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1.
Rebecca Lewis Cerrie A. Sherfield Christopher R. Fellows Rachel Burrow Iain Young Alex Dugdale 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):567-576
Objective
To determine the frequency of provision and main providers (veterinary surgeons, nurses or trainees) of manual ventilation in UK veterinary practices. Furthermore, to determine the variation in peak inspiratory (inflation) pressure (PIP), applied to a lung model during manual ventilation, by three different groups of operators (inexperienced, experienced and specialist), before and after training.Study design
Questionnaire survey, lung model simulator development and prospective testing.Methods
Postal questionnaires were sent to 100 randomly selected veterinary practices. The lung model simulator was manually ventilated in a staged process over 3 weeks, with and without real-time biometric feedback (PIP display), by three groups of volunteer operators: inexperienced, experienced and specialist.Results
The questionnaires determined that veterinary nurses were responsible for providing the majority of manual ventilation in veterinary practices, mainly drawing on theoretical knowledge rather than any specific training. Thoracic surgery and apnoea were the main reasons for provision of manual ventilation. Specialists performed well when manually ventilating the lung model, regardless of feedback training. Both inexperienced and experienced operators showed significant improvement in technique when using the feedback training tool: variation in PIP decreased significantly until operators provided manual ventilation at PIPs within the defined optimum range. Preferences for different forms of feedback (graphical, numerical or scale display), revealed that the operators’ choice was not always the method which gave least variation in PIP.Conclusions and clinical relevance
This study highlighted a need for training in manual ventilation at an early stage in veterinary and veterinary nursing careers and demonstrated how feedback is important in the process of experiential learning. A manometer device which can provide immediate feedback during training, or indeed in a real clinical setting, should improve patient safety. 相似文献2.
Association of California Mastitis Test Scores with Intramammary Infection Status in Lactating Dairy Cows Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital 下载免费PDF全文
S.A. Kandeel D.E. Morin C.D. Calloway P.D. Constable 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2018,32(1):497-505
Background
Subclinical mastitis is of concern in veterinary hospitals because contagious mastitis pathogens might be unknowingly transmitted to susceptible cows and then back to their farm of origin.Objectives
To evaluate the California mastitis test (CMT) as an indicator of intramammary infection (IMI) in lactating dairy cows admitted to a veterinary hospital.Animals
A total of 139 admissions of 128 lactating dairy cows admitted to the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital over a 2‐year period.Methods
A retrospective study with a convenience sample was conducted. Medical records of cows with CMT results and milk culture results for the day of admission were reviewed. Breed, age, season, maximum CMT score for the 4 quarters, maximum CMT score difference, and clinical diagnosis were evaluated as predictors of IMI by the chi‐square test and stepwise logistic regression.Results
An IMI was identified in 51% of quarters. For cows admitted without evidence of clinical mastitis, the sensitivity of a CMT score ≥trace in predicting an IMI on a quarter or cow basis was 0.45 and 0.68, respectively. The distributions of maximal quarter CMT score and the maximum difference in quarter CMT score for cows without evidence of clinical mastitis did not differ (P = 0.28, P = 0.84, respectively) for cows with and without IMI. Stepwise logistic regression did not identify significant predictors of IMI in cows without clinical mastitis.Conclusions
Lactating dairy cattle admitted to a veterinary hospital should be managed as if they have an IMI, even in the absence of clinical mastitis. 相似文献3.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs Attending Primary‐care Veterinary Practices in England 下载免费PDF全文
M.J. Mattin A. Boswood D.B. Church J. López‐Alvarez P.D. McGreevy D.G. O'Neill P.C. Thomson D.C. Brodbelt 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(3):847-854
Background
To date, epidemiological studies on degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) in dogs have largely reported referral caseloads or been limited to predisposed breeds. Analysis of primary‐care data to identify factors associated with DMVD would help clinicians identify high‐risk individuals and improve understanding.Objectives
To estimate the prevalence of and identify risk factors for DMVD in dogs attending primary‐care veterinary practices in England.Animals
Cases were identified within the electronic patient records of 111,967 dogs attending 93 practices. Four hundred and 5 dogs were diagnosed with DMVD (diagnosed cases) and a further 3,557 dogs had a heart murmur (HM) consistent with DMVD (possible cases).Methods
Retrospective cross‐sectional study design. Prevalence was adjusted for the sampling approach. Mixed effects logistic regression models identified factors associated with DMVD.Results
Prevalence estimates of diagnosed DMVD and HMs consistent with DMVD (both diagnosed and possible cases) were 0.36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29–0.45) and 3.54% (95% CI: 3.26–3.84) respectively. In the multivariable analysis, males had higher odds of diagnosed DMVD than did females (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12–1.74). Insured dogs had increased odds of DMVD compared with noninsured dogs (OR 3.56, 95% CI: 2.79–4.55) and dogs ≥20 kg had approximately half the odds of DMVD diagnosis compared with dogs <20 kg (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36–0.74). Strong associations between a DMVD diagnosis and individual breeds and age were identified.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Degenerative mitral valve disease was a common disorder in practice‐attending dogs. Knowledge of identified risk factors for DMVD could improve clinical diagnosis and direct future research. 相似文献4.
