Efficiency of a herd health program in Swiss dairy herds

A retrospective analysis of the reproductive parameters was conducted in 15 dairy farms using a herd health monitoring system between 1995 and 1998. Five of these farms have used this monitoring process for many years (group 1) while 10 of them only initiated the process in 1996 (group 2). It was the aim of this study to evaluate the economic gain of the farms in each group due to the herd health monitoring program throughout the three year study period, by using Value Based Management (VBM), a model from the economic sciences. The mean calving to conception interval decreased from 93.3 to 84.0 days and from 104.9 to 86.7 days throughout the study period in groups 1 (P>0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05), respectively. The mean percentage of cows with calving to conception intervals below 115 days varied between 68.2% and 82.0% in group 1, while there was an increase form 65.2% to 78.6% in group 2 (P<0.05). There were no apparent trends in the reproductive culling rate throughout the study period (P>0.05), and the majority fell below 10%. Likewise, the first service conception rate varied between 52.7% and 56.6% and between 41.2% and 50.0%, in group 1 and 2, respectively. The number of services per conception varied between 1.6 and 1.8 and between 1.8 and 1.9, in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The number of days between calving and first service varied between 62.7 and 64.8 days in group 1, while it decreased significantly from 69.2 to 59.2 in group 2 (P<0.05). The time between first service and conception decreased from 30.6 to 22.0 days, and from 35.7 to 28.0 days in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P<0.05). Although there was an apparent increase of the detection rate of oestrus from 57.8% to 68.2% throughout the study period in group 1, it was not significant (P > 0.05). In group 2, however, the oestrus detection rate increased significantly from 53.0% to 69.9% (P < 0.05). The percent of detected oestrus within 42 days post partum increased from 33.1% to 38.1%, and from 24.1% to 40.9% in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.05). By 1998, four out of five farms in group 1, and five out of the eight farms where information was avail- year study period of CHF 25.- to CHF 609.- per cow and year. The calving to conception interval and the reproductive culling rate were the two most important parameters to determine the reproductive performance of the herd and the economic benefit of the herd health monitoring program. These findings support the implementation of a herd health monitoring program.     

波尔山羊胚胎移植试验研究

22只波尔山羊供体用CIDR FSH PG 进行超排处理, 用手术法采胚,共获138枚可用胚, 头均获可用胚为6.27 ( 138/22) 枚,其中超排育成羊6只,只均回收可用胚5.50枚,经产母羊16只,只均回收可用胚6.57枚,经产羊平均回收胚胎总数高于育成羊;手术法移植78只受体羊,妊娠53只,妊娠率68.00%,产羔71只,其中产双胎的有18只受体,占妊娠总数的34.00%.     

波尔山羊繁殖性能的观察和测定

对从南非引进的 168只波尔山羊进行繁殖性能研究 ,其公羊 7～8月龄达性成熟。母羊 10月龄达性成熟 ,适配年龄为 1～ 1 2岁 ,发情季节明显 ,发情周期为 18～ 2 4d,妊娠期为 141～ 154d ,平均产羔率 174 7% ,羔羊平均出生重 3 55kg。用波尔山羊冷冻精液对本中心纯种波尔母山羊配种 ,情期受胎率高达 74%。对本地发情母羊配种 ,进行杂交改良 ,统计 15 0 0 0头 ,情期受胎率平均为 61 5 %。鲜胚移植成功率达 57%     

波尔山羊与本地山羊杂交效果试验

选择年龄、体重相近、健康无病的本地母羊33只,通过同步发情处理,采取纯种波尔山羊精液进行人工鲜配,产健康羊22只,杂种羊初生重平均为3.20千克,比本地山羊初生重1.53千克,提高了109.3%,差异极显著(p<0.01)。饲养试验表明杂种羊1～6月龄的平均日增重为191.39克,比本地羊76.94克,提高了148.75%,差异极显著(p<0.01)。说明用波尔山羊改良本地山羊是可行的,能产生更大的经济效益,具有较高的推广价值。     

