A Laboratory Study on Revegetation and Metal Uptake in Native Plant Species from Neutral Mine Tailings

Lygeum spartum, Zygophyllum fabago and Piptatherum miliaceum are typical plant species that grow in mine tailings in semiarid Mediterranean areas. The aim of this work was to investigate metal uptake of these species growing on neutral mine tailings under controlled conditions and their response to fertilizer additions. A neutral mine tailing (pH of soil solution of 7.1–7.2) with high total metal concentrations (9,100 and 5,200 mg kg^?1 Zn and Pb, respectively) from Southern Spain was used. Soluble Zn and Pb were low (0.5 and <0.1 mg l^?1, respectively) but the major cations and anions reached relatively high levels (e.g. 2,600 and 1,400 mg l^?1 Cl and Na). Fertilization caused a significant increase of the plant weight for the three species and decreased metal accumulation with the exception of Cd. Roots accumulated much higher metal concentrations for the three plants than shoots, except Cd in L. spartum. Shoot concentrations for the three plants were 3–14 mg kg^?1 Cd, 150–300 mg kg^?1 Zn, 4–11 mg kg^?1 Cu, and 1–10 mg kg^?1 As, and 6–110 mg kg^?1 Pb. The results indicate that neutral pH mine tailings present a suitable substrate for establishment of these native plants species and fertilizer favors this establishment. Metal accumulation in plants is relatively low despite high total soil concentrations.     

螯合诱导植物修复技术在重金属污染土壤中的应用

通过向土壤中施加螫合剂促进植物对重金属的吸收是目前一项比较有发展前景的土壤修复技术.本文综合介绍了近年来EDTA等多种螯合剂在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用,同时介绍了一种新型易降解的螯合剂EDDS的研究进展,最后对存在的问题进行了讨论,并对未来的研究重点进行了展望.     

Arsenic Uptake by Two Hyperaccumulator Ferns from Four Arsenic Contaminated Soils

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate and compare arsenic accumulation from four arsenic contaminated soils by two arsenic hyperaccumulators, Pteris vittata and Pteris cretica. After growing in soils for six weeks, the plants were harvested and separated into above- and below-ground biomass. Total As, P, Ca, K, glutathione and biomass were measured for the plants, and total As, Mehlich-3 P and As, exchangeable K and Ca, and arsenic fractionation were performed for the soils. Pteris vittata had significantly higher total biomass (14 g/plant) and As accumulation than P. cretica. Arsenic accumulation in both ferns followed the arsenic concentrations in the soil. The P/As molar ratio in the fronds, growing in arsenic contaminated soils, ranged from 80 to 939 in P. vittata and 130 to 421 in P. cretica. Plant arsenic concentrations were significantly positively correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic in the soils. Soil pH was also significantly correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic before and after plant uptake. Plant As uptake was significantly correlated with exchangeable potassium in the soil before plant uptake. Glutathione availability was not implicated as a major detoxification mechanism in these ferns. Though both plants were effective in taking up arsenic from various arsenic contaminated soils, P. vittata was overall a better candidate for phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soils.     

转基因植物修复重金属污染土壤研究进展

通过基因工程技术提高植物对金属的耐性,增加金属在植物体内的累积被认为是进行污染土壤生态恢复以及减少食物链金属污染的一条切实可行的有效途径。随着细胞和分子水平上对金属在植物体内的新陈代谢机理的认识及相关基因的不断鉴定,应用转基因技术提高植物对重金属的耐性和积累量的研究已取得了一些进展。本文就近年来分子水平上植物体内金属新陈代谢机理及基因技术在植物修复重金属污染方面的研究进展进行综述。     

规模化猪场区域农田土壤重金属积累及影响评价分析

为了解长期灌溉猪场废水对农田土壤重金属的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场区域农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水污灌区的耕层(0～20 cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品的pH、养分和Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As全量和有效态含量,根据背景资料、相关分析和主成分分析确定重金属污染来源,应用富集因子分析重金属积累程度,并应用污染指数进行重金属影响评价分析。结果表明,灌溉猪场废水对土壤主要带来Zn和Cu的富集,对Ni、Cr和As几乎没有富集效应,Pb和As的富集主要由施用化肥引起。尽管灌溉8年猪场废水后土壤的Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As含量在安全范围内,但土壤重金属有效态含量不仅与重金属全量正相关,还与土壤pH负相关,而灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH,从而增加土壤重金属有效态含量。因此,长期灌溉猪场废水不但要注意土壤Zn和Cu积累,还需采取措施降低土壤Zn、Cu等重金属有效态含量以防重金属带来环境风险。     

