猪乳腺干细胞的分离培养及EGFP基因转化

利用乳腺干细胞培养技术体系,从成年猪乳腺组织中分离培养乳腺干细胞,通过脂质体介导转染技术,将EGFP基因导入乳腺干细胞,诱导转基因乳腺干细胞向乳腺上皮细胞分化,观察其分化特点。结果成功分离培养出乳腺干细胞,获得转EGFP基因乳腺干细胞,它们在表达EGFP的同时仍具有分化潜能,能分化成梭形和扁平状细胞。结果表明,从成年猪乳腺组织中分离乳腺干细胞具有可行性和有效性,转EGFP基因乳腺干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能,可以用EGFP基因对乳腺干细胞进行标记、追踪,为EGFP基因作为示踪标记对乳腺干细胞用于体内移植研究奠定了基础。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞的体外培养与鉴定

为体外培养纯化出稳定的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,试验通过外科手术的方法取妊娠后期或泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛乳腺组织,分离乳腺腺泡,用组织块法体外培养奶牛乳腺细胞,应用差时胰酶消化法和差速贴壁法将奶牛乳腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞分别纯化出来,并用免疫组化的方法对细胞的纯度进行鉴定。结果表明:纯化的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞多为多角形,细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁清晰可见,多呈鹅卵石样或铺路石样生长,并可分泌乳滴,角蛋白-18反应阳性,波形蛋白反应阴性;纯化的奶牛乳腺成纤维细胞多为长梭形,呈旋涡状或放射状生长,角蛋白-18反应阴性,波形蛋白反应阳性;经纯化后2种细胞的纯度均可达95%以上,可满足后续试验的要求。     

酶消化组织块法体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞

建立稳定培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系的方法。结合酶消化法和组织块法,在体外进行分离培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,利用胰酶消化进行纯化和传代。通过倒置显微镜观察、细胞爬片姬姆萨染色和角蛋白18免疫组织化学方法对培养的细胞进行形态学观察和鉴定。观察发现,细胞排列紧密,呈多角形或梭形,长满后呈铺路石样。胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁清晰可见,多为3~5个。通过细胞角蛋白18免疫组织化学方法对乳腺上皮细胞进行鉴定,呈阳性反应。获得的乳腺上皮细胞增殖旺盛,培养至40代生长活性仍然稳定。酶消化组织块法成功培养出奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,是分离乳腺上皮细胞的一种有效方法。     

牦牛乳腺上皮细胞体外培养及鉴定

本研究旨在建立牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系,并对建立的细胞系生物学特性进行鉴定,采用组织块种植法,分离培养乳腺上皮细胞;通过胰酶消化法纯化细胞;利用免疫荧光及Western blot技术对其进行鉴定;脂质体介导法将绿色荧光蛋白基因转染进乳腺上皮细胞中,荧光显微镜下检测绿色荧光蛋白基因表达;金黄色葡萄球菌侵染牦牛乳腺上皮细胞,流式细胞仪(AnnexinV/PI双染法)检测乳腺上皮细胞的凋亡,RT-PCR检测感染细胞中抗菌肽以及凋亡因子表达。结果表明,分离纯化获得牦牛乳腺上皮细胞,细胞角蛋白18表达呈阳性,波形蛋白表达呈阴性,证明培养的细胞是上皮细胞并且没有成纤维细胞污染;β-酪蛋白表达呈阳性,说明建立的乳腺上皮细胞具有一定的泌乳功能;荧光显微镜能够检测到绿色荧光蛋白表达,表明EGFP基因成功导入了乳腺上皮细胞;金黄色葡萄球菌感染牦牛乳腺上皮细胞3h后,Annexin V/PI双染法检测发现感染组细胞凋亡率明显升高,差异显著(P0.05);感染细胞中TAP(P0.01)、BNBD5(P0.01)及BAX(P0.01)表达量明显增高,BCL-2(P0.05)表达量降低。综上表明,本研究成功建立了一株稳定的牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系,该细胞系能够作为研究牦牛乳腺发育及分化的体外研究模型。     