波杂山羊捻转血矛线虫病的诊疗报告

羊捻转血矛线虫病又名捻转胃虫病 ,是寄生于羊真胃内的一种寄生虫病。临床上以消瘦、贫血、腹泻、生长发育停滞等为特征 ,尤其是幼羊 ,发病后常引起死亡。给养羊业带来严重的经济损失。 2 0 0 2年 7月份本院兽医院诊断了 1例山羊捻转血矛线虫病例 ,现报道如下1　发病情况大丰市西团镇某农户饲养了 3 5只波杂山羊 ,系用纯种波尔山羊冻精与本地白山羊杂交所生杂交一代 ,现已有 2月龄。1个月前发现羊群精神不振 ,食欲减退 ,吃奶减少 ,大便拉稀 ,呈渐进性消瘦 ,体温正常 ,用庆大 小诺霉素治疗后未见好转 ,至 7月 2 5日已陆续死亡 2 4只。 7月 2…     

波尔山羊与宜昌白山羊杂交试验初报

用波尔山羊冻精输配宜昌白山羊，发校后代体型外貌趋匀本，耳宽大崦下垂。毛白带棕红色斑块肌肉丰满，杂交优势明显，波宜杂交一代羔羊初生重和２月龄体重分别为２．５７ｋｇ和１１．７６ｋｇ，比宜昌白山羊提高６７．８％和８６．７％，建议在全省大力推广应用。     

波尔山羊胚胎移植试验

胚胎移植是一项能充分挖掘优良母猪繁殖潜力的技术。为迅速扩繁波尔山羊种群。2002年我们在漳州龙海开展波尔山羊胚胎移植实验,现报告如下。1试验材料1.1试验动物6只供体羊为2001年从西安某种羊场买来的纯种波尔山羊;95只受体羊为关中奶山羊。供、受体羊均为健康、繁殖机能正常的经产羊,无遗传性及传染性疾病。供体羊6只分3批实验,每批2只。1.2试验所用的激素和药物促卵泡激素(FSH):10mg/瓶,中国农科院动物所生产,批号:20011020。促卵泡激素(FSH):100u/瓶,宁波市激素制品厂生产,批号:20011215。氯前列烯醇(PG):0.2mg/2mL,上海市计划生育…     

The use of computers in dairy herd health program: A review

This review of the literature covers the changes in the approach to veterinary health management that led to the introduction of computerized herd health programs and the various other applications of the computer in the practice of dairy herd medicine. The role that production recording systems, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers have played in the evolution of herd health programs are also reviewed.     

Using herd records to monitor transition cow survival, productivity, and health.

There is no single monitor that can fully characterize the success of a transition cow management program in a herd. Rather we must rely on a group of key monitors. Table 5 outlines the key indices and targets that we use in herd investigations. By using these monitors, effective transition cow programs can be differentiated from problematic ones, and many of the problems can be resolved for the good of the herd owners, dairy laborers, and most of all, the cows. Development of more sophisticated monitors and software with stronger epidemiologic structure will allow for better analysis of programs in the future.     

不同品种山羊与雷州山羊杂交一代生长发育研究

以波尔山羊、奴比山羊、隆林山羊为父本，雷州山羊为母本所生的杂种后代（Bl、Nl、Ll)，在体形外貌上继承了其父本羊的特征，改善了雷州山羊的肉用体型和生长速度。杂种羊的出生重显著或极显著地高于同期出生的雷州山羊纯繁后代。在粗放的放牧饲养管理条件下，杂种公母羊2、4、6、8月龄的体尺均超过同龄的雷州山羊。杂种羊1至8月龄的体重和日增重均显著或极显著地高于同条件下饲养的同龄雷州山羊。如果改善和提高相应的饲养管理条件和营养水平，波尔羊的优良肉用遗传特性将会得到更充分的体现。     

波尔山羊精液高倍稀释人工授精技术

自从1995年引进波尔山羊以来,各地用波尔山羊公羊对当地山羊进行杂交改良,已取得良好的效果。一般杂种一代6月龄就比本地同齿羊体重高出10kg以上。为了使波尔山羊种公羊得到充分的利用,我们于1998年开始进行波尔山羊精液高倍稀释人工授精技术研究,当年成功。已在湖北、湖南、安徽、辽宁、山东及北京等省市推广应用,年产杂种羊10万只以上,经济效益很显著。现又推广应用到绵羊肉羊改良上,效益同样显著。现将其特点介绍如下。1 技术特点1.1 最大限度的提高种公羊的利用率。在母羊常年发情地区推广该技术,1只公羊1年可配母羊在10000只以上;在季…     