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Objective
Assess the accuracy of abstracts in published veterinary ophthalmology articles.Procedures
Abstracts and contents of 204 original research articles in veterinary ophthalmology published in seven peer-reviewed journals between 2016–2020 were reviewed. Abstracts were considered inconsistent if they contained data that were either missing from or inconsistent with corresponding data in the article's body. Each abstract was graded between 0 (inaccurate) to 3 (accurate), and each inconsistency was subjectively classified as minor or major. The influence of selected variables was assessed: journal, impact factor, year of publication, number of words in abstract, study type (prospective/retrospective), and characteristics of the corresponding author [institution (academia/private practice), country of domicile (native/non-native English), number of publications].Results
Most abstracts were accurate, with 1%, 4%, 9% and 86% receiving a score of 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. When detected, most inconsistencies were considered minor (77%). Although not statistically significant (p ≥ .130), the proportion of articles with a perfect score (=3) was higher in prospective (88%) vs. retrospective (81%) studies, academia (88%) vs. private practice (78%), and studies from corresponding authors domiciled in English (89%) vs. non-English (83%) speaking countries. A significant but very weak (r = −0.15 to −0.19; p ≤ .034) negative correlation was found between accuracy score and number of words, as well as 1-year and 5-year impact factors.Conclusions
Although relatively uncommon, data in abstracts that are inconsistent or missing from the article's body do occur in veterinary ophthalmology articles, and could adversely influence a reader's interpretation of study findings. 相似文献6.
Epidemiology,clinical management,and outcomes of dogs involved in road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom (2009–2014) 下载免费PDF全文
Georgina L. Harris BVetMed David Brodbelt MA VetMED PhD DECVAA David Church BVSc PhD MACVSc Karen Humm MA VetMB DACVECC DECVECC Paul D. McGreevy BVSC PhD MACVSc Peter C. Thomson BSc MSc MAppStat PhD Dan O'Neill MVB BSc MSc PhD 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2018,28(2):140-148
Objective
To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for road traffic accidents (RTA) in dogs and describe the management and outcome of these dogs attending primary‐care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom.Design
Retrospective cross‐sectional study.Setting
Primary‐care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom.Animals
The study population included 199,464 dogs attending 115 primary‐care clinics across the United Kingdom.Measurements and main results
Electronic patient records of dogs attending practices participating in the VetCompass Programme were assessed against selection criteria used to define RTA cases. Cases identified as RTAs were identified and manually verified to calculate prevalence. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods were used to evaluate associations between risk factors and RTA. The prevalence of RTA was 0.41%. Of the RTA cases, 615 (74.9%) were purebred, 322 (39.2%) were female, and 285 (54.8%) were insured. The median age at RTA was 2.5 years. After accounting for the effects of other factors, younger dogs had increased odds of an RTA event: dogs aged under 3 years showed 2.9 times the odds and dogs aged between 6–9 years showed 1.8 times the odds of an RTA event compared with dogs aged over 14 years. Males had 1.4 times the odds of an RTA event compared with females. Overall, 22.9% of cases died from a cause associated with RTA. Of dogs with information available, 34.0% underwent diagnostic imaging, 29.4% received intravenous fluid‐therapy, 71.1% received pain relief, 46.0% were hospitalized, and 15.6% had surgery performed under general anesthetic.Conclusions
This study identified important demographic factors associated with RTA in dogs, notably being young and male.7.
