Short-term contact toxicity of seven fungicides on<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anystis baccarum</Emphasis>

Anystis baccarum (L.) (Acari: Anystidae) is a predacious mite prevalent in organic apple orchards and IPM vineyards in Quebec, Canada. Each season, 11 to 15 fungicide sprays may be applied to control apple scab in orchards. Laboratory tests of fungicides showed that dry residues of sulfur (Microscopic Sulphur® 92 WP), captan (Maestro®80 DF), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran®50 WG), metiram (Polyram®80 WP), boscalid (Lance®70 WDG) and myclobutanil (Nova®40 WP) were harmless toA. baccarum adult mites. In contrast, a dried residue of mancozeb (Dithane®M-45) was moderately toxic at the field rate and the LC₅₀ was estimated at 1.88 g a.i.l^?1 (1.2-fold the field rate). These findings are only part of the toxicity attributes of these fungicides, since only effects on adults were studied. Once a reliable rearing technique forA. baccarum is developed, effects on immatures, fecundity and egg hatch should be evaluated to complete our understanding of the effects of these fungicides on this predator.     

Susceptibility of the pistachio processionary mothThaumetopoea solitaria to threeBacillus thuringiensis products

The susceptibility of larvae ofThaumetopoea solitaria Freyer (Lepidoptera; Notodontidae, Thaumetopoeinae), fed on treated pistachio foliage, to three commercial control products derived fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt), was evaluated in the laboratory. Both Dipel DF and Delfin WG were highly effective against 1 ^st and 2 ^nd instar larvae at relatively low concentrations (LC₅₀: 0.01–0.04%), whereas mortality of the 3 ^rd instar larvae reached 50% only at a Dipel DF concentration of 0.2%. The third formulation, Foray 48B, was significantly less toxic toward all tested larval instars. The susceptibility ofT. solitaria toBr decreased progressively between molts, and then increased steeply during the first days following each molt. Use of the film-forming polymer Nu-Film as a wetting agent and spreader-sticker for the commercial formulation of Dipel DF improvedBt adhesion to extremely hydrophobic youngPistacia foliage, and significantly increasedBt persistence under ambient conditions. Addition of Nu-Film improved the leaf surface coverage and extended the duration of rainproofing.     

五种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的经口毒性及风险评价

分别采用"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法" 检测了50%虫螨腈水分散粒剂(WG)、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油(EC)、80%氟虫腈水分散粒剂(WG)、50 g/L氟虫腈悬浮剂(SC)、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵乳油(EC)5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性。其中, "小烧杯法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为21.3、0.490、0.112、0.075 7、0.488 mg/L, "饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为134、0.730、1.33、0.668、1.54 mg/L。就这5种杀虫剂而言,"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值均不同程度高于"小烧杯法"。以摄入量计,则"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LD50值分别为1.34、0.007 30、0.013 3、0.005 37、0.015 4 μg/蜂。按毒性等级标准划分, 50%虫螨腈WG对蜜蜂具有中等毒性,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵EC、80%氟虫腈WG和50 g/L氟虫腈SC对蜜蜂为剧毒。如果采用危害商值(Hazard Quotient,HQ)衡量药剂的风险性,则上述5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的HQ值分别为84.0、205、3 247、3 609、8 939,表明它们对蜜蜂均具有潜在风险。同时还就两种检测方法的优缺点和适用范围进行了比较。     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对家蚕的生长发育毒性