波尔山羊杂交改良关中奶山羊效果分析

利用波尔山羊与关中奶山羊进行级进杂交,分别对波奶F1、F2、F3和F4羔羊不同阶段的体型外貌、体重、体尺、适应性及经济效益等指标进行观测。统计结果表明,在当地饲养管理条件下,各杂交后代的生长发育性能均优于关中奶山羊,差异显著（P〈0.05）,经济效益明显增加。推广波奶杂交改良羊,对增加农民收入、推动农村经济发展意义重大。     

Avermectin-resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of Boer goats and Dorper sheep in Switzerland

Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes among small ruminants is widespread in South Africa and Dorper sheep and Boer goats have been imported into Switzerland from this country on a number of occasions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of avermectin (AVM) resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in these breeds in Switzerland. A total of 24 Boer goat farms and 12 Dorper sheep farms participated in the study. According to the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) AVM-resistant GIN populations were confirmed in 7 of the 24 Boer goat farms and suspected in a further 8 farms. Likewise AVM-resistance was confirmed in 2 of 12 Dorper sheep farms and suspected in a further 6 farms. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. were the dominant resistant species according to larval cultures. In the farms with detected AVM-resistance the animals were additionally treated with levamisole after natural reinfection. With the exception of one farm with a 'close-to cutoff-result' the FECRT gave no indication for resistance against levamisole. The results indicate that AVM-resistance is widespread in Swiss small ruminant farms keeping Boer goats and Dorper sheep. The common tradition of grazing animals from different farms on prealpine and alpine pastures could favour the spread of resistant populations within the country.     

Adrenal function in Angora goats: a comparative study of adrenal steroidogenesis in Angora goats, Boer goats, and Merino sheep

South African Angora goats (Capra aegagrus) are susceptible to stress conditions, possibly due to adrenal cortex malfunction. Selection for mohair production may reduce adrenal function and decrease cortisol production. Secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex is essential for the induction of several gluconeogenic enzymes that enable animals to survive stressful conditions, and adrenocortical insufficiency, therefore, precipitates a vulnerability to stress. In this study, Angora goats were compared with two breeds generally accepted as hardy, Boer goats (Capra hircus) and Merino sheep (Ovis aries). Adrenal steroidogenesis was studied using subcellular fractions prepared from the adrenal glands of freshly slaughtered animals. Adrenal microsomes and mitochondria were incubated with the relevant steroid substrates, and products were analyzed and quantified with TLC, HPLC, or RIA. Subsequently, the activity of individual enzymes involved in this pathway were further investigated. The cytochrome P450 content in the preparations was also compared. The results from these studies indicated that the activity of the cytochrome P450c17 enzyme in Angora goats differed (P < .01) from that of the other species investigated. This difference may contribute to the cause of the observed hypoadrenocorticism in Angora goats.     

波尔山羊育肥期能量和蛋白质营养需要的研究

精选 1 35只 3月龄断奶的波尔山羊公羔分成 3组 ,每组 45只 ,每组设 3个重复。设计Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试验日粮的波尔山羊目标增重水平分别为 2 50 ,2 0 0和 1 50 g/d。结果 3组日增重分别达 2 2 3 ,1 79和 1 50g/d。根据Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试验数据得出波尔山羊干物质采食量 (DMI,g/d)、粗蛋白质采食量 (CPI,g/d)、瘤胃降解蛋白 (RDP ,g/d)、瘤胃非降解蛋白 (UDP ,g/d)及消化能采食量 (DEI ,KJ/d)与羔羊日增重 (ΔW ,g/d)的回归关系 ,并根据回归方程求出波尔山羊育肥期 (3～ 5月龄 ) 0～ 2 50 g日增重的能量和蛋白营养需要量 ,为制订我国的波尔山羊饲养标准提供参考依据     

提高奶牛群体生产性能的综合技术措施

影响奶牛产奶量的因素有遗传因素、环境因素、生理因素等三个方面的因素，本文围绕提高奶牛群体生产性能的目的，在品种选择与改良、公牛选择、饲养管理等方面提出了综合改进技术措施，旨在为奶牛生产抛砖引玉。