6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝三倍体的细胞学观察

用Bouin氏液固定、连续石蜡切片方法,对6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(简称6-DMAP)抑制第二极体诱导栉孔扇贝三倍体在受精和早期卵裂过程中的细胞学变化进行了详细观察。结果表明,在授精后25min,以60mg/L的6-DMAP处理栉孔扇贝受精卵15min,有效地破坏了纺锤体结构的形成,抑制了第2次减数分裂进程,致使受精卵内形成两种核相:一种是1个大的二倍性雌核和1个雄核;另一种是两个单倍性的雌核和1个雄核。不论形成几个雌原核,它们都能与雄原核相互靠近,在卵轴中央核膜逐渐发生融合,形成合子核,三倍体的合子核在卵内所占体积明显较二倍体的大。继而,合子核经过DNA复制,最后凝缩成染色体,发生有丝分裂,其过程与正常二倍体相同。     

CB与6-DMAP诱导香港牡蛎三倍体的效果比较

以三倍体率、卵裂率、D幼率、生产成本等为指标,比较了CB、6-DMAP两种化学试剂诱导香港牡蛎三倍体的效果,研究了试剂浓度、诱导时机、诱导持续时间及受精卵密度等4种因素对香港牡蛎三倍体的诱导效应。结果显示,在温度28~30°C、盐度15~25,受精卵密度为2.0×10~8个/L条件下,采用0.5 mg/L的CB在受精后15~18 min处理,诱导持续时间为20 min,可产生100%三倍体;合子的卵裂率为53.16%~63.00%,D形幼虫孵化率为47.32%~53.09%,诱导效率指数为0.47~0.53,生产成本为260元/L。相同条件下,采用浓度为75~100 mg/L的6-DMAP处理,诱导持续时间为20~25 min,受精卵处理密度4.5×10~7个/L,可产生62.52%~72.36%的三倍体;合子的卵裂率为60.00%~66.25%,D形幼虫孵化率为74.43%~90.00%,诱导效率指数为0.47~0.65,生产成本为139~185元/L。综合比较两种方法,6-DMAP诱导方法更加适合用于大规模的香港牡蛎三倍体苗种生产。本研究为香港牡蛎多倍体育种提供了研究数据与实践经验。     

Optimization of triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814), using 6-dimethylaminopurine

Optimal conditions of 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) for triploidy induction in the blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814) were investigated, targeting inhibition of second polar body (PB2) formation. Two experiments were conducted at a water temperature of 17.5–18.5°C where factorial combination of (1) four dosages (DSs) of 100, 150, 200 and 250 μM 6‐DMAP, four starting times (STs) of 15, 20, 25 and 30 min post fertilization, and two treatment durations (TDs) of 20 and 30 min and (2) three DSs of 50, 100 and 150 μM 6‐DMAP, three STs of 15, 20 and 25 min post fertilization, and three TDs of 10, 20 and 30 min, were applied respectively. Day 3 larvae were sampled for triploidy and survival. Percent triploidy was verified using flow cytometry (FCM). Results show that optimal inductions that combine both high rates of triploidy and reasonable survival were those treatments commenced 15 or 20 min post fertilization and continued for 20 or 30 min, using 100 μM 6‐DMAP. These conditions induced rates of triploidy and relative survival of 80.5–93.3% and 36.5–40.2%, respectively, in the first experiment, and corresponding rates were 79.1–93.6% and 20.7–43.0% in the second experiment. High percent triploidy were also obtained in a number of treatments using 150 μM 6‐DMAP, but with overall survival rates generally lower than those using 100 μM 6‐DMAP.     

日本海神蛤人工繁殖及早期生长发育

为探究日本海神蛤规模化人工苗种繁育的可行性,在国内首次开展了日本海神蛤人工繁殖及早期生长发育研究.结果 显示,日本海神蛤繁殖盛期为5月和10月,单次产卵量为300～500万粒/个,卵径为75～85μm.春季人工将水温升至18.6～19℃,6～9日龄和15～18日龄幼虫生长缓慢,壳长生长速率仅为1～3 μm/d.其他各日...     