为评价在桑园及周围农田使用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 (WG) 和250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂 (SC) 对家蚕的影响,采用浸叶法对2龄起家蚕连续喂食染毒桑叶,测定了2种药剂对家蚕的急性毒性及生长发育毒性。急性试验结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑WG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC对2龄起蚕的96 h-LC₅₀值分别为353.58和498.66 mg/L。生长发育毒性试验结果表明:10%苯醚甲环唑WG最高剂量 (200 mg/L) 和最低剂量 (50 mg/L) 组对2～4龄家蚕的发育历期均有显著影响,但随着龄期增长其影响逐渐减弱;250 g/L嘧菌酯SC可使家蚕幼虫发育历期明显延长,发育严重不齐,其最高剂量组 (250 mg/L) 试虫死亡率显著高于平均水平,不同龄期试虫的发育历期及眠蚕体重与对照组相比均差异显著,对个体生长发育水平影响明显,并出现了未结茧即化蛹的现象。虽然10%苯醚甲环唑WG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC对家蚕均为低毒、低风险性,但其对家蚕的发育历期、眠蚕体重、繁殖力及其他主要经济学性状等指标均可产生不同程度的影响,因此,桑蚕养殖区在使用这2种杀菌剂时也应注意避免污染桑叶,以免给蚕业生产造成损失。     

Interaction of substerilizing Gamma radiation and thiodicarb treatment for management of the Tobacco caterpillarSpodoptera litura

The F₁ sterility technique (inherited sterility using substerile insects) has been proposed for reproductive suppression of lepidopteran pests. Management of lepidopteran pests using F₁ sterility may be greatly influenced by other possible strategies, including chemical control measures. Within this context, a laboratory investigation was undertaken of the tobacco caterpillarSpodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to assess the bioefficacy of a substerilizing dose (70 Gy) of gamma radiation on bio-characteristics(viz., adult survival, fecundity, egg hatch, F₁ larval weight, F₁ pupation, F₁ sex ratio); to establish the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of an oxime carbamate insecticide, thiodicarb (Larvin®75 WP), toS. litura; and determine the interaction of thiodicarb with the F₁ insects derived from a substerilizing gamma dose. A dose of 70 Gy administered to 7-day-old male pupae reduced the the eclosion by ~ 10%. When the eclosed males (derived from treated pupae) were mated with normal females, the fecundity and fertility were decreased as compared with control (0 Gy). Analysis of body weight of the F₁ larvae showed no significant influence of radiation,i.e., growth was comparable to that of normal progeny, which is a positive factor in the sterile-insect technique. Bioassay on newly molted 6th instar larvae with thiodicarb (Larvin®75 WP) showed that the LD₅₀ of the insecticide was 6.76µg g^-1 in the combined treatment (radiation to P₁ male pupae + thiodicarb to F₁ larvae), as compared with 28.67 µg g_-1 in the chemical treatment (thiodicarb), indicating that the toxicity of the insecticide to the F₁ progeny was increased 4.24 times by the radiation treatment, which is a markedly pronounced effect. Further studies of the combined effect of radiation and insecticide on pupation and sex ratio of F₁ progeny showed that pupation was affected more by the combined treatment than by the insecticide alone, whereas the sex ratio was skewed in favor of males in both the combined treatment and the chemical treatment, indicating that thiodicarb was selectively more toxic to females. The possible interaction and potential and the feasible approaches of integrating F₁ sterility and thiodicarb treatment are discussed for management of the lepidopteran pestS. litura.     

无人机施药对棉蚜的防治效果及经济效益分析

为探讨采用无人机防治新疆南部地区棉蚜的可行性并筛选防治效果好的杀虫剂及具有增效作用的杀虫剂助剂,研究了采用大疆MG-1S型无人机喷施不同的杀虫剂+助剂对棉蚜的防治效果,并对无人机飞防的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:采用MG-1S型无人机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂(SC) 225 mL/hm2(制剂量,下同)时对棉蚜的防治效果最好,优于喷施70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂(WG) 30 g/hm2和70%啶虫咪WG 60 g/hm2。在添加助剂方面,以分别在70%啶虫脒WG 60g/hm2和70%吡虫啉WG 30g/hm2中添加15 mL/hm2的高工效通用助剂的防治效果最好,其次为聚合物类助剂和飞防增效剂;而在22%氟啶虫胺腈SC(150 mL/hm2)中,以添加150 mL/hm2的飞防增效剂的效果最好,其次为矿物源类、有机硅类和聚合物类助剂。采用无人机施药,在施药后3 d和5 d的防治效果与采用机械+人工拖管施药相比均无显著性差异,但无人机田间作业施药液量减少1/3,工作效率提高3倍,机械作业费减少60元/hm2,可满足现代农业高效、节药和降低成本的需要。     