James O’Shaughnessy John F Mee Michael L Doherty Paul Crosson Damien Barrett Luke O’Grady Bernadette Earley 《Irish veterinary journal》2013,66(1):21
Background
There have been few studies published internationally which document herd health management practices in suckler beef herds and no published Irish studies. The study objective was to document herd health status and management practices on sixteen Irish suckler beef herds over a two year period (2009–2010). The farms used in the study were part of the Teagasc BETTER farm beef programme. The mean (s.d.) herd size, stocking rate and farm size was 68 cows (27.6), 2.0 LU/ha (0.3) and 64.3 (21.6) adjusted hectares, respectively. Two questionnaires were designed; 1) a farmer questionnaire to collect information on farm background and current herd health control practices and 2) a veterinary questionnaire to collect information on the extent of animal health advice given by veterinarians to their clients and identification of any on-farm herd health issues.Results
Dystocia, calf pneumonia, and calf diarrhoea, in that order, were identified as the primary herd health issues in these Irish suckler beef herds. In addition, substantial deficiencies in biosecurity practices were also identified on these farms.Conclusions
The findings of this study may serve as the focus for future research in animal health management practices in Irish suckler beef herds. 相似文献8.
Reference intervals for the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines 下载免费PDF全文
Jennifer H. Kopanke Annie V. Chen Jourdan E. Brune Amanda C. Brenna Stephanie A. Thomovsky 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2018,47(2):267-274
Background
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) exists as 5 isoenzymes (LD‐1 through LD‐5) that are expressed throughout the body and can be detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). LD and its isoenzymes have been relatively unstudied in veterinary medicine, although studies in human medicine have demonstrated that changes in total LD activity and atypical isoenzyme patterns can indicate disease processes, including neurologic abnormalities.Objectives
The purpose of this study was to establish RIs for LD and its isoenzymes in the serum and CSF of clinically healthy dogs. By establishing a definitive RI for this enzyme in healthy canines, further study of the clinical and diagnostic usefulness of LD can be undertaken.Methods
Serum and atlantoaxial CSF were collected from clinically healthy dogs. Total LD activity was measured spectrophotometrically immediately after collection. Isoenzyme distributions were also determined within 8 hours of collection using the QuickGel LD Isoenzyme technique and a densitometric scanner.Results
The median serum total LD in healthy canines was 69.0 U/L (n = 41; range: 21.0‐217.0 U/L), while the median CSF total LD was 10.0 U/L (n = 40; range: 6.0‐19.3 U/L). LD‐5 is the predominant isoenzyme in canine serum (n = 40), contributing over half of the total enzyme activity. Conversely, in canine CSF (n = 42), LD‐1 is the predominant isoenzyme, followed by LD‐2 and LD‐3.Conclusions
Knowledge of the distribution and concentration of LD in the serum and CSF of healthy dogs will set the foundation for future studies of canine LD as a potentially clinically useful biomarker. 相似文献9.
