Pseudorabies virus antibodies in swine slaughtered in Iowa.

Sera from butcher swine (1,246 total) were evaluated qualitatively by the microimmunodiffusion test and quantitatively by the virus neutralization test for antibody to pseudorabies virus. Ten percent of the sera had antibody to pseudorabies virus. Follow-up contact with veterinarians whose clients included the farms from which the positive swine originated revealed that few feeder swine are vaccinated against pseudorabies and that most infections with pseudorabies virus are subclinical.     

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in Oklahoma swine

The prevalence of swine gastrointestinal parasites was determined from all listed large swine operations (28) and a geographically representative sample (70) of the population of small hog farm operations in Oklahoma. Fecal samples (n = 975) were collected from 98 farms. From the 98 farms, parasites were recovered in pig feces as follows: Ascaris, 53.0%, strongyles, 53.1%, Trichuris, 35.7%, spirurids, 6.1%, Strongyloides, 19.4%, coccidia, 57.1%, and Balantidium, 55.1%. A higher percentage (16.5%) of hogs maintained on cement floors were positive for Ascaris than were those on either dirt lots (11.9%) or slatted floors (9.9%), but pigs on dirt lots were more often positive with a higher percentage of coccidia (21.0%) than those on either cement or slatted floors (8.5% and 6.0%, respectively). Prevalence of Trichuris was essentially the same (6.8% to 11.3%) in hogs from all 3 management practices.     

Pseudorabies virus latency and reactivation in vaccinated swine

Latency and reactivation of pseudorabies virus in swine was studied. Thirty-one pigs were assigned to 5 groups and were given 1 of 4 vaccines; 10 remained unvaccinated controls. All pigs were then challenge exposed with a sublethal dose of virulent pseudorabies virus. One hundred one days after challenge exposure, all pigs were treated with dexamethasone to reactivate the virus. Virus-positive tonsil and nasal mucus isolates were recovered from 29 of the 31 pigs over a 12-day period. Frequency and duration of virus-positivity were significantly (P less than 0.05) and consistently lower among vaccinated pigs than among the unvaccinated controls. It was concluded that vaccination before challenge exposure had little or no effect on the rate of establishment of virus latency, but that vaccination reduced shedding after subsequent reactivation of the virus.     

广西猪伪狂犬病毒感染状况调查报告

为了解广西猪伪狂犬病毒的感染状况,应用PCR技术对来自广西46个种猪场的1940份公猪精液进行了猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)的检测,阳性率为0;同时对广西25个已使用猪伪狂犬病病毒gE基因缺失疫苗猪场的1455份送检血清,采用了猪伪狂犬病基因缺失鉴别ELISA方法进行了血清学抗体监测,结果检出猪伪狂犬gE抗体阳性11份,阳性率为0.76%。结果表明,广西猪群中存在猪伪狂犬病野毒感染,但感染率较低。     

猪伪狂犬病毒PCR检测方法的优化

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)引起的一种疱疹病毒性疾病,在世界大部分地区都是地方性家畜流行病。而且猪伪狂犬病与其他猪传染病不易区分,因此,建立一个特异性强的检测方法对于其诊断具有重要意义。实验是在实验室已经建立伪狂犬病毒单项PCR检测方法的基础上,对扩增条件进行优化后对其特异性进行了验证。结果发现,优化后的方法特异性好,只有猪伪狂犬病毒扩增为阳性,其余DNA病毒:猪细小病毒、猪圆环病毒Ⅰ型(PCV1)、猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(PCV2)均呈现阴性。因此,本研究方法可以为今后实验室检测猪伪狂犬病毒提供参考。     

ELISA在猪伪狂犬病诊断中的应用

近年来 ,猪伪狂犬病不断传播蔓延 ,给世界养猪业带来了巨大危害 ,因此开发特异性强、敏感性高、简便、快速、能区别疫苗毒和野毒、能检出潜伏感染的诊断方法是防制该病的关键之一。EL ISA方法具有特异、敏感、快速、稳定等特点 ,为广大兽医工作者所关注。目前 ,国内外关于 EL ISA在猪伪狂犬病诊断中的应用方面的研究已有不少 ,已有试剂盒出售。笔者综述了应用于猪伪狂犬病诊断的多种 EL ISA方法 ,如直接 EL ISA、间接 EL ISA、竞争 EL ISA、斑点EL ISA、SPA-EL ISA、双抗体夹心 EL ISA、单抗夹心 L AB-EL ISA、血清学鉴别 EL ISA等。这些方法中 ,有测病毒的 ,有测抗体的 ;有单抗介导的 ,有多抗介导的 ;有的还引入了 SPA和 L AB;有的以分子生物学为基础并能够鉴别疫苗毒和野毒。此外 ,还总结了目前所用 EL ISA诊断方法的优点和缺点 ,并预测了其发展前景     