6-DMAP诱导扇贝异源三倍体的细胞学观察

分别在受精后15和30mjn,用60 mg·L~(-1)6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)处理栉孔扇贝(♀)×虾夷扇贝(♂)受精卵诱导异源三倍体,持续处理5～25min。采用二氨基苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色和荧光显微镜观察对处理前后受精卵的染色体行为变化进行了研究,空气干燥法制备染色体检测胚胎倍性。结果表明,无论抑制第一极体或是第二极体释放均能获得正常发育的异源三倍体胚胎;抑制第一极体释放,产生异源三倍体、非整倍体,延长处理时间能获得五倍体;抑制第二极体释放,产生异源三倍体;6-DMAP使染色体运动终止,处理前后,核相无变化,随着处理时间的延长,核相泡状化增强。     

Preliminary study on performance of triploid Thai silver barb, Puntius gonionotus

The triploid chromosome condition was induced in Thai silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) by application of cold shock (2°C) to eggs at time intervals after activation of 0.5 min with a duration of 10 min which resulted in mean triploidy yield of 72.5% at 9 months of age. Growth rate of the 2–9-month-old, cold shock group (0.1–6.2 g/month) did not differ from that of the control (0.1–5.7 g/month). Gonadal somatic indices (GSI) of presumed triploid males and females were lower than that of control (GSI values of the presumed triploids were 35.0–60.2% and 28.7–75.9% of control males and females, respectively). Spermatogenesis and oogenesis were retarded in triploids. However, all stages of spermatogenic cells were observed in triploid males, including few spermatozoa. Oocytes of triploid females did not undergo vitellogenesis while normal oogenesis was observed in diploids. Nuclear volume of red blood cells (RBCs) of triploid fish was 1.63 times larger than that of diploids.     

杂交三倍体泥鳅染色体C带及rDNA序列的FISH定位

对杂交三倍体泥鳅(4n♀×2n♂)的胚胎染色体进行了C带及染色体荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析,首次探讨了杂交三倍体泥鳅C带特征,为准确鉴别染色体提供依据,研究了核糖体5.8S+28S r DNA在杂交三倍体泥鳅胚胎中期染色体上的数目和位置。C带结果表明,杂交三倍体泥鳅的染色体C带包括臂端C带和着丝粒C带,没有发现臂间C带。M染色体只有1号染色体既有臂端C带又有着丝粒C带,但臂端C带均比着丝粒C带大,信号也比着丝粒的强;而其他M染色体及SM染色体、T染色体只有着丝粒C带。FISH分析显示,核糖体5.8S+28S r DNA清楚地定位在杂交三倍体泥鳅中期染色体中部着丝粒染色体(M)的端部区域,在杂交三倍体泥鳅中期染色体上可以检测到三簇杂交信号。该结果从分子细胞遗传学层面进一步证实了杂交三倍体泥鳅是含有三套染色体组的遗传三倍体。     

钝缀锦蛤形态性状对活体质量的影响

基于钝缀锦蛤 (Tapes dorsatus) 规模化养殖面临的种苗供应问题,采用单因素对比实验法,开展了钝缀锦蛤苗种繁育关键技术研究,为其种苗大规模培育提供参考。结果表明：1) 在人工控温条件下,采用虾塘复合藻代替纯种单胞藻对亲本进行促熟,促熟率比对照组提高了282.6%。2) 通过升温加阴干诱导等一系列措施进行催产,亲贝催产率比对照组提高了50.9%。3) 通过添加益生菌构建有益微生态系统,育苗期间不换水,幼虫浮游期成活率、生长速度和稚贝育成率等指标均显著高于对照组。4) 采用立体采苗器结合池底进行立体附苗,稚贝育成率和单位面积产量分别提高了76.6%和76.5%。5) 按体质量5%上选的亲贝作为选育组,稚贝的壳长、体质量和稚贝育成率分别比对照组提高了6.67%、17.03%和8.43%;壳长和体质量变异系数分别降低了29.13%和55.29%;稚贝期壳长和体质量的现实遗传力“h²”分别达到0.65和0.72。采用研究建立的集成创新技术进行钝缀锦蛤人工育苗,可获得显著的经济效益,为实现种苗的规模化生产奠定了基础。     

Hatchery production of diploid and triploid clams, Tapes dorsatus (Lamarck 1818): a potential new species for aquaculture

