Growth of Farm Animals; T.L.J. Lawrence and V.R. Fowler

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin after i.v. and i.m. administration to sheep

The pharmacokinetics (PK) of azithromycin after i.v. and i.m. injection at a single dosage of 20 mg/kg bodyweight was studied in sheep. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein until 120 h after dosing for both routes. Plasma concentrations of azithromycin were determined by bioassay. The plasma concentration-time data of azithromycin best fitted a three-compartment model after i.v. administration and a two-compartment model with first-order absorption after i.m. administration. The elimination half-life (t(1/2lambdaz)) was 47.70 +/- 7.49 h after i.v. administration and 61.29 +/- 13.86 h after i.m. administration. Clearance value after i.v. dosing was 0.52 +/- 0.08 L/kg.h. After i.m. administration a peak azithromycin concentration (C(max)) of 1.26 +/- 0.19 mg/L was achieved at 1.24 +/- 0.31 h (t(max)). Area under the curve (AUC) were 38.85 +/- 5.83 mg.h/L and 36.03 +/- 1.52 mg.h/L after i.v. and i.m. administration respectively. Bioavailability obtained after i.m. administration was 94.08 +/- 11.56%. The high tolerability of this i.m. preparation and the favourable PK behaviour such as the long half-life and high bioavailability make azithromycin likely to be effective in sheep.     

The R.A.N.A. Scheme and Small Animal Practice—II. Problems of Organized Theoretical Instruction and Examinations

Abstract— The author reviews some of the problems that have been encountered in providing organized courses of instruction for Registered Animal Nursing Auxiliary trainees. Facilities provided at training centres are reviewed together with the provision of lecturers for the courses. The examination organization is discussed together with the creation of standards for the students to attain.
Résumé— –L'auteur passe en revue quelques-uns des problèmes rencontrés dans 1'organisation des cours destinés à former des Auxiliaires Vétérinaires Diplômés: facilités données aux centres d'enseigne-ment, dispositions à prendre pour s'assurer la collaboration de professeurs, organisation des examens et établissement du niveau que les étudiants devraient atteindre.
Zusammenfassung— Der Verfasser bespricht einige der Probleme, die dabei auftraten, denjenigen, die sich zu registrierten Tierpflegehelfern ausbilden lassen wollten, organisierte Schulungskurse zu bieten. Er beschreibt die in den Ausbildungszentren gegebenen Möglichkeiten, sowie die Bereit-stellung von Dozenten fur die Kurse. Es wird die Organisation von Examen und die Schaffung eines bestimmten Niveaus, das die Studenten erreichen sollen, besprochen.     

草原3号杂花苜蓿新品系品比试验

选用草原2号和草原1号杂花苜蓿为对照,对草原3号杂花苜蓿新品系的生产性能进行了比较试验,为进一步的区域化试验及生产试验提供依据.     

Ejaculation. Physiology and dysfunction.

In summary, important events of ejaculation include emission of sperm and the accessory gland fluids into the urethra, simultaneous closure of the bladder neck, and forceful ejaculation of the combined semen through the urethra. Emission and bladder neck closure are primarily alpha-adrenergically mediated thoracolumbar sympathetic reflex events with supraspinal modulation. Ejaculation is a sacralspinal reflex mediated by the pudendal nerve. In stallions, the most common ejaculation disorders are emission and ejaculation failure, and urine contamination of semen. Rare disorders are azoospermia and premature ejaculation. In a large percentage of cases, an ejaculation appears to be a result of musculoskeletal disorders or to be psychogenic in nature rather than attributable to specific ejaculatory dysfunction. Traditional therapeutic approaches for accommodating deficits can extend the breeding life of many stallions. Pharmacologic aids may be useful.     

热研15号刚果臂形草的选育与利用

1991年从哥伦比亚国际热带农业研究中心(CIAT)引入6095刚果臂形草(Brachiaria ruziziensis G.et E.CIAT6095),1992-1993年在网室和田间进行生态适应性观测,1994-1996年进行品种比较试验,1999-2004年进行区域试验,1999-2005年在海南、云南和福建进行生产试验。结果表明:热研15号刚果臂形草产草量达209865.83 kg/hm²·a,极显著(P<0.01)高于热研6号珊状臂形草(B.brizantha cv.Reyan 6)54.43%,高于热研3号俯仰臂形草(B.decumbens cv.Reyan 3)43.76%;热研15号刚果臂形草喜湿润热带气候,适宜在海拔1000~2000 m,年降水1000 mm以上的热带、亚热带地区生长,具有良好的耐旱能力,在pH4.5~5.0和极端贫瘠的土壤具有良好的持久性和丰产性;适于建植高产、优质、耐久的放牧型草地;固土护坡能力强,适于作水土保持的先锋草种。