Replication and immunosuppressive effects of Pseudorabies virus on swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The infectivity and potential immunosuppressive effects of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was evaluated in swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Virus progeny titers and viral DNA synthesis at various intervals post-inoculation revealed the replication of PRV in both peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes; however, replication in lymphocytes was restricted compared with monocytes. PRV infection resulted in the damage and death of monocytes. Although PRV did not appear to affect the viability of the lymphocytes, PRV infection suppressed lymphocyte functions such as proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) synthesis in response to Concanavalin A. This immunosuppression was dependent upon the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of infectious PRV. UV-inactivated PRV was not immunosuppressive. There was no effect of PRV on natural killer (NK) cell activity. The reduction of lymphocyte proliferation by PRV was not reversible by the addition of supernatant containing porcine IL-2 and non-infected monocytes to the infected cultures. The results from these in vitro studies demonstrate that PRV can infect and cause immunosuppressive effects on swine PBMC. These effects may explain the potential role of PRV in predisposing infected pigs to secondary infection and support the hypothesis that PRV can spread systemically by infected PBMC in blood and lymph.     

一例猪伪狂犬病和细小病毒病混合感染的诊治报告

2008年1月海南某猪场发生了以母猪流产和仔猪死亡为特征的疾病,经过流行病学调查、临床症状观察、病理解剖及实验室诊断,诊断为猪伪狂犬病(PR)及猪细小病毒病(PPV)混合感染.通过采取综合有效的防治措施,使猪场疫情得到有效的控制.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒流行株遗传进化及序列比对分析

为了了解我国不同地区规模化猪场2014年以来猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)流行株的现状、分子生物学特点和遗传演化规律,本试验从我国15个省份不同地区分离得到29株PRV,并对其gB,gC和gE基因进行遗传变异分析。结果显示,这29株PRV分离株主要为PRV变异毒株,与Bartha株等国外经典毒株亲缘关系较远,与Ea株等国内经典毒株亲缘关系较近。氨基酸序列比对发现,29株PRV变异毒株在gB,gC及gE基因上均发生了多个位点的突变:gB氨基酸序列均存在75S、76P和77G的连续缺失,94位点均存在甘氨酸(G)的插入;gC氨基酸序列存在多处改变,其中P87Q和Y142C使gC糖蛋白与宿主细胞表面的硫酸乙酰肝素受体结合功能域发生改变;gE氨基酸序列第48位点均存在天冬氨酸(D)的插入。这些特征性变异位点可作为分子诊断依据,并且从分子水平揭示了临床Bartha-K61株等经典毒株疫苗免疫效果下降的可能原因。     

猪伪狂犬病与大肠杆菌病混合感染的诊断和防治

猪伪狂犬病和大肠杆菌病是严重危害养猪业的疫病 ,它是一种急性高度接触性传染病。仔猪十分易感 ,一年四季均可发生 ,主要危害出生后几小时至断奶后两周内的小猪 ,尤以 1～ 3日龄的初生仔猪多发 ,呈地方性流行。这两种病一般为突然发生 ,病势急 ,造成仔猪出现严重败血症、腹泻和衰竭而死亡 ,发病率和死亡率均较高。 1 995年 5月至 8月 ,我市有 3个猪场发生伪狂犬病和大肠杆菌病混合感染 ,现介绍如下。1　流行病学　我市发病的 3个猪场 ,种猪存栏量分别为 1 80头、30 0头和 6 0 0头 ,年出栏量分别为 30 0 0头、5 0 0 0头和 1万头。 3个场共感…     

Skin test as herd diagnosis for Aujeszky's disease (Pseudorabies) in swine

Summary The value of a skin test for the diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) in swine was examined. Semipurified and concentrated antigens, obtained by ether/tween 80 inactivation of Aujeszky's disease virus, were inoculated intradermally into seronegative, experimentally infected and vaccinated swine and into pigs with maternal antibodies. A specific skin reaction, characterized by a visible indurated swelling, was observed within 24 hours in animals with active immunity, No reaction was seen in pigs with maternal immunity or in seronegative uninfected and unvaccinated animals. In the infected and vaccinated groups, 89% and 58% respectively of the animals with seroneutralizing antibodies were positive by the skin test response. Positive reactions were observed as early as 8 days after the infection. All but one seronegative animals remained free of antibodies after 2 consecutive skin tests and the course of decline of maternal antibodies was not changed. An earlier skin test did not lead to sensitization for a later application. The present results, together with field experience on 8 farms, revealed that the skin test could be considered a reliable method for diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease in swine on a herd basis.     