To assess the potential for hatchery production of the venerid clam, Tapes dorsatus, diploid and triploid clams were produced and ongrown until the spat reached 5–8 mm in size. Triploidy percentages at metamorphosis that ranged from 56 to 85% were induced using a 15-min exposure to 1 mg/l cytochalasin B. No differences were observed in the growth rate of sibling diploid and triploid T. dorsatus larvae. Survival of diploid clams to pediveliger stage was however higher. Post-metamorphic growth and survival of diploid and triploid clams remained the same until the clams were removed from the hatchery to outdoor nurseries. Throughout the larval and early spat phases of production, T. dorsatus growth was similar to that reported for the Manila clam, Tapes philippinarum. Based upon its ease of culture, rapid growth and marketability, T. dorsatus are thought to have considerable aquaculture potential.     

CB诱导熊本牡蛎三倍体及其存活率与倍化率的变化关系

为诱导熊本牡蛎三倍体,研究了细胞松弛素B (CB)浓度、诱导起始时间、诱导持续时间等因素对卵裂率、D幼率、三倍体率的影响,并分析了幼虫、稚贝及成贝的存活率和三倍体率的变化特征。结果显示,CB浓度为0.5~0.6 mg/L,诱导起始时间为40%受精卵释放第一极体,诱导持续时间为20 min时可获得87%的三倍体率。卵裂率、D幼率、三倍体率的最大影响因素分别为CB浓度、诱导持续时间、诱导起始时间与诱导持续时间。三倍体率与卵裂率无显著负相关性,而与D幼率呈显著正相关。因此,减小CB浓度或诱导持续时间,可同时获得较高的三倍体率与幼虫产量。3~15日龄三倍体组与对照组的存活率分别由71.27%与96.09%降低至34.14%与58.80%,成贝期450日龄(9月)三倍体组与对照组的存活率分别为53.62%与44.67%。3~9日龄三倍体率从87%降低至77%,而90~450日龄三倍体率平均值为59.21%±4.99%,表明幼贝与成贝期三倍体率变化较小,三倍体率的维持与存活率无显著相关性。     

马氏珠母贝TLR6基因的克隆、序列分析与表达

为了探究TLR6(Toll like receptor 6)在马氏珠母贝免疫反应中的作用,实验采用c DNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得了马氏珠母贝TLR6基因(Pm-TLR6)c DNA全长序列,并且运用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术检测了Pm-TLR6在马氏珠母贝各组织中的表达情况、哈维氏弧菌刺激后和植核移植后血淋巴中的表达模式。结果显示:Pm-TLR6c DNA全长2295 bp,其中5′非编码区(UTR)长94 bp,3′UTR长89 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长2112 bp,编码703个氨基酸;多序列比对结果表明物种间TLR6具有较高的保守性;PmTLR6具有跨膜域、富含亮氨酸的重复序列(LRRs)和TIR域,符合TLRs家族特征。q RTPCR数据分析表明,Pm-TLR6在马氏珠母贝肝胰脏、血细胞、鳃、性腺、闭壳肌、外套膜中均有表达,其中肝胰脏中表达量最高;哈维氏弧菌刺激后,Pm-TLR6在2 h表达上调,约为对照组(0 h)的9倍,随后的6 h恢复至正常水平,直至16 h表达水平开始回升并于24 h达到最大表达量,是对照组的29.4倍,具有显著性差异;植核移植实验结果显示PmTLR6在植核后5和10 d表达水平没有显著性变化,15和20 d表达量出现上升趋势,但差异不显著,最后于30 d达到最大值,约为空白对照组(0 d)的5倍,具有显著性差异。研究表明,Pm-TLR6可能在马氏珠母贝免疫防御反应中担任着重要的角色。     

