水稻籼粳亚种间杂种配子体败育及其与小穗不孕关系的研究

利用携有和不携有广亲和基因的两种籼粳亚种间杂交为材料,观察其孢子体和配子体的发生过程,明确杂种雌雄配子体败育的特征,结果显示：花粉和胚囊的败育均与小孢子和大孢子第一次有丝分裂异常有关,前者表现为小孢子间有丝会裂不同步,导致部分花粉不能正常成熟和败育,后者表现为大孢子有丝分裂异常（包括一些大孢子有丝分裂的延迟）在成熟的胚珠中不能形成胚囊,利用整体染色技术直接决定了杂种胚囊的育性,不同于携有广亲和基因     

棉属两个种间杂种一代雌配子体发育的比较研究

用常规石蜡切片法，对草棉×异常棉（Ａ１×Ｂ１）、草棉×长须棉（Ａ１×Ｂ３）两个杂种一代与各自双亲之一的异常棉和长须棉的雌配子体发育进行了比较研究。结果表明，两个杂种一代大孢子母细胞减数分裂的起始时间比亲本推迟１～２ｄ，减数分裂过程持续时间多２ｄ，雌性败育主要发生在四分孢子到大孢子期间，Ａ１×Ｂ１Ｆ１和Ａ１×Ｂ３Ｆ１败育胚囊分别占观察总数的６６．７％和７１．０％，且在单核至成熟胚囊期间也有较多的异常胚囊类型。败育的主要原因是产生胚囊的大孢子染色体组成不完整。两个杂种在开花前一天的花蕾中，正常成熟的胚囊分别占１５．４％和１０．４％，表明这两个野生种与栽培种草棉亲缘关系较近     

高粱同源四倍体与二倍体受精前后生殖特性的比较研究

观察四倍体与二倍体的胚囊、花粉特性和受精过程，结果表明，四倍体胚囊发育完整，与二倍体相似，但四倍体花粉育性及萌发和在花柱中的生长情况与二倍体存在显著差异，因此，认为这是影响四倍体结实率的主要因素。同时，不同品系诱导的四倍体结实率和生殖特性存在显著差异。     

河北杨胚囊发育的细胞学观察

诱导胚囊染色体加倍是一种高效的杨树多倍体诱导途径,为确定河北杨胚囊染色体加倍的最佳处理时机,采用石蜡切片方法对河北杨(Populus hopeiensis)胚囊与合子发育进程进行观察。结果表明：河北杨胚囊发育属于典型的蓼型发育模式;其发育进程既表现出一定的时序相关性,又具有极强的不同步性;在河北杨胚囊发育后期及合子发育过程中出现大量异常现象,大部分成熟胚囊和未成熟胚囊退化,形成空胚囊或具有异常结构的胚囊,只有极少数成熟胚囊能完成双受精作用并形成合子,考虑到新疆杨花粉可在河北杨柱头上正常萌发,推测胚囊退化可能是引起河北杨胚胎败育的主要原因。     

海甘蓝与芸薹属属间杂交的受精和胚胎发育

本文首先对海甘蓝和芸薹属属间杂交的花粉粒萌发、花粉管生长以及珠孔受精情况进行了观察,结果表明,甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜与海甘蓝杂交存在受精前不亲和,而芥菜型油菜与海甘蓝属间杂交时,花粉管生长正常,授粉后3～4天可通过珠孔受精。通过对芥菜型油菜×海甘蓝属间杂种胚与芥菜型油菜自交胚的发育过程的比较研究,发现杂种胚败育的原因是:①对于较早败育的胚囊,胚在2细胞原胚时,珠心组织开始解体,珠被绒毡层开始退化,胚在发育过程中呈饥饿状态。②对于较晚败育的胚囊,杂种后代的胚要比自交胚发育延迟,在32～64细胞原胚或多细胞球形胚阶段,胚体停止发育,胚乳细胞开始形成,要比自交提前4天形成胚乳细胞;到授粉25天后,球形胚体开始解体,胚乳细胞开始退化。这和前人观察到的杂种胚的败育的结论有所不同。     

棉属不同染色体组种间杂交胚胎学研究

本文主要报道以棉属［（Ｃｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）（ＡＤ）］染色体组四倍体栽培种陆地棉（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ）为母本，Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｇ染色体组的二倍体野生棉代表种长须棉（Ｇ．ｂａｒｂａｓａａｎｕｍ）、澳洲棉（Ｇ．ａｕｓｔｒａｌｅ）、雷蒙地棉（Ｇ．ｒａｉｍｏｎｄｉｉ）、索马里棉（Ｇ．ｓｏｍａｌｅｎｓｅｅ）和比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）做父本，配成５个杂交组合，并以陆地棉自交作对照，比较研究棉属不同染色体组种间杂交的胚胎发育过程。二倍体不同染色体组野生棉的花粉在陆地棉柱头上可以顺利萌发，其花粉管在花柱中生长较正常，但花粉管生长速度明显慢于陆地棉自交。野生棉花粉管到达陆地棉胚囊并释放精子完成双受精的频率很低，除陆地棉×Ｄ组雷蒙地棉受精率为３３．３％以外，其它几个杂交组合的受精率均低于１０％。杂种形成的胚乳游离核数量比陆地棉自交的少，而且比自交对照提早３～４天形成胚乳细胞。杂种胚乳组织形成后迅速解体。杂种原胚发育较正常，但杂种胚大多停滞在球形胚和近心形胚期；分化后的杂种胚呈现各种形态的畸形胚。杂交胚珠的珠心组织解体明显迟于自交胚珠，其解体时间和胚乳组织解体基本上一致。珠心组织的迟迟解体和胚乳组织异常发育导致杂种胚的败育。     

陆地棉三体的诱发、鉴定及其利用研究──Ⅲ雌配子发育的胚胎学观察

对３个三体（Ｆｔｒ－２，Ｆｔｒ－４和Ｆｔｒ－５），两个四体（Ｆｔｅ－４和Ｆｅｔ－５）成熟胚囊结构的胚胎学观察以及秕子率的统计分析表明，所有材料均有不同程度的胚囊败育，但不同的材料胚囊败育时期不同，Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５胚囊败育主要发生在双核胚囊期以前，Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｔｒ－５和Ｆｔｅ－４各时期都有一定的败育率。胚囊败育是造成Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５雌配子传递率低的主要原因，Ｆｔｒ－４雌配子传递率低是胚囊败育和幼胚败育两方面因素共同作用的结果。     

植物种子败育研究进展

种子败育在许多植物中普遍存在并一直是植物界研究热点。本文重点综述了近十年来在研究影响种子败育的内因(胚胎学、生理生化机制)和外因(环境条件、生长调节物)方面取得的主要进展。种子败育的胚胎学机制主要有以下4个方面：(1)雄性不育,包括花药退化、花粉败育、绒毡层细胞结构异常等;(2)雌性器官不孕,主要表现为雌性器官形态结构异常、大孢子母细胞及营养器官退化;(3)授粉受精不良,主要表现为自交或异交不亲和;(4)胚中途败育,不同植物胚败育的时间、败育原因及解剖学特征各不相同。不同的内源激素对植物胚胎发育的影响各不相同,激素含量的异常会导致种子败育;田间喷施GA3在提高果树座果率的同时常大大提高无仁率。矿质元素的缺乏会使一些植物发生种子败育。另外,环境胁迫等外在因