Potential biopesticides for crucifer flea beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllotreta cruciferae</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) management under dryland canola production in Montana

The crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), is an economically important and dominant pest of canola (Brassica napus L) in the Northern Great Plains of the USA. The current flea beetle management strategy is based on using synthetic chemical treated seeds and if necessary, foliar spray of chemicals at canola seedlings in early spring for targeting adult population. However, there is an increasing demand for development of alternative management strategies for P. cruciferae pertaining to concerns over the development of resistance to synthetic insecticides and non-target effects on pollinators and other beneficial insects. Replicated field trials were conducted to test the efficacy of several commercially available biopesticides including Entrust® (spinosad), entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae?+?Barricade® (polymer gel 1%), Aza-Direct® (azadirachtin), Pyganic 1.4® EC (pyrethrin), Grandevo® SC (Chromobacterium subtsugae), Venerate® XC (Heat killed Burkholderia sp. strain A396 as seed treatment and foliar application) and Gaucho® (imidacloprid) (chemical check) for the P. cruciferae management at two locations (Conrad and Sweetgrass) of Montana in 2016. Biopesticide products were evaluated based on canola leaf area injury ratings and seed yield levels. Although, there was no clear trend of canola yield increase, selected biopesticide treatments were effective in maintaining low leaf area injury ratings as compared to untreated control. Entrust was able to maintain low leaf area injury ratings (8.5–14.5%) when compared to untreated control (16.0–21.4%) at both the locations. Entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae?+?Barricade® and Venerate® applied as foliar treatments maintained significantly lower feeding injury pressure at Sweetgrass (11.8%) and Conrad (13.4%) locations respectively, when compared to the untreated control. Our study results suggest that these biopesticide treatment results were comparable in efficacy to the chemical seed treatment Gaucho®. Other two biopesticide products- Aza-Direct® and Pyganic 1.4® EC treatments did not provide effective control of P. cruciferae at both the locations.     

柿树炭疽病菌的生物学特性及几种杀菌剂对其的抑制作用

通过十字交叉法和血球计数板法测定了柿树炭疽病菌Collelotrichum gloeosporioides的生物学特性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种常用杀菌剂对该病菌的抑制作用;选择5种市售杀菌剂进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:该病菌菌丝生长的最适温度为20~30 ℃,最适产孢温度为25~30 ℃,最适生长的pH值为5~6;在7种常用杀菌剂中,多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和氟硅唑对柿树炭疽病菌具有明显的抑制作用,EC50值分别为0.118 8、0.138 0、0.159 9和1.297 2 μg/mL。田间试验结果显示,25%咪鲜胺乳油600倍液、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1 000倍液和25%戊唑醇水乳剂1 500倍液的防治效果分别为89.60%、88.56%、87.82%。     

Effects of a neem-based insecticide on different immature life stages of the leafminerLiriomyza sativae on tomato

The effects of the commercially available neem insecticide NeemAzal-T/S® (neem) (1% azadirachtin) onLiriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) were studied on tomato in Bangkok, Thailand. Neem emulsions were sprayed on the aerial plant parts at five concentrations (from 0.001% to 0.010% a.i.); different aged residues (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days) were tested, in both controlled environment rooms and in greenhouses. Irrespective of the residual age of the application, no significant effects on oviposition or egg hatch were detected. However, neem drastically increased larval mortality at the higher concentrations tested. The L1 and L2 larvae were most susceptible. Irrespective of concentration, larval mortality or inhibition of adult eclosion decreased much faster in greenhouses than in controlled environments with artificial light. Nevertheless, our results suggest that neem has potential to controlL. sativae in netted greenhouses.     