Heavy Metal Uptake by Rape

Abstract

In pot experiments, the effect of single and combined pollution of soil by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) and uptake of heavy metals in Brassica napus L. were investigated. There were two main factors that affected the assimilation of Pb, Cd, and Zn by rape: (i) level of soil pollution by the particular element and (ii) the combined influence of Pb, Cd, and Zn. In general, with the increase of the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in the soil, there were increases in the concentrations of those elements in the roots, stems, and seeds. The main part of the Pb and Zn amounts taken up by the roots from the soil are fixed and accumulated in the roots, and small amounts of them move through the conductive system to the seeds. Cadmium moves relatively easily from root to stem and is accumulated in higher concentrations in the top of the plant.

There is a well‐expressed synergistic interaction between Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, as well as of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Zinc has a highly depressing effect on the assimilation of Cd²⁺, as does Pb²⁺ on the assimilation of Zn²⁺. The combined pollution by Pb, Cd, and Zn stimulated the assimilation of these elements by the roots and foliage and eliminated the effect of Zn²⁺ on Cd²⁺ and of Pb²⁺ on Zn²⁺.     

Plant Availability and Uptake of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Soils Contaminated with Anti-corrosion Paint from Pylons in Comparison to Heavy Metal Contaminated Urban Soils

Red lead (Pb₃O₄) has been used extensively in the past as an anti-corrosion paint for the protection of steel constructions. Prominent examples being some of the 200,000 high-voltage pylons in Germany which have been treated with red lead anti-corrosion paints until about 1970. Through weathering and maintenance work, paint compounds and particles are deposited on the soils beneath these constructions. In the present study, six such “pylon soils” were investigated in order to characterize the plant availability and plant uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn. For comparison, three urban soils with similar levels of heavy metal contamination were included. One phase extractions with 1 M NH₄NO₃, sequential extractions (seven steps), and extractions at different soil pH were used to evaluate the heavy metal binding forms in the soil and availability to plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine heavy metal uptake by Lolium multiflorum and Lactuca sativa var. crispa in untreated and limed red lead paint contaminated soils. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in the pylon soils were elevated with maximum values of 783 mg Pb kg⁻¹ and 635 Zn mg kg⁻¹ while the soil Cd content was similar to nearby reference soils. The pylon soils were characterized by exceptionally high proportions of NH₄NO₃-extractable Pb reaching up to 17% of total Pb. Even if the relatively low pH of the soils is considered (pH 4.3–4.9), this appears to be a specific feature of the red lead contamination since similarly contaminated urban soils have to be acidified to pH 2.5 to achieve a similarly high Pb extractability. The Pb content in L. multiflorum shoots reached maximum values of 73 mg kg⁻¹ after a cultivation time of 4 weeks in pylon soil. Lime amendment reduced the plant uptake of Pb and Zn significantly by up to 91%. But L. sativa var. crispa cultivated on soils limed to neutral pH still contained critical Pb concentrations (up to 0.6 mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight). Possible mechanisms for the exceptionally high plant availability of soil Pb derived from red lead paint are discussed.     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plant Species Indigenous to a Contaminated Portuguese Site: Prospects for Phytoremediation

Acid rock drainage (ARD) often contains ferrous iron, sulphate and high concentrations of trace elements detrimental to the environment. Future costs will be enormous if the problem is not treated today. Simple and cost-effective methods for remediation of historical mine sites are therefore desired. In this study, three mine waters were mixed with alkaline ash leachates, and the fate of trace elements from both the mine waters (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Co) and the ash leachates (Cr and Mo) was studied. Addition of ash water precipitates hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) and hydrous aluminium oxides (HAO) induced trace element sorption and coprecipitation. Composition of the formed HFO/HAO mix determines efficiency of the sorption and the relative order of sorption for different trace elements. Sorption occurred much earlier (often one pH unit or more) in a system with high iron concentrations compared to systems with lower iron concentrations. Removal of cadmium and zinc was low, below pH 8, if the amount of precipitates was low. Using ash for generation of alkaline water may be a problem with regard to chromium and molybdenum. This study shows that it is possible to avoid problems with molybdenum by keeping the final pH around 7, and chromium(VI) from the ash water will be reduced into chromium(III) and precipitated as the hydroxide in the presence of iron(II). Results imply that it is possible to also use fly ashes in alkaline leach beds in order to neutralize ARD followed by precipitation and sorption of trace elements.     