Marie Jansson M?rk Ulf Emanuelson Ann Lindberg Ivar V?gsholm Agneta Egenvall 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2009,51(1):34
Background
Research has indicated that a number of different factors affect whether an animal receives treatment or not when diseased. The aim of this paper was to evaluate if herd or individual animal characteristics influence whether cattle receives veterinary treatment for disease, and thereby also introduce misclassification in the disease recording system.Methods
The data consisted mainly of disease events reported by farmers during 2004. We modelled odds of receiving veterinary treatment when diseased, using two-level logistic regression models for cows and young animals (calves and heifers), respectively. Model parameters were estimated using three procedures, because these procedures have been shown, under some conditions, to produce biased estimates for multi-level models with binary outcomes.Results
Cows located in herds mainly consisting of Swedish Holstein cows had higher odds for veterinary treatment than cows in herds mainly consisting of Swedish Red cows. Cows with a disease event early in lactation had higher odds for treatment than when the event occurred later in lactation. There were also higher odds for veterinary treatment of events for cows in January and April than in July and October. The odds for veterinary treatment of events in young animals were higher if the farmer appeared to be good at keeping records. Having a disease event at the same date as another animal increased the odds for veterinary treatment for all events in young animals, and for lameness, metabolic, udder and other disorders, but not for peripartum disorders, in cows. There were also differences in the odds for veterinary treatment between disease complexes, both for cows and young animals.The random effect of herd was significant in both models and accounted for 40–44% of the variation in the cow model and 30–46% in the young animal model.Conclusion
We conclude that cow and herd characteristics influence the odds for veterinary treatment and that this might bias the results from studies using data from the cattle disease database based on veterinary practice records. 相似文献10.
Katharina Thieme Luis Mesquita Simona Lieberth Christian Dancker Marcus Georg Doherr Johanna Corinna Eule 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2023,26(2):135-144
Objective
There is limited knowledge regarding the safety and accuracy of ultrasound-guided retrobulbar nerve blocks in horses. The aim of this study was to compare these parameters between blind and ultrasound-guided injection techniques for the dorsal retrobulbar nerve block in horses.Methods
Equine cadaver heads were used to inject the retrobulbar space with contrast medium (CM). Injections were performed either blindly based on anatomic landmarks (blind group, n = 44) or under ultrasonographic guidance (US-group, n = 44), equally divided between an experienced and unexperienced operator. Needle position and distribution of CM were assessed with computed tomography imaging and evaluated by a board-certified veterinary diagnostic imager blinded to the technique. Safety and accuracy of both techniques were compared.Results
Ocular penetration was observed in two cases (n = 2/44) in the blind group but not in the US group (n = 0/44). No intrathecal, intraneural, or intravascular injections were seen in either group. Safety was significantly improved in the US group (p = .026). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the accuracy of the injection. Excellent accuracy was achieved more often with the ultrasound-guided technique (n = 11/22) than with the blind technique (n = 7/22) when performed by the unexperienced operator, but this difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion
To prevent globe-threatening complications and improve the safety of the injection, we recommend using the ultrasound-guided injection technique for the dorsal retrobulbar nerve block. 相似文献11.
Avin Arjoonsingh DVM Jillian M. Haines DVM MS DACVIM Julianne K. Hwang PhD Sarah C. Guess DVM MS DACVIM K. Jane Wardrop DVM MS DACVP 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2023,33(6):656-664
Objective
To assess storage lesion development, platelet function, and bacterial growth in canine platelet concentrates (PCs) stored in a platelet additive solution (PAS) or a plasma control at 4°C for 21 days.Design
Prospective, ex vivo, experimental controlled study.Setting
University veterinary teaching hospital.Animals
Ten units of canine PCs collected from blood bank donations.Interventions
The PCs were separated into 2 bags, 1 containing 100% plasma and the other containing 35% plasma and 65% of a PAS (Plasma-Lyte A), and stored at 4°C for 21 days. At days 0, 7, 14, and 21, PCs were analyzed for the presence of swirling, aggregate formation, platelet counts, platelet indices, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, Pvco 2, Pvo 2, aggregation via light aggregometry, activation percentages using flow cytometry, and bacterial growth.Measurements and main results
Cold-stored PCs in both PAS and plasma control maintained mean pH >6.8 and mean lactate <9.0 mmol/L over 21 days, with no difference in glucose utilization. Swirl was maintained in both solutions for most days (76/80 combined total samples), with no difference in aggregate formation between solutions. The Pvco 2 was higher in plasma on all days (P < 0.001), with no difference in Pvo 2. Platelet indices did not reflect significant storage lesion development in either solution. Lactate dehydrogenase did not differ between solutions but did increase from day 7 to day 21. Mean maximal aggregation percentage was reduced overall but with no significant difference between solutions. The only observed difference in mean activation percentage between solutions was in PAS on day 7, which was significantly higher than plasma (P < 0.05). No bacterial growth occurred during storage.Conclusions
Cold storage in PAS and plasma allowed PCs to be stored for up to 21 days with minimal storage lesion development, maintenance of platelet function, limited platelet activation, and no bacterial growth within stored bags. 相似文献12.
