Potential for Phosphate Mitigation from Agricultural Runoff by Three Aquatic Macrophytes

Phosphate from agricultural runoff is a major contributor to eutrophication in aquatic systems. Vegetated drainage ditches lining agricultural fields have been investigated for their potential to mitigate runoff, acting similarly to a wetland as they filter contaminants. It is hypothesized that some aquatic macrophytes will be more effective at removing phosphate than others. In a mesocosm study, three aquatic macrophyte species, cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), cattail (Typha latifolia), and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), were investigated for their ability to mitigate phosphate from water. Mesocosms were exposed to flowing phosphate-enriched water (10?mg?L^?1) for 6?h, left stagnant for 42?h, and then flushed with non-nutrient enriched water for an additional 6?h to simulate flushing effects of a second storm event. Both L. oryzoides and T. latifolia decreased the load of dissolved phosphate (DP) in outflows by greater than 50?%, significantly more than S. americanum, which only decreased DP by 15?±?6?% (p????0.002). All treatments decreased concentrations inside mesocosms by 90?% or more after 1?week, though the decrease occurred more rapidly in T. latifolia and L. oryzoides mesocosms. By discovering which species are better at mitigating phosphate in agricultural runoff, planning the community composition of vegetation in drainage ditches and constructed wetlands can be improved for optimal remediation results.     

Metal Concentrations in Aquatic Macrophytes as Influenced by Soil and Acidification

Bioavailability of metals to aquatic plants is dependent on many factors including ambient metal concentration, pH of soil or water, concentration of ligands, competition with other metals for binding sites, and mode of exposure. Plants may be exposed to metals through water, air, or soil, depending on growth form. This paper examines the influence of soil type under two regimens of water acidification on metal uptake by four species of aquatic macrophytes: smartweed (Polygonum sagittatum), burreed (Sparganium americanum), pondweed (Potamogeton diversifolius), and bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris) in constructed, experimentally acidified wetlands. Soil types consisted of a comparatively high-metal clay or a lower-metal sandy loam. Each pond was either acidified to pH ca. 4.8–5.3 or allowed to remain circumneutral. Metal concentrations tended to be higher in the submerged bladderwort and pondweed than in the emergent burreed and smartweed. Soils were important to plant metal concentrations in all species, but especially in the emergents. Acidification influenced plant concentrations of some metals and was especially important in the submerged pondweed. Bioaccumulation of metals occurred for Mn, B, Sr, Ba, and Zn, compared to soil concentrations.     

快速城市化地区小流域降雨径流污染特征

降雨径流污染对快速城市化地区的水环境安全造成巨大威胁.在对深圳市石岩水库6条入库支流的4次降雨径流事件进行水文水质监测的基础上,选择CODcr、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS和BOD5 6种常见水质测试指标对该区域的降雨径流污染的水质状况、空间差异和初始冲刷效应等基本特征进行了分析.结果表明,研究区降雨径流中耗氧性污染物...     

城市土壤重金属污染特征分析

目前越来越多的大城市的土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,这将深刻影响到城市环境质量和人体健康。因受人类活动的强烈扰动,城市土壤重金属污染特征与传统意义上的土壤重金属污染特征差别很大,文章就城市土壤重金属污染特征做了详细的分析,并提出了一些相应的管理对策。     

上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。     

Influence of Three Aquatic Macrophytes on Mitigation of Nitrogen Species from Agricultural Runoff

Agricultural runoff containing nitrogen fertilizer is a major contributor to eutrophication in aquatic systems. One method of decreasing amounts of nitrogen entering rivers or lakes is the transport of runoff through vegetated drainage ditches. Vegetated drainage ditches can enhance the mitigation of nutrients from runoff; however, the efficiency of nitrogen removal can vary between plant species. The efficiency of three aquatic macrophytes, cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), cattail (Typha latifolia), and bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), to mitigate dissolved and total nitrogen from water was investigated. Replicate mesocosms of each plant species were exposed to flowing water enriched with ammonium and nitrate for 6?h, allowed to remain stagnant for 42?h, and then flushed with non-enriched water for an additional 6?h to simulate a second storm event. After termination of the final simulated runoff, all vegetated treatments lowered total nitrogen loads exiting mesocosms by greater than 50%, significantly more than unvegetated controls, which only decreased concentrations by 26.9% (p????0.0023). L. oryzoides and T. latifolia were more efficient at lowering dissolved nitrogen, decreasing ammonium by 42?±?9% and 59?±?4% and nitrate by 67?±?6% and 64?±?7%, respectively. All treatments decreased ammonium and nitrate concentrations within mesocosms by more than 86% after 1?week. However, T. latifolia and L. oryzoides absorbed nitrogen more rapidly, lowering concentrations by greater than 98% within 48?h. By determining the nitrogen mitigation efficiency of different vegetative species, plant communities in agricultural drainage ditches can be managed to significantly increase their remediation potential.     

蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

调查了安微省蚌埠市文教区、居民区、商业区、公园绿地区、工业区、交通区6个功能区的地表灰尘中重金属Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd,Mn的含量,并采用地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险。结果表明,蚌埠市地表灰尘中Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd和Mn平均含量依次为:254.29,85.64,72.39,2.31和535.86mg/kg,均高于安徽省土壤环境背景值。地累积指数法评价结果显示,Cd元素为偏重污染;Zn和Cu为偏中度污染;Pb为轻度污染;Mn处于清洁水平。所研究的6个功能区均属于偏中度污染。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,Cd元素污染最严重,在所有采样点均超出强生态危害水平,其他4种重金属元素均属于轻微生态危害。交通区、商业区、居民区和工业区属于很强生态危害程度,文教区和公园绿地区处于强生态危害水平。在去除重金属Cd以后,各功能区均表现为轻微生态危害水平。总之,蚌埠市地表灰尘重金属的生态环境较好,但存在Cd元素的极强潜在生态危害。     

喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

[目的]对喀纳斯景区土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险进行评价,为景区资源科学管理和保护提供参考依据。[方法]以喀纳斯景区为研究区,测定土壤样品As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr,和Cu含量,通过污染负荷指数对喀纳斯景区重金属污染情况进行全面评价,采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属进行潜在生态风险评价,并运用相关分析与主成分分析法对土壤重金属来源与污染程度进行深入分析。[结果](1)研究区表层土壤As,Pb,Hg,Cd,Zn,Cr和Cu平均含量分别为6.48,16.60,0.10,0.08,84.71,2.47,32.23mg/kg,其中As,Pb,Hg和Cd高于新疆土壤背景值,Zn,Cr和Cu低于新疆土壤背景值。(2)人类活动扰动强由强至弱4个样地,7种重金属含量不同,且同一重金属在4个样地间具有一定差异性。(3)人类活动扰动强样地、人类活动扰动较强样地和人类活动扰动轻微样地3个样地中Hg为重度污染(PLI值分别为5.70,4.36,4.64),Zn,Cr,Cu为轻度污染。全部金属RI均小于150,研究区仅存在轻微生态危害,但研究区Hg污染需关注。(4)7种重金属间大多存在关系,Pb与Hg,Cd和Zn呈显著相关(p≤0.01)。Cd和Hg来源相同可能性较大,As,Zn和Cu来源可能一致。[结论]喀纳斯景区受旅游活动干扰土壤中重金属有不同程度的积累,土壤重金属污染愈加严重。     

蚯蚓对土壤污染的指示作用及其强化修复的潜力

从三个方面综述了蚯蚓对土壤污染的指示作用:(1)通过调查污染区土壤中蚯蚓种群的数量和结构反映土壤污染情况;(2)利用蚯蚓进行生态毒理风险评价,指示污染物对土壤生态系统可能造成的危害;(3)利用蚯蚓监测土壤污染。并阐述了蚯蚓对重金属的主要耐性机制:(1)脂质过氧化保护酶系统缓解氧化胁迫;(2)分隔、固定作用;(3)螯合解毒作用;(4)溶酶体和细胞质粒抑制重金属活性。同时,分析了蚯蚓强化污染土壤修复的潜力,认为蚯蚓可以通过改善土壤理化性质、增强微生物活性、改变污染物的活性等强化污染土壤的生物修复过程。     

福建沿海农田土壤重金属污染与潜在生态风险研究

分析了取自福建沿海农田185件表层土壤样品的重金属含量与分布特征,采用连续提出的方法研究重金属元素的赋存状态。结果表明福建沿海稻田土壤中的Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为0.41mgkg-1、0.20mgkg-1、6.62mgkg-1、35.65mgkg-1、12.7mgkg-1、128.39mgkg-1、109.65mgkg-1和63.56mgkg-1。相对于区域土壤背景值与国家土壤环境质量标准,污染较突出的元素是Hg和Cd。有46%样品中的Hg含量高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值,有13%的样品的Cd高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值。Hg高含量的样品主要分布福州、漳州等城镇等附近,同时它在土壤中主要以有机结合态的形式存在,土壤中Hg含量的升高可能主要来自于后期污染的叠加。Cd高含量的样品的分布则较分散,并不都集中在工业活动区,同时它在土壤中是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物态的形式存在,说明其高含量可能更多是受到成土母质的地球化学背景影响。农田土壤中的Hg和Cd具有较高的生态风险。该区主要是栽种水稻,而水稻对Cd具有强吸收的特性,土壤酸化还会促进Cd的吸收。本区土壤呈酸性,所以Cd污染可能导致大米的食品安全应引起足够重视。     