山羊乳腺上皮细胞的生长特性

用组织块培养法获得山羊乳腺细胞原代培养物。根据山羊乳腺成纤维细胞与上皮细胞对胰蛋白酶的敏感性不同将二者分离纯化，对细胞生长特性进行了光镜观察。结果如下：细胞可形成闭合型细胞群和开放型细胞群。乳腺上皮细胞与成纤维细胞混生时，细胞之间形成许多腔状结构。纯化的乳腺上皮细胞通过单细胞悬浮后传代，部分细胞形成岛屿状聚集，部分细胞以贴壁的自由单个细胞散在形式存在。上皮细胞增殖可形成圆顶型结构，呈乳头状，称之为乳球体；可产生乳腺上皮细胞并分泌乳汁。山羊乳腺上皮细胞含不同的细胞类型．大多数上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形。细胞之间紧密相靠。互相衔接。连接成片，呈蜂窝状；细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形．核仁2～4枚；部分细胞呈圆饼状，体积较大；出现部分长形细胞；接触抑制的上皮细胞形态不均一。纯化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞传代至第15代时其生长仍正常，经透射电镜观察发现细胞表面微绒毛极为发达，细胞质中线粒体和粗面内质网丰富，细胞质内有大量脂滴及小泡，表明第15代山羊乳腺上皮细胞增殖活力旺盛。染色体数目分析表明．该细胞系稳定，在离体培养条件下细胞不发生转化。山羊乳腺上皮细胞系的细胞染色体数目为60．染色体组型为2n=60。     

妊娠中期猪羊水来源干细胞EGFP基因转化及体外分化

本研究旨在获得妊娠中期猪羊水来源千细胞,并通过用EGFP对干细胞进行标记,为以EGFP作为示踪标记对干细胞进行体内移植研究奠定基础.利用羊水来源干细胞培养技术体系,从胎龄60 d猪胎儿羊水中分离获得干细胞,通过脂质体介导转染将EGFP基因导入干细胞,诱导转基因干细胞向肌细胞和神经细胞分化,观察其分化特点.采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞和分化细胞表面标志或相关基因.结果成功分离培养出妊娠中期猪羊水来源干细胞,并获得转EGFP基因干细胞.干细胞在表达EGFP的同时仍具有分化潜能.干细胞中Oct4、CD-90和Sox2表达阳性;体外诱导的干细胞能分化为肌细胞(表达myf-6和myoD)、星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).研究表明,从妊娠中期猪胎儿羊水中分离干细胞具有可行性和有效性,转EGFP基因干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能,可以用EGFP对羊水来源干细胞进行标记、追踪,为EGFP作为示踪标记对干细胞用于体内移植研究奠定了基础.     

FMDV2A介导的乳腺上皮细胞双基因表达载体构建及表达

构建FMDV 2A介导的人白细胞介素2基因(hIL-2)和增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因双顺反子乳腺特异性表达载体,并验证其在乳腺上皮细胞中的表达.克隆奶山羊β-酪蛋白启动子序列,将hIL-2基因序列置于启动子之后,然后利用口蹄疫病毒2A(FMDV 2A)自剪切序列连接EGFP基因,构建出乳腺特异性的双顺反子表达载体pFIENβ,并利用脂质体转染山羊乳腺上皮细胞,然后用RT-PCR技术和Western blot检测hIL-2基因与EGFP基因的表达.重组质粒pFIENβ经酶切鉴定后表明构建成功,转染质粒PFIENβ和pEGFP-C1的细胞均观察到绿色荧光;从转染pFIENβ的乳腺上皮细胞中扩增出hIL-2基因和EGFP基因,而转染pEGFP-C1的细胞中只扩增出EGFP基因;经Western blot检测,转染pFIENβ的细胞中均表达了hIL-2和EGFP蛋白.结果表明山羊β-酪蛋白启动子能同时启动hIL-2基因和EGFP基因在山羊乳腺上皮细胞中的表达,并且利用FMDV 2A元件实现了hIL-2基因和EGFP基因的非融合型表达.     

陆川猪耳部成纤维细胞的体外培养

本研究建立陆川猪耳部成纤维细胞的体外培养体系,采用组织块培养法可以获得陆川猪耳部成纤维细胞。用0.25%胰蛋白酶＋0.02%EDTA消化液消化细胞、用含有10%FBS的DMEM对细胞进行培养,能很好的支持陆川猪耳部成纤维细胞的生长。传3代后,观察到培养的细胞形态逐渐均一,为典型的成纤维细胞,绝大部分呈梭形或不规则三角形...     

转EGFP基因山羊克隆胚的发育

利用脂质体包裹含EGFP基因的质粒,并将之导入山羊乳腺上皮细胞,经G418筛选获得阳性细胞,以阳性细胞作为核供体,利用核移植技术构建转基因克隆胚。结果表明：用转基因山羊乳腺上皮细胞作为核供体,电融合法更适合构建转基因克隆胚。转基因山羊克隆胚体外培养最佳方案是用SOFaa培养液,在培养72 h后加入10%的正常山羊血清（Normal goat serum,NGS）。荧光显微镜下观察到转基因克隆胚中EGFP的表达,大部分克隆胚发育到8-16细胞以后的时期,绿色荧光蛋白才开始逐渐表达,随着发育时间的延长,绿色荧光蛋白的表达也逐渐增强。说明外源基因在胚胎早期发育阶段可以表达,EGFP可以作为报告基因来实现对外源基因整合及表达的监测。     