Analysis of the costs of veterinary education and factors associated with financial stress among veterinary students in Australia 下载免费PDF全文
Objective
To investigate the course‐related and other costs involved in obtaining a veterinary education in Australia and how these costs are met. The study also aimed to identify sociodemographic and course‐related factors associated with increased financial stress.Methods
Students from seven Australian veterinary schools were surveyed using an online questionnaire. A total of 443 students participated (response rate 17%). Responses to survey items relating to finances, employment and course‐related costs were compared with sociodemographic factors and prior research in the area of student financial stress.Results
Respondents reported spending a median of A$300 per week on living costs and a median of A$2,000 per year on course‐related expenses. Over half of respondents received the majority of their income from their parents or Youth Allowance (56%). A similar proportion (55%) reported that they needed to work to meet basic living expenses. Circumstances and sociodemographic factors linked to perceived financial stress included requiring additional finances to meet unexpected costs during the course; sourcing additional finances from external loans; an expected tuition debt at graduation over A$40,000; being 22 years or older; working more than 12 hours per week; living costs above A$300 per week; and being female.Conclusion
The costs involved in obtaining a veterinary education in Australia are high and over half of respondents are reliant on parental or Government income support. Respondents with certain sociodemographic profiles are more prone to financial stress. These findings may have implications for the psychological health, diversity and career plans of veterinary students in Australia. 相似文献13.
Ashley Genetti BVM&S Efa A. Llewellyn BVetMed DACVECC DECVECC FHEA 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2023,33(6):639-647
Objective
To assess compression rate accuracy among veterinarians and registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) without and with an audible aid.Design
Prospective study with use of a canine CPR manikin.Setting
Small animal teaching hospital.Subjects
Thirty-six participants (20 veterinarians and 16 RVNs).Interventions
Each participant completed the first 2-minute cycle of chest compressions without an auditory aid on a canine CPR manikin. Each participant was then randomized to 1 of 3 auditory aid groups (Group B: Bee Gees “Stayin’ Alive”; Group Q: Queen “Another One Bites the Dust”; or Group M: traditional metronome) and then completed a second 2-minute cycle of chest compressions with the instruction to synchronize their compression rate with the beat of the auditory aid. An accurate chest compression rate was defined as obtaining a rate between 100 and 120 compressions per minute (cpm).Measurements and Main Results
Median number of compressions administered by participants during Cycle 1 for the first minute was 111 (range 88–140) and for the second minute was 107 (range 80–151), with 25 of 36 (69%) participants obtaining an accurate chest compression rate. Median number of compressions administered during Cycle 2 for the first minute was 110 (range 76–125) and for the second minute was 110 (range 72–125), with 34 of 36 participants (94%) obtaining an accurate chest compression rate. Participants were more likely to obtain an accurate chest compression rate when an auditory aid was present compared to without (McNemar's test; P = 0.013). Subgroup analysis suggested the auditory aid was beneficial in Groups Q and M but not Group B (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post hoc testing; P = 0.014, P = 0.0455, and P = 0.5637, respectively).Conclusions
An auditory aid was associated with improved chest compression rate accuracy. However, as the auditory aid was not beneficial for Group B participants, our findings suggest that some auditory aids are more helpful than others. 相似文献14.