山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征和健康风险评估

[目的] 了解山地校园不同下垫面雨水径流重金属污染特征及雨水径流中重金属元素对于人体的健康风险,为山地海绵城市建设提供径流污染控制参考和人员健康保护基础数据。[方法] 2019年7月22日在重庆交通大学针对屋顶、道路、停车场和广场4种典型的下垫面进行了雨水径流的取样监测,并统计分析场次降雨平均浓度（EMC）、电导率（EC）、钠吸附率（SAR）、危险商（HQ）和危险指数（HI）。[结果] 广场径流过程中重金属元素整体变化波动较大,道路雨水径流的重金属健康风险最大而屋顶健康风险最小;大多重金属污染物在产流后的10 min内出现了降幅,其中Fe和Mn的降幅较大,Zn的降幅中等,Cu的降幅最低;As和Cr是雨水径流中健康风险最高的重金属污染物。[结论] 山地校园重金属污染物冲刷速度较快,人流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素变化波动较大,但健康风险较低;车流大的下垫面雨水径流中重金属元素波动较为稳定,但健康风险较高。     

Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils of Urban Highways Comparison Between Runoff and Soil Concentrations at Cincinnati,Ohio

Rainfall runoff from urban roadways oftencontains elevated amounts of heavy metals in both particulate anddissolved forms (Sansalone and Buchberger, 1997). Because metalsdo not degrade naturally, high concentrations of them in runoffcan result in accumulation in the roadside soil at levels thatare toxic to organisms in surrounding environments. This studyinvestigated the accumulation of metals in roadside soils at asite for which extensive runoff data were also available.For this study, 58 soil samples, collected from I-75 nearCincinnati, Ohio, were examined using X-ray fluorescence, C-Sanalyzer, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, atomicabsorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The resultsdemonstrated that heavy metal contamination in the top 15 cm ofthe soil samples is very high compared to local backgroundlevels. The maximum measured amount for Pb is 1980 ppm (at 10–15 cm depth) and for Zn is 1430 ppm (at 0–1 cm depth). Metal content in the soil falls off rapidly with depth, and metalcontent decreases as organic C decreases. The correlation toorganic C is stronger than the correlation to depth. The resultsof sequential soil extraction, however, showed lower amounts ofPb and Zn associated with organic matter than was expected basedon the correlation of metals to % organic C in the whole soil.Measurement of organic C in the residues of the sequentialextraction steps revealed that much of the carbon was not removedand hence is of a more refractory nature than is usual inuncontaminated soils. Cluster analysis of the heavy metal datashowed that Pb, Zn and Cu are closely associated to one another,but that Ni and Cr do not show an association with each other orwith either organic C or depth. ICP spectroscopy of exchanged cations showed that only 4.5%of Pb, 8.3% of Zn, 6.9% of Cu and 3.7% of Cr in the soil isexchangeable. Combined with the small amounts of metals bound tosoluble organic matter, this result shows that it is unlikelythat these contaminants can be remobilized into water. At thissite, clays are not an important agent in holding the metals inplace because of low amounts of swelling clays. Instead, insoluble organic matter is more important. Mass balancecalculations for Pb in soil showed that most of the Pb came fromexhausts of vehicles when leaded gasoline was in use, and thatabout 40% of this Pb is retained in the soil.This study shows that, highway environments being a relativelyconstant source of anthropogenic organic matter as well as heavymetals, heavy metals will continue to remain bound to organicmatter in-situ unless they are re-mobilized mechanically. Removalof these heavy metals as wind-blown dust is the most likelymechanism. Another possibility is surface run-off carrying themetals into surface drainages, bypassing the soil. This studyalso shows that for those countries still using leaded gasoline,important reductions in Pb contamination of soils can be achievedby restricting the use of Pb additives.     