70%增效型吡虫啉水分散粒剂的制备及其性能评价

采用滚动式挤压造粒法,通过配方筛选成功制备了70%增效型吡虫啉水分散粒剂(WG),并考察了增效剂胡椒基丁醚(PB)对制剂的热贮稳定性、表面张力及杀虫活性等性能的影响。优化配方(以质量分数计)为:吡虫啉原药(71.9%),增效剂PB(1.0%),分散剂MORWET-EFW(2.5%)、MORWET D-425或Tesperse 2700(5.0%),崩解剂硫酸铵(3.0%),粘结剂聚乙二醇(2.0%)和载体[m(白炭黑):m(高岭土)=1:4] 14.6%。所制备的70%增效型吡虫啉WG热贮(54℃±2 ℃)14 d后有效成分降解率为1.27%(≤1.5%);其表面张力无明显改变;润湿分散性良好,悬浮率≥90%。对蚜虫的室内毒力测定结果显示,含有PB的70%吡虫啉WG的毒力是不含PB成品的6～7倍,表明PB具有极显著的增效作用。     

7种苗后除草剂对菵草的除草活性以及对小麦的安全性评价

为了筛选对菵草高效且对小麦安全的除草剂品种,采用温室盆栽法测定了 7种苗后除草剂对菵草的除草活性以及对小麦的安全性.结果表明,5％唑啉草酯EC和15％炔草酯WP对菵草防效优异,ED90仅为各自田间登记低剂量的1/3和1/2;50％异丙隆WP和7.5％啶磺草胺WG对菵草防效较好,ED90与各自田间登记高剂量相当;69 g...     

百日草炭疽病病原菌的分离鉴定及防治药剂筛选

为明确百日草炭疽病的病原菌,依据柯赫氏法则,对采集的病叶进行病原物分离并进行分离菌株致病性试验.确定菌株的致病性后,结合菌落形态,初步判断其为炭疽菌.运用分子生物学方法,扩增获得肌动蛋白基因(actin gene,ACT)、几丁质合酶基因(chitin synthase A gene,CHS)、磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因(g...     

Erarbeitung eines Testverfahrens zur Bestimmung der Protektiv- und Kurativleistung von Fungiziden bei der Bek?mpfung des Erregers der Stemphylium-Laubkrankheit Stemphylium botryosum in der Spargelkultur (Asparagus officinalis L.)

The foilage of Asparagus officinalis L. has a large contact surface for different leaf diseases, which can lead to profits cuts, especially by the causal pathogen of Stemphylium leaf spot, Stemphylium botryosum. The maintaining healthy of the foliage is an important precondition to achieve an optimal harvest in the following year. Therefore, it is necessary to describe the efficacy of currently approved plant protection products against S. botryosum in order to optimize the fungicide applications. In the context of greenhouse trials with asparagus seedlings a method should be developed to evaluate the preventive and curative efficacy of fungicides. At the beginning, stable, repeatable and homogeneous infections of S. botryosum needed to be achieved. Ad hoc the factors plant age (weeks after sowing date), inoculum (density of conidia per ml and concentration of malt), infection conditions (period of high relative humidity) and day of rating, as well as their influence on the occurrence of the symptoms, were investigated. With the exception of the factor plant age, the other factors had a significant effect on the infection. For the trials to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides, the analysed factors were defined. The age of the seedlings was six weeks after sowing, the inoculum was composed of 1,00?×?10⁵ conidia per ml combined with an 0,5% malt concentration, as infection condition the ??tunnel system?? with periodically high relative humidity was chosen. 13 days past infection was the optimal day of rating. To apply the seedlings with the fungicides, the registered application rate was reduced to 1/5. The trials to evaluate fungicides were conducted with the fungicides Signum^®, Rovral^® WG and two different testing agencies. At four consecutive application days, the plants were covered with fungicides. In the following, the infestation degree of stems in percent was evaluated. Additionally, the used S. botryosum-Isolates were biomolecularly investigated and the QoI- and SDHI resistance state determined.     