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Background
The importance of communication skills in veterinary medicine is increasingly recognised. Appropriate communication skills towards the client are of utmost importance in both companion animal practice and production animal field and consultancy work. The need for building a relationship with the client, alongside developing a structure for the consultation is widely recognised and applies to both types of veterinary practice.Results
Veterinary advisory practice in production animal medicine is, however, characterised by a more complex communication on different levels. While the person-orientated communication is a permanent process between veterinarian and client with a rather personal perspective and defines the roles of interaction, the problem-orientated communication deals with emerging difficulties; the objective is to solve an acute health problem. The solution - orientated communication is a form of communication in which both veterinarian and client address longstanding situations or problems with the objective to improve herd health and subsequently productivity performance. All three forms of communication overlap.Conclusions
Based on this model, it appears useful for a veterinary practice to offer both a curative and an advisory service, but to keep these two separated when deemed appropriate. In veterinary education, the strategies and techniques necessary for solution orientated communication should be included in the teaching of communication skills. 相似文献17.
Daniel S.J. Pang 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):163-172
Objective
To define the relationship between journal impact factor (JIF) and citation distribution in veterinary journals. Citation distribution is a summary of the number of citations of individual papers published in a defined period, and JIF is said to represent the mean number of citations received by a paper published in a given journal. JIF is criticized for promoting unimportant differences between journals, exaggerating small differences in journal citation distributions by misrepresenting a skewed citation distribution. The hypothesis was that veterinary journals have a skewed citation distribution and that median citation rates between journals would be smaller than that indicated by JIF.Study design
Bibliometric study.Animals
None.Methods
A published method was used to generate journal citation reports from a commercial database, with search limits set for document (‘article’ and ‘review’) and the 2 year citation window of interest. Citation distributions [median (range)] and cumulative citations were calculated for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (Vet Anaesth Analg, 2007–2017), 11 preselected subject- and species-specific and general veterinary journals (2016) and veterinary journals from the top (n = 10) and bottom (n = 10) of the Veterinary Sciences category ranking (2016) with a 10 year publication record.Results
Citation distributions were right-skewed for all journals, with 15–20% of papers contributing approximately 50% of citations. For Vet Anaesth Analg, the median citation distribution [1 (0–2)] did not change despite JIF ranging from 1.044 to 2.064 between 2007 and 2017. Calculated median citation rates revealed minimal differences between journals, with only three groups identified: bottom (median citation 0), preselected (median citation 1) and top (median citation 2) journals. These groups represent over 100 places in the JIF (0.316–3.148) ranking.Conclusions
Ranking veterinary journals according to JIF is misleading, exaggerating differences while concealing minimally different citation distributions. 相似文献18.
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M.A. Giuffrida S.M. Kerrigan 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(6):1824-1829
Background
Quality of life (QOL) is an important consideration in healthcare decision‐making for pets with cancer. To determine the effect of disease and treatment on pet QOL, this important variable should be objectively measured as an outcome in veterinary cancer studies.Objectives
To determine the prevalence and methodology of QOL measurement in a sample of recently published reports of prospective studies evaluating cancer treatments in client‐owned dogs and cats; to characterize reporting of QOL outcomes and to identify article characteristics associated with QOL measurement.Methods
English‐language reports of prospective studies of cancer treatments in dogs and cats published from 2008 to 2013 were identified using medical research databases combined with a hand‐searching strategy. Data pertaining to general article characteristics and QOL measurement were abstracted and summarized.Results
Reports of 144 eligible studies were identified. QOL was measured in 16 (11.1%) studies, with 8 (5.6%) reporting the results. All studies that measured QOL reported using unvalidated instruments, or did not report how QOL was assessed. Only 1 study provided sufficient information for QOL measurements to be replicated. Recently published articles (2011–2013) were significantly more likely to report measuring QOL, compared with earlier articles.Conclusions
Quality of life of pets undergoing cancer treatment is largely unreported and cannot be meaningfully compared across treatments or disease states using the existing literature. Reliable, validated instruments are needed to facilitate the measurement and comparison of pet QOL in veterinary cancer research. Consistent reporting practices could improve transparency and interpretation of QOL results. 相似文献20.
Evaluation of outcome associated with feline trauma: A Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry study
Carly W. Gregory DVM Akaterina M. Davros DVM Darren M. Cockrell BS Kelly E. Hall DVM MS DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2023,33(2):201-207