分辨率的遥感影像数据,研究利用面向对象的分类方法,对影像进行多尺度分割,通过隶属度函数,提取森林植被变化信息,并实地验证变化结果。研究表明:利用面向对象的方法对ALOS遥感影像进行森林植被变化信息的提取,个数精度达到80.85%,面积精度达到84.90%。此研究为森林植被变化信息的提取提供了又一有效的方法。     

森林植被遥感分类研究进展与对策

遥感分类是遥感应用中的主要问题之一,分类的精度直接影响遥感数据的应用水平和实用价值。本文概述了遥感分类的方法,综述了森林植被遥感分类研究的国内外进展,在此基础上分析了森林植被遥感分类存在的问题,提出了发展对策,指出基于知识的人工智能技术和高光谱技术是森林植被遥感分类未来的发展趋势。     

洞庭湖流域植被物候特征参数遥感提取

以洞庭湖流域为研究区域,对MODIS13Q1植被产品数据的所有像元进行EVI时间序列重构后,采用滑动平均法、动态阈值法、最大变化斜率法以及Logistic函数拟合法等4种方法进行物候参数提取。对比分析后,选择了效果最佳的滑动平均法对2005年及2015年洞庭湖流域的EVI时间序列的遥感影像进行植被物候参数提取,分析近10年来研究区域植被物候特征变化。结果表明:滑动平均法提取的植被物候参数较准确,适用性较强;利用遥感手段能及时准确地监测大区域尺度植被物候变化,为研究区域气候变化等提供参考。     

京郊农田防护林景观生态评价--以北京大兴县北藏乡为例

Based on theories of protective forests and landscape ecology, the reasonableness of structures and patterns of shelterbelt system at Beizang Town, Daxing County, Beijing were analyzed and assessed from the two scales of forest belts and networks, by integrating uses of field investigation, GIS and RS techniques. Results showed that the existent main belt (3-12 m in width) was too narrow, while the assistant belt (3-27.1 m in width) was too wide; the species composition of the existent shelterbelts was single, and the structures and patterns of the shelterbelt system were unreasonable. It is suggested that the structure of the main and the assistant belts should be changed, such as increasing the width of main belts, decreasing the width of assistant belt, and planting more mixed species, and the pattern with arbores in the middle and shrubs in the sides of belts could be taken into account. For the landscape structure of forest network after regenerating or reconstruction, the grid number of closed network should be 13 per km2 and the minimum number of belts should be 34 per km2, This study also testified that integrating GIS and remote technique with landscape ecology could provide an effective method for reasonable reconstruction of the structures and patterns of shelterbelts system.