克菌丹·啶氧菌酯对柑橘沙皮病的防治效果评价

为筛选防治柑橘沙皮病的高效低毒药剂,连续两年进行了新型复配药剂50％克菌丹·啶氧菌酯水分散粒剂防治柑橘沙皮病的田间药效试验,对该药剂防治柑橘沙皮病的效果及安全性进行了评价.两年的试验结果表明:50％克菌丹·啶氧菌酯水分散粒剂有效成分用量625mg/kg对柑橘沙皮病具有较好的防治效果,2018年药剂处理两次后对柑橘叶片和...     

1,2-苯二硫酚衍生-高效液相色谱法检测二硫代氨基甲酸酯类化合物的方法改进

通过添加抗氧化剂四氢呋喃和抗坏血酸,对传统的二硫代氨基甲酸酯类化合物检测方法——1,2-苯二硫酚衍生-高效液相色谱法进行了优化和改进,并用4种常用二硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂[70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂(WP)、68%精甲霜锰锌水分散粒剂(WG)、68%霜脲锰锌WG和55%唑醚代森联WG]对该方法进行了验证。结果表明:当1,2-苯二硫酚浓度为12 mmol/L、代森锰锌用乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA,p H 9.3)及代森联用二乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA,p H 10.0)解络合、且同时添加体积分数为4%的四氢呋喃和40 mg/L的抗坏血酸时衍生化条件最优。除55%唑醚代森联WG外,其他3种商品杀菌剂待测液在衍生化后48 h内均保持稳定且相对标准偏差5%,满足测试要求。该方法操作简便快捷,检出目标物明确,不受二硫代氨基甲酸酯类杀菌剂常见代谢物乙撑硫脲及二硫化碳的影响,检测效率高,适用于该类杀菌剂的批量测试。     

三种双酰胺类杀虫剂制剂对环境非靶标生物的急性毒性

采用"OECD化学品测试准则"和"化学农药环境安全评价试验准则"方法,以赤子爱胜蚓、非洲爪蟾、斜生栅藻、大型溞、斑马鱼,意大利蜜蜂以及家蚕为受试生物,测定了20%氟虫双酰胺水分散粒剂、200g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和200g/L溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂3种双酰胺类杀虫剂对环境非靶标生物的急性毒性。结果表明:氟虫双酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺3种药剂对赤子爱胜蚓、非洲爪蟾、斜生栅藻和斑马鱼的急性毒性均为低毒,但对大型溞的48 h-EC_(50)值分别为1.51×10~(-2)、2.58×10~(-3)、7.63×10~(-2)mg/L,对家蚕的96h-LC_(50)值分别为6.11×10~(-2)、0.12和0.30 mg/L,均为剧毒;氟虫双酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对意大利蜜蜂为低毒,但溴氰虫酰胺对其的48h经口LC_(50)值和接触LD_(50)值分别为2.90 mg/L和3.71×10~(-2)μg/bee,均为高毒。研究表明,虽然双酰胺类杀虫剂对多数非靶标生物毒性较低,但在水体环境和桑蚕区以及作物开花期仍需谨慎使用。     

1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对4种蔬菜害虫的作用方式比较

采用叶片夹毒法、微量点滴法和玻片浸渍法等方法测定了1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对菜青虫、小菜蛾、豌豆蚜和截形叶螨的杀虫效果。结果表明:处理24h后,在触杀活性试验中,1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对试虫的毒力大小为菜青虫小菜蛾豌豆蚜截形叶螨;在内吸活性试验中,1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对截形叶螨和豌豆蚜的LC50分别为149.22mg/L和101.76mg/L,均小于触杀作用下的219.10mg/L和165.25mg/L,表明1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对豌豆蚜和截形叶螨内吸毒性明显优于触杀作用;在胃毒活性试验中,1.6%瑞香狼毒素水乳剂对菜青虫和小菜蛾的LC50分别为342.82mg/L和407.34mg/L,而触杀作用下的LC50为58.61mg/L和75.30mg/L,表明该药剂对菜青虫和小菜蛾有较强的触杀作用和一定的胃毒作用。     