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的体外分离培养及超微结构鉴定

通过组织贴块法取部分奶牛乳腺组织进行培养,并通过在培养基中添加适当浓度的营养因子以及控制消化时间将成纤维细胞去除,纯化出原代奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。通过免疫荧光鉴定,形态学观察,扫描电镜和透射电镜检测原代乳腺上皮细胞特性。观察结果显示,本试验分离培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞角蛋白18免疫荧光染色鉴定结果呈阳性。形态学观察及超微结构观察显示,试验所分离的上皮细胞呈鹅卵石样单层聚集,胞内有丰富的线粒体和内质网,细胞状态良好,传至15代以上细胞依然增殖旺盛,因此可以作为研究奶牛乳腺机能的重要工具。     

Neurogenic Differentiation of EGFP Gene Transfected Amniotic Fluid‐Derived Stem Cells from Pigs at Intermediate and Late Gestational Ages

The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether amniotic fluid‐derived stem cells (amniotic fluid‐derived stem; AFS cells) could be isolated from pigs at intermediate and late gestational ages, and (ii) to determine if these AFS cells could be differentiated in vitro into neural lineages following transfection with a reporter gene, enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Amniotic fluid‐derived stem cells were isolated from embryonic day 60 and day 110 porcine amniotic fluid respectively, and transfected with EGFP gene using lipofection. The transfected AFS cells were induced to differentiate into cells of neuronal lineages. Markers associated with undifferentiated AFS cells and their neural derivatives were tested by polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that porcine AFS cells could be isolated at intermediate and late gestational ages and that transfected AFS expressed EGFP and could be induced to differentiate in vitro. Undifferentiated AFS cells expressed POU5F1, THY1 and SOX2, while following differentiation cells expressed markers for astrocytes (GFAP), oligodendrocytes (GALC) and neurons (NF, ENOS and MAP2).     

Effect of Transgene Introduction and Recloning on Efficiency of Porcine Transgenic Cloned Embryo Production In Vitro

Retrovirus-mediated exogenous gene transfection of somatic cells is an efficient method to produce transgenic embryos by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This study evaluated whether efficiency of transgenic embryos production, by SCNT using fibroblast cells transfected by retrovirus vector, is influenced by the introduced transgene and whether recloning could further improve its efficiency. Transgenic cloned embryos were produced by SCNT of porcine foetal fibroblast cells transfected by either LNβ-Z or LNβ-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) retrovirus vector and evaluated for their developmental ability in vitro . Blastomeres from four-cell stage porcine embryos, produced by SCNT of foetal fibroblast cells transfected with LNβ-EGFP retroviral vector, were subsequently recloned into enucleated metaphase II oocytes and evaluated for changes in chromatin configuration, in vitro embryo development and gene expression. Analysis of results showed that cleavage and blastocyst rates of porcine SCNT embryos, using LacZ (53.6 ± 6.4%; 12.0 ± 5.7%) or EGFP (57.5 ± 6.3%; 10.1 ± 4.1%) transfected fibroblasts, did not differ (p > 0.05) from those of non-transfected controls (60.9 ± 8.2%; 12.3 ± 4.0%). Recloning of blastomeres did not further improve the in vitro development rate. Interestingly, the nuclei of blastomere underwent slower remodelling process than somatic cell nuclei. Both cloned and recloned embryos showed 100% transgene expression and there were no evidence of mosaicism. In conclusion, our data shows that the efficiency of transgenic cloned embryos production by SCNT of somatic cells transfected with replication-defective retrovirus vector is not influenced by the transgene introduction into donor cells and recloning of four-cell stage blastomere could not further improve its efficiency.     

Evaluation of a replacement method for mammary gland biopsies by comparing gene expression in udder tissue and mammary epithelial cells isolated from milk

Somatic cells isolated from milk offer an attractive non-invasive replacement of invasive udder biopsies for monitoring bovine mammary gland metabolism. However, for metabolic gene expression studies the mammary gland epithelial cells (MEC) isolated from milk have to be purified from the non-epithelial leukocyte fraction in milk samples. In our study, enrichment of MEC by using anti-cytokeratin peptide 18 (KRT18) antibody coated magnetic beads was evaluated. MEC showed a substantially increased expression of the epithelial-cell-specific KRT18 gene compared to udder tissue. The expression levels of genes specific for mammary gland epithelial cells (CSN3 and LALBA) showed a significant positive correlation in MEC and also in udder tissue. However, no significant correlation of the expression of a specific gene was found between udder and MEC samples. Therefore, MEC isolated from total milk samples via KRT18 antibodies probably do not reflect the true metabolic situation of the bovine udder. Thus, quantitative gene expression profiling of MEC isolated via KRT18 antibodies has to be interpreted carefully with respect to the situation in the udder.