双台子河口两种滩涂埋栖性贝类的营养价值及安全性分析评价

为全面评价文蛤和四角蛤蜊的营养价值和食用安全性,采用常规方法对这两种滩涂埋栖性贝类的一般营养成分和Cd、As、Cr及Hg等重金属含量进行了分析。结果显示,文蛤和四角蛤蜊的粗蛋白质含量均较高,分别为58.24和57.38 g/100 g;灰分含量分别为18.35和25.39 g/1 00 g;粗脂肪含量均较低。文蛤和四角蛤蜊氨基酸总量分别为44.87和37.20 g/100 g,其中必需氨基酸含量分别为18.39和15.16 g/100 g,呈味氨基酸含量分别为18.89和15.58 g/100 g。文蛤和四角蛤蜊中Cd的含量最高,Hg的含量最低。研究表明,文蛤及四角蛤蜊均为营养价值、经济价值较高的滩涂埋栖性贝类,且文蛤在蛋白质、氨基酸组成与含量方面更优。文蛤和四角蛤蜊中Cr、Hg符合我国《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》等卫生要求,而Cd、As含量超标。文蛤和四角蛤蜊中的重金属含量可能对人体存在一定的摄食健康风险。     

中华绒螯蟹ELOVL6 cDNA全长克隆及其表达分析

为了探究中华绒螯蟹自身脂肪酸合成能力,采用RACE技术,克隆获得中华绒螯蟹ELOVL6 c DNA序列全长(Gen Bank accession:KT779219)。该序列全长2247 bp,包括235、873和1139 bp的5'非编码区(5'-UTR)、开放阅读框(ORF)和3'非编码区(3'-UTR),编码290个氨基酸(AA),具有ELOVL家族的全部特征:6个跨膜区、高度保守的组氨酸簇HXXHH、多个保守区以及内质网滞留信号KXKXX。分析发育树表明,ELOVL2与ELOVL5聚为一支,ELOVL6聚为另一支,其中中华绒螯蟹ELOVL6与其他节肢动物ELOVL6聚为一支,与凡纳滨对虾聚为一小支。采用异源表达方法研究ELOVL6编码的蛋白质对脂肪酸的作用,GC-MS结果显示,转基因的酵母培养物C16:0和C16:1n-7含量下降,而C18:0和C18:1n-9的含量升高,同时有新产物C18:1n-7产生。通过荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术研究ELOVL6基因在中华绒螯蟹不同组织及不同脂肪源喂养下的表达情况,显示该基因在肠道、胃、心脏、肝胰腺、胸神经节、肌肉、眼柄、鳃和脑神经节9个组织均有表达,其中在肝胰腺中表达量最高,显著高于其他组织;在不同脂肪源饲喂的结果中,肝胰腺、肌肉、卵巢和精巢4个组织中均有表达,并且各组织在全鱼油组饲喂下表达量最低,其中用全豆油组饲喂后,肝胰腺中的表达情况显著升高,明显高于全鱼油组和鱼油豆油混合组。以上结果综合表明,中华绒螯蟹中ELOVL6能够催化C16的饱和及C16的单不饱和脂肪酸延长,同时受到饲料中不同脂肪源的一定影响,这为探究中华绒螯蟹PUFA合成途径及脂肪酸调控机制提供了依据。     

Triploidy induction by hydrostatic pressure in the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii Dunker

Triploidy of the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii Dunker, was induced with hydrostatic pressure shock. The efficiency of inductions changed with the time of initiation of treatment, the duration of treatment and the intensity of pressure. The most effective procedure for inducing triploidy was the treatment of eggs at 200–250 kg/cm² 5–7 min (for the first polar body retention) and 17–19 min (for the second polar body retention) after insemination for 10 min duration, which resulted in 76% triploid embryos. Under this optimal treatment, high hatchability was also obtained.     

花鲈冷冻精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育

采用紫外线(UV)对冻存的花鲈精子进行照射使其遗传物质失活,作为异源精子诱导源,与漠斑牙鲆卵子进行“授精”,可以诱导漠斑牙鲆卵进行雌核发育。结合静水压处理,抑制第二极体排出,成功获得了漠斑牙鲆雌核发育二倍体鱼苗。实验表明,同源精子和异源精子均可在紫外线照射遗传失活后诱导漠斑牙鲆卵雌核发育,经实验筛选出异源精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育的最佳条件为花鲈冻存精子采用80 mJ/cm²的紫外线照射,然后与漠斑牙鲆卵子进行授精,培育水温18 ℃条件下,受精后4~5 min,施以65 MPa的静水压休克处理6 min,可有效诱导漠斑牙鲆卵的雌核发育。采用形态学、流式细胞仪DNA含量分析和微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。本文首次报道了采用异源冷冻精子诱导漠斑牙鲆鱼卵进行雌核发育的技术方法,为漠斑牙鲆性别控制和遗传改良提供了技术手段。     