Toxicity of selected insecticides to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma chilonis:</Emphasis> Assessing their safety in the rice ecosystem

Nine insecticides, namely, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin, pymetrozine, ethofenprox, BPMC, endosulfan, acephate, and the product Virtako® (Syngenta; chlorantraniliprole 20%?+?thiamethoxam 20%) were tested to determine their toxicity to the parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis using an insecticide-coated vial (scintillation) residue bioassay. All the insecticides tested showed different degrees of toxicity to the parasitoid. Thiamethoxam showed the highest toxicity to T. chilonis with an LC₅₀ of 0.0014 mg a.i. l ^?1, followed by imidacloprid (0.0027 mg a.i. l ^?1). The LC₅₀ values of acephate and endosulfan were 4.4703 and 1.8501 mg a.i. l ^?1, exhibiting low toxicity when compared with other insecticides tested. Thiamethoxam was found to be 3,195, 1,395 and 1,322 times more toxic than acephate, chlorantraniliprole and endosulfan, respectively, as revealed by the LC₅₀ values to T. chilonis. Based on risk quotient, which is the ratio between the field-recommended doses and the LC₅₀ of the beneficial, only chlorantraniliprole was found to be harmless to T. chilonis. The insecticides thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, Virtako®, ethofenprox and BPMC were found to be dangerous to the parasitoid. Since T. chilonis is an important egg parasitoid of leaf folders, reported to reduce the pest population considerably and often released augmentatively in rice IPM programs, the above noted dangerous chemicals should be avoided in the rice ecosystem.     

Effect of Botanical Insecticides on the Foraging and Feeding Behavior of the Coccinellid PredatorCryptolaemus montrouzieri

To investigate the effect of botanicals on the foraging behavior of the mealybug predatorCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, predator larvae and adults were exposed to leaves and the mealybugPlanococcus citri (Risso) treated with one of the following: a crude neem seed extract; a formulation of azadirachtin (Azatin EC®); a pyrethrum extract; and one of two naphthoquinones isolated fromCalceolaria andina Benth. (BTG 504 and BTG 505). All the botanicals influenced the foraging behavior ofC. montrouzieri, at one or more concentrations. Larval and adult foraging behavior was influenced most by BTG 504 and neem also affected larval behavior; the predators contacted fewer treated leaves and spent less time on treated than on untreated leaves. Larvae also consumed fewer mealybugs treated with BTG 504 and BTG 505 compared with untreated mealybugs.     

Possibilities of biological and chemical control of Verticillium wilt in pepper

In pathogen populations in Serbia, the incidence, pathogenic and morphological characters ofVerticillium spp. were studied. Biological and chemical control ofVerticillium was investigated in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘Soroksari’) with the biofungicide Polyversum^® (Pythium oligandrum) and the conventional fungicides benomyl and propamocarb-hydrochloride. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characters of the isolates originating from eight localities in Serbia, it was established that they apparently belong to the speciesVerticillum dahliae. The isolates differed in their pathogenic characters. However, all of them caused marked wilting symptoms on pepper plants 40 days after inoculation, conducted when there were more than nine fully developed leaves on the primary stem. The fungicides were applied either before or after inoculation. Benomyl was the most efficient fungicide in wilt control (88.2% when applied after inoculation and 94.6% when applied before inoculation). Polyversum proved more efficient (66.6%) when applied before rather than after inoculation. Propamocarb-hydrochloride provided sufficient Verticillium wilt control; its efficacy and that of Polyversum were similar, and less efficient than benomyl, but still significantly different from the disease control.