不同类型钙化合物对污染土壤水稻吸收累积Cd Pb的影响及机理

以潮泥田和红黄泥为供试土壤,利用盆栽试验研究了施用不同类型钙化合物（CaO、CaCO3、CaSO4）对水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响及机理。结果表明,潮泥田施用CaO和CaCO3后,土壤pH值明显升高。当CaO施用量达到0.36gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,水稻糙米Cd含量也随之显著下降,降幅达26.3%;施用CaCO（30.24gCa·kg-1）和CaSO（40.24gCa·kg-1）后水稻糙米Cd含量降幅分别为23.7%（P〈0.05）和18.4%（P〈0.05）。红黄泥施用CaO、CaCO3和CaSO4后,土壤pH值变化趋势与潮泥田相同。当CaO施用量达到0.24gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,但水稻糙米Cd含量反而上升,当CaO施用量达到0.36gCa·kg-1时,与对照相比水稻糙米Cd含量增加34.5%（P〈0.05）;当CaO施用量增至0.48gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Pb含量明显增加,水稻糙米Pb含量也随之显著增加,增幅达41.7%。在等钙（0.24gCa·kg-1）条件下,潮泥田及红黄泥施用CaO、CaCO3和CaSO4后因pH变幅较小导致水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量无明显差异。综合分析认为,利用钙化合物控制污染土壤上水稻对cd、Pb的吸收累积时,需要根据土壤Cd、Pb含量和pH综合考虑合理的钙化合物类型和用量。     

Kinetics of Desorption of Heavy Metals from Polluted Soils: Influence of Soil Type and Metal Source

Kinetics of desorption of heavy metal ions (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) from the surface (0–15 cm) samples of an acidic soil (Inceptisol) and a neutral soil (Mollisol) spiked with inorganic salts of these metals or through an acidic sludge were studied by the column method. The rate of desorption of soil applied heavy metals was initially rapid and gradually declined with time. In general, the release of heavy metals from soils polluted by inorganic or sludge sources conformed to a multi-site model of first order kinetics; however, the release of Cd and Ni applied through inorganic sources to the neutral soil could be adequately accounted for by single-site model. The double-site model could adequately explain the release of Cd from sludge amended acidic soil and the release of Zn applied though inorganic salt or sludge to the neutral soil. In acidic soil, the apparent desorption rate coefficients of heavy metals applied through inorganic sources were higher than those for the sludge source. In neutral soil, however, the apparent desorption rate coefficients of heavy metals added through sludge were higher than for inorganic sources. Among the heavy metals, the higher apparent desorption coefficient value and percent desorption of Cd indicated a higher potential of this metal for leaching and ground water contamination. The results also suggested that the acidic soil pH might reduce the ability of the soil to naturally sequester heavy metal cations and lead to their leaching.     

Influence of Redox Potential and Plant Species on the Uptake of Nickel and Cadmium from Soils

The influence of soil redox potential on the uptake of nickel and cadmium from three soils was studied in a pot experiment with oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Pirol) and rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. Lema). The soils used were a Luvisol (naturally low in Ni and Cd), a sewage-sludge amended Luvisol (anthropogenic enrichment of Ni and Cd) and a Cambisol (naturally high in Ni and Cd). Nickel and Cd supplied in sewage-sludge amendments were several times more available for plant uptake than those present naturally in the soil. Short term decreases in soil redox potential, as a result of soil flooding, had little effect on the availability of Ni and Cd from sludge amended soils, but resulted in a substantial increase in Ni and Cd availability in the soil naturally high in Ni and Cd. In general, increases in soil solution concentrations of Ni and Cd, due to sludge amendment or changes in soil redox potential, resulted in increased Ni and Cd concentrations in the aerial parts of plants. Nickel concentrations in the grain of oat increased with increasing Ni concentration in the soil solution, whereas grain Cd concentrations did not. In contrast, Cd concentrations in vegetative parts of both oat and rye-grass were strongly affected by soil type and sludge-amendment. In all treatments Ni concentrations in the grain were much higher than in the vegetative parts, whereas Cd concentrations were always higher in vegetative parts than in the grain. Tissue Ni concentrations correlated well with DTPA extractable soil Ni but only poorly with total soil Ni. Differences in the availability and uptake of Ni and Cd in response to soil type, environmental conditions and plant species suggest that the use of total soil-metal content to regulate the use of sewage sludge on agricultural land is inappropriate.     