中国湖泊底泥的重金属污染评价研究

本文根据相关研究,搜集了中国不同区域湖泊底泥重金属含量及其某些湖泊底泥中重金属含量背景值,对数据进行处理和分析,统计了中国湖泊底泥中重金属含量的范围,分析了不同湖泊底泥重金属的浓度情况,对几个重点湖泊底泥重金属污染程度进行了评价,提出了防治湖泊底泥重金属污染的措施。     

中国耕地土壤重金属污染概况

依托收集的耕地土壤重金属污染案例资料,建立了我国138个典型区域的耕地土壤重金属污染数据库,并利用《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准作为评价标准,测算了我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概况.研究表明:(1)我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概率为16.67％左右,据此推断我国耕地重金属污染的面积占耕地总量的1 /6左右;(2)耕地土壤重金属污染等别中,尚清洁、清洁、轻污染、中污染、重污染比重分别为68.12％,15.22％,14.49％,1.45％,0.72％;(3)8种土壤重金属元素中,Cd污染概率为25.20％,远超过其他几种土壤重金属元素;此外,也有一些区域发生Ni,Hg,As和Pb土壤污染,但是Zn、Cr和Cu元素发生污染的概率较小;(4)辽宁、河北、江苏、广东、山西、湖南、河南、贵州、陕西、云南、重庆、新疆、四川和广西14个省、市和自治区可能是我国耕地重金属污染的多发区域,特别是辽宁和山西的耕地土壤重金属污染可能尤其严重.     

Urban Runoff Impacts on Particulate Metal Concentrations in River Seine

Metallic contents (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) of suspended solids (SS) were measured in two sites (Suresnes and Chatou) in the river Seine, downstream Paris, during three summer periods. These two sites, which are respectively located downstream and upstream two of the most important combined sewer overflows (CSO's) of the Parisian sewer system (Clichy and La Briche), allow us to assess these CSO immediate impacts. Samples were collected using sediment traps, weekly during dry weather and daily during the week following the major CSO's events. The heavy metal concentrations, relatively large but stable during summer periods, were shown to further increase downstream Paris after main rain discharges occurred. Metal concentrations measured within the Seine SS during rain events, allowed us to establish that the observable immediate impact of Clichy overflows is only 5% of what it could be. The general principle demonstrated through this work is that most SS originating from CSO's rapidly settle once they reach the river. These polluted particles greatly contribute to the SS chronic pollution downstream Paris during dry weather, through a slow resuspension mechanism of the deposited sediments.     

Mineral and Anthropogenic Indicator Inorganics in Urban Stormwater and Snowmelt Runoff: Sources and Mobility Patterns

Inorganic chemicals in urban stormwater and snowmelt runoff originate from catchment geology and anthropogenic activities. The occurrence, partitioning and mobility of six minerals and six trace metal (TM) indicators of anthropogenic activities were studied in stormwater, snowmelt and baseflow in four urban catchments, and the sampling of inorganics was supplemented by measurements of electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total suspended solids (TSSs). Minerals occurred at concentrations several orders of magnitude higher (1–10² mg/L) than those of TMs (10^?2–10² μg/L) and reflected the composition of local groundwater seeping into sewers. Concentrations of Ca, K, Mg and Na were enhanced by baseflow contributions and followed closely the electrical conductivity. Al and Fe minerals occurred in insoluble forms, and their pollutographs were similar to those of TMs, whose concentrations mimicked, to some extent, the flux of TSS. The TMs with the highest and lowest particulate fractions were Cr&Pb and Cu&Zn, respectively. The concentrations of total TMs in snowmelt were two to four times higher than those in stormwater, and both sources likely exceeded some of the stormwater effluent limits (for Cd, Cu and Zn) proposed in Sweden. Where such concentrations depended on water hardness, the risk of toxicity might be reduced by elevated hardness of the monitored snowmelt and stormwater. Recognizing the good ecological status of the study area receiving water, Lake Storsjön, some protection against polluted runoff and snowmelt may be needed and could be achieved by implementing stormwater management measures controlling TSS and TMs.     

西安市汽车站地表灰尘中重金属的污染评价及其来源识别

[目的]研究西安市长途汽车站地表灰尘中重金属的主要成分、可能来源及其污染水平,为改善汽车站内及周边环境现状提供科学依据。[方法]利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对西安市内20个具有代表性的汽车站地表灰尘中Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,V和Zn的元素含量进行分析,采用地积累指数法及潜在生态风险指数法评价灰尘重金属的污染水平及环境风险,利用主成分分析。聚类分析等方法来研究城市汽车站地表灰尘中重金属的主要成分及其可能来源。[结果]Cu,Pb,Zn均在不同程度上超过陕西省土壤背景值,其含量的平均值分别为36.3,107.7,113.5mg/kg。地积累指数法评价表明,除Pb为中度污染以外,其余元素均为无污染;潜在生态风险指数法表明,西安汽车站地表灰尘中的重金属元素处于中等污染水平,具有中等潜在生态风险。[结论]Cu,Mn和Ni主要来自于自然源和交通源,Pb和Zn主要来自汽车尾气的排放及零部件的磨损,V则主要来自于自然源。