Perkinsus sp. infestation in carpet-shell clams, Ruditapes decussatus (L), along the Portuguese coast. Results from a 2-year survey

This study characterises Perkinsus atlanticus disease prevalence and intensity within the economically important beds of the clam Ruditapes decussatus along the Iberian Atlantic coast. Samples were collected from five different sites along the Portuguese coast (Ria Formosa, Ria do Alvor, V.N. Milfontes, Aveiro, Lagoa de Obidos) and in Galicia (Ria de Arosa) between winter 2000/2001 and 2002/2003. The infection level was evaluated by the Ray Fluid Thioglycollate medium (RFTM) method using the body burden assay. In addition, the measure of the condition index (CI) (percentage between the edible part and the total weight of the clams) was conducted to investigate a possible correlation between this parameter and the intensity of the infection. However, no clear relationship between infection intensity and condition index (CI) could be determined although a significant decline in CI was found for heavily infected clams. Results of a 2-year survey demonstrate the presence of Perkinsus sp. in all sampling sites albeit with different intensities. Sites where human interference was minimal showed the lowest levels of infection. There were no significant differences in Perkinsus sp. infection intensity between samples collected in winter and summer, in contrast with several studies describing higher intensities at the end of the summer. Nevertheless, major differences were observed from year to year and site to site, indicating that factors other than those responsible for seasonal climatic variations might affect the prevalence and the intensity of Perkinsus sp. infection.     

Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6引发的坛紫菜黄斑病的初步研究

以一株黄斑病致病菌Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6感染坛紫菜的自由丝状体,研究了环境因子对该菌株生长的影响及其最易感条件,检测了该条件下V. mediterranei 117-T6引发的坛紫菜丝状体的抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性以及藻胆蛋白、叶绿素a(Chl. a)、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标的变化。结果显示,V. mediterranei117-T6的最优生长条件为30°C、pH 7.0、盐度20,最易感条件为30°C、pH 6.0、盐度20。在易感条件下培养12 h后,感染组坛紫菜丝状体的SOD和POD的活性,藻胆蛋白、可溶性蛋白以及游离Pro含量等指标均显著高于对照组;MDA含量峰值出现在6 h,显著高于对照组;在24 h后,感染组的Chl. a含量达到峰值,亦显著高于对照组。研究表明,短期内弧菌感染虽然可以刺激坛紫菜丝状体产生胁迫应激反应,但是随着感染时间的延长,致病菌感染引发的藻体内活性氧及渗透压胁迫加剧,最终导致紫菜死亡。高温和酸化等不良的环境会加剧V. mediterranei 117-T6引发的坛紫菜黄斑病的恶...     

大头鳕TNFSF6基因的结构分析及其在发育早期和病毒暴发时的表达水平

为揭示大头鳕TNFSF6基因的基本结构与功能及其在大头鳕发育和神经坏死病毒(Pacific cod nervous necrosis virus, PCNNV)暴发时的响应机制,本研究通过基因克隆获得TNFSF6 cDNA开放阅读框序列,并对序列进行生物信息学分析,运用相对荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法对TNFSF6在不同组织、孵化后不同日龄仔鱼和PCNNV感染前后仔稚鱼中的表达水平进行检测。结果显示,大头鳕TNFSF6 cDNA长1 388 bp,5′UTR占315bp,3′UTR占500 bp,ORF全长573 bp,编码190个氨基酸。qRT-PCR结果显示,TNFSF6在各组织均有表达,但在脾脏和鳃组织中的表达量较高;大头鳕孵化后15、20、37和40 d TNFSF6基因的转录水平分别是其在5 d转录水平的0.28、0.15、0.12和0.13倍。在24 d和46 d PCNNV暴发时,病鱼TNFSF6基因的转录水平高于对照组;在77 d PCNNV暴发时,病鱼TNFSF6转录水平则显著低于对照组。研究表明,TNFSF6基因在大头鳕发育早期和仔鱼暴发PCNNV时发挥了重要的作用。