Antimony and Arsenic Uptake by Plants in an Abandoned Mining Area

Abstract

The degree of antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) pollution and their bioavailability in mining‐affected grassland soils were determined. Antimony and As concentrations in aboveground parts of plants, collected in three consecutive years, were measured to investigate their uptake capacity, food chain contamination, and ecological risks. Total Sb and As contents in soils ranged from 60 to 230 mg/kg and from 42 to 4530 mg/kg, respectively, indicating a high degree of pollution of soils. The mobile fractions of Sb (0.02–0.27% of the total Sb content) and As (0.02–0.70% of the total As content) in soils, which reflect the plant‐available portion, are extremely low compared to total Sb and As contents in soils. The Sb and As contents in plants were also very low in both study areas. This lower accumulation of Sb and As in the plants is attributed to the low bioavailability of Sb and As in mine soils. Antimony and As contents in some plants were lower than the controls, and the concentrations in some plants were slightly higher than the normal grass mean level but were less than the phytotoxic or toxic levels for human or livestock consumption. The results of this study demonstrate that the plants growing in these mining areas, which have evolved As and Sb tolerance and detoxification capacity, can be cultivated to phytostabilize the metalloid‐contaminated mining sites.     

2种固化剂对重金属和砷复合污染底泥的稳定化处理效果

通过底泥交换态重金属和砷含量的分析以及毒性浸出测试,考察磷酸氢二铵和碳酸钙对底泥中重金属和砷的稳定化处理效果。结果表明,随着磷酸氢二铵添加量的增加底泥pH值逐步降低,随着碳酸钙添加量的增加底泥pH值逐步升高。磷酸氢二铵对底泥中Pb的稳定有良好效果,然而对Zn、As却产生了极大的活化作用。碳酸钙对底泥中Pb、Cd、Zn的稳定有良好效果,但对As的稳定没有明显作用。相对而言,碳酸钙更适合用来稳定化处理重金属和砷复合污染底泥。     

白银市日光温室土壤养分累积特征及重金属污染现状评价

以甘肃省白银市的日光温室土壤为研究对象,调查分析了土壤剖面养分累积状况和土壤电导率、pH值的变化;对土壤重金属Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni含量进行了测定,采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法对土壤重金属的环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明,日光温室土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于农田土壤,其中速效磷在0-40 cm土层和速效钾在0-60 cm土层累积尤为明显。温室栽培条件下土壤电导率高于农田土壤,雒家滩温室土壤表层EC值为0.94 mS·cm-1,超过蔬菜的生育障碍临界点（EC〉0.50 mS·cm-1）。大部分温室土壤Cd含量超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准,其中雒家滩温室土壤Pb、Zn、Cd、As含量超过温室蔬菜地土壤环境质量评价标准（HJ 333—2006）限量值。根据各重金属的单项与综合质量指数,靖远日光温室土壤环境质量为2级,属于尚清洁水平,而雒家滩和重坪日光温室土壤环境质量为3级,属于超标水平,不适宜发展无公害蔬菜。     

N、P、K肥对玉米幼苗吸收和积累重金属的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究复合污染土壤中施加氮肥（NH4Cl）、磷肥（Na2HPO4）和钾肥（KCl）对高生物量经济作物玉米（Zeamays L.）幼苗生长以及吸收和积累重金属的影响。结果表明,不同施肥方式和浓度处理对玉米生物量变化以及吸收重金属有不同影响,NH4Cl能显著提高玉米地上部生物量、土壤Pb、Cd有效态含量,增加玉米对重金属Pb、Cd、As的提取量,最大分别可提高1.7、2.0倍和1.2倍。不同施肥方式和处理浓度均显著影响土壤有效态Pb含量,Na2HPO4在中浓度处理时显著降低土壤Pb的有效性,高浓度时则显著增加土壤有效态As含量,使玉米地上部对As的积累量有明显提高。在不同的浓度水平下,钾肥处理使玉米提取Pb含量显著高于氮肥和磷肥,其中低浓度KCl处理使玉米提取Pb量比对照增加2.4倍。对Pb-Cd-As复合污染农田土壤来说,施用氮肥（NH4Cl）处理对强化玉米的修复效果最好。     