Pseudorabies virus induces a rapid up-regulation of nitric oxide synthases in the nervous system of swine

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical gas with important roles in the host's immune response against viral infections. In this study, we examined the kinetics and distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression during the early steps of infection of the porcine nervous system by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV). To this end, we examined changes in the expression of the three major NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS), by immunohistochemistry in the trigeminal ganglia and brain of pigs inoculated intranasally with a virulent PRV strain. The results obtained show that infection of the porcine nervous system by PRV induced a rapid and progressive increment in NOS expression that coincided in timing, location, and magnitude with those of virus propagation in the nervous tissue. A major finding of this study was that PRV caused not only nNOS and iNOS induction in a variety of cell types, but also eNOS up-regulation in endothelial cells and neurons; therefore, all possible sources of NO are activated and probably contribute to the overproduction of NO during infection with the neurotropic alphaherpesvirus PRV in its natural host.     

Discospondylitis in swine.

Gross and microscopic lesions of discospondylitis in swine are described. Gross lesions were characterized by areas of destruction and cavitation involving intervertebral discs and adjacent structures. Microscopically, acute lesions had hemorrhage and necrosis with infiltration of granulocytes and mononuclear cells. In chronic cases intradiscal structures were replaced by vascular connective tissue which contained plasma cells and lymphocytes. These lesions were most frequently associated with chronic erysipelas polyarthritis.     

Identification of Pseudorabies Virus Variant and Control of Pseudorabies

Due to variant strain,pseudorabies virus (PRV) has broken out again and spread in China since 2011.A swine farm in Guangdong province was found pseudorabies (PR) symptoms-like miscarriage after introduction.The study was carried out to identify and control the PR.Serum of sows with and without miscarriage were randomly collected and the PRV gB and gE were detected by ELISA method,and brain tissues of sick piglets were sampled and the PRV gH gene was tested by PCR.All the sows in the farm were emergently inoculated PRV variant strainin activated vaccine.Serum before and after immunization were collected and detected by ELISA and micro-serum neutralization test.ELISA results showed that gE antibody of all the breeding sows with miscarriage were positive,and that of sows without miscarriage showed weekly positive;The average gB ELISA S/P value of sows with miscarriage was as high as 4.0,while that of sows without miscarriage was over 3.0.PCR of 3 sick piglets were all positive and the sequence of gB gene was 100% identical to BJ-YT-2012,a wide variant stain in 2012. The result of detection of the sows serum at before and after immunization showed that the S/P value of gB rose up from 1.603 before immunization to 2.88 at four weeks after immunization,and the neutralizing antibody rose up from 1:24 to 1:213.This agreed with the results that the sows showed less probability of miscarriage since the first week after immunization and almost no miscarriage after two weeks after immunization.This study suggested that classical PRV vaccine was not effective in this case,while the vaccine made from the variant PRV strain was.     

伪狂犬病病毒变异株的鉴定及伪狂犬病的防控

2011年以来伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）变异株在中国大范围流行致伪狂犬病（PR）再次暴发。广东某猪场发生疑似PR引起母猪较大范围的流产,为此本试验展开对该病诊断和防控方法的研究。随机抽取流产和未流产母猪血清,应用ELISA检测PRV gE和gB抗体;同时采集发病仔猪脑组织PCR检测PRV gH片段。对全场母猪紧急接种PRV变异株灭活苗,分别应用ELISA和中和试验检测免疫前后的血清抗体。结果显示,已发生流产母猪血清PR gE抗体均为阳性,而未流产母猪血清抗体见弱阳性;流产母猪PRV gB抗体的S/P值高达4.0,未流产母猪也达3.3。PCR检测3头病仔的脑组织均为阳性,测序表明其gB基因与2012年流行毒株BJ-YT-2012序列相似性为100%。ELISA检测免疫灭活疫苗前母猪血清PRV gB抗体S/P值为1.603,免疫4周后升高到2.88;特别是中和抗体从1：24升高到1：213。这与免疫疫苗1周后母猪流产开始减少,2周后母猪少见流产的结果吻合。研究结果提示,PRV经典株疫苗产生的PRV gB抗体对变异株的保护作用不佳,而变异株疫苗的保护效果显著。