新乡市大棚菜田土壤重金属积累特征及污染评价

采用微波消解-ICP-AES技术,测定不同种植年限大棚菜田土壤样品中As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu等重金属的含量,研究不同种植年限与大棚菜田土壤重金属累积的相关性以及大棚菜田土壤重金属累积特征,并利用地积累指数法进行污染评价。结果表明:大棚菜田土壤重金属Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn和Cu的含量与种植年限具有极显著相关性;大棚菜田土壤中重金属Cd和Cr的含量与种植年限不相关。重金属元素间相关性分析表明,Zn与Pb、Cd、Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu,Pb与Cd、Ni、Mn、Cr、Cu,Cd与Ni、Mn、Cr,Ni与Mn、Cr、Cu,Mn与Cr、Cu具有污染同源性,Cu与Cd、Cr不具有污染同源性。地积累指数法污染评价结果显示Cd的污染等级达到了6级,已构成了极严重污染;Zn和Cu的污染等级达到2级,已构成了中度污染;Pb、Mn的污染等级达到1级,已经构成了轻~中度污染;As、Ni、Cr均未构成污染。     

Field Trials for in Situ Decontamination of Heavy Metal Polluted Soils using Crops of Metal-Accumulating Plants

Certain wild plants as well as crop plants, so-called hyperaccumulators, are able to accumulate large amounts of heavy metals in aerial parts. This property may be exploited for the clean-up of soil contaminated by metals (phytoremediation), if the yield and metal accumulation are big enough to finish remediation within a reasonable period (e.g. five years). Therefore, the ability of various plants to accumulate zinc and cadmium were compared in field trials. The wild species Thlaspi caerulescens and Alyssum murale as well as the tree Salix viminalis showed a strong ability to accumulate zinc and cadmium. However, phytoremediation of investigated soils contaminated with cadmium (6.6 ppm) or zinc (810 ppm) lasts too long based on present technology. Literature data and preliminary experiments indicate that major obstacles could be overcome: Yield and metal-uptake rates have to be increased dramatically in order to allow remediation within reasonable periods.     

采矿活动对稻田土壤重金属累积与酶活性的影响

湖南省矿产资源丰富,是著名的有色金属之乡。为了研究采矿活动对稻田重金属累积和生态环境的影响,对湘北某县H镇硫铁矿冶炼厂附近稻田和灌溉溪流进行监测分析,并以无矿业开发的T镇稻田作为对照。结果表明,受采矿废水排放影响,H镇溪水重金属污染严重,尤其Cu、Zn、Cd含量远超农田灌溉水质量限值。受污染溪流灌溉影响,H镇稻田土壤Zn、Cd、Fe、Ni、Pb等污染严重。而T镇灌溉水和稻田土壤无重金属污染现象。受重金属污染影响,H镇稻田土壤酶活性显著降低。尤其溪流北侧长期受污染溪流灌溉的重污染稻田,土壤脱氢酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,分别只有对照稻田土壤的14.3%、30.0%、22.8%、51.2%、73.2%。表明稻田土壤重金属污染已产生严重的生态毒害,其中土壤脱氢酶受重金属抑制最敏感,可作为反映土壤重金属污染的生态指标。     

Factors Affecting Microbial Biomass and Dehydrogenasc Activity in Apple Orchard Soils with Heavy Metal Accumulation

The size of the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity were measured in air-dried and rewetted apple orchard surface soils with accumulation of Cu, Pb, and As due to the application of Bordeaux mixtures and lead arsenate. The largest amounts of total Cu, Pb, and As found in the soils used were 1,108, 1,271, and 209 mg kg^-1 soil, respectively. The amounts of 0.1 M HCl-extractable heavy metals were strongly correlated with the total amounts, while those of 0.1 M CaCl₂-extractable heavy metals, except for As, increased significantly with decreasing soil pH. The amounts of microbial biomass C and N, expressed on a soil organic C and total N basis, respectively, were each negatively correlated with the amounts of total and 0.1 M HCl-extractable Cu. On the other hand, the dehydrogenase activity was not affected by the amounts of total and 0.1 M HCl-extractable heavy metals, and was negatively correlated with the amount of 0.1 M CaCl₂-extractable Cu and positively with the soil pH. Higher significant correlations were observed when the dehydrogenase activity was calculated per unit of soil organic C. Thus the microbial biomass was adversely affected by the slightly soluble fractions of Cu accumulated in apple orchard soils, whereas the dehydrogenase activity was affected by the water-soluble and exchangeable Cu of which amount depended on the soil pH. It is suggested that the microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity expressed on a soil organic matter basis could become useful indicators for assessing the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of the microbial biomass in soils differing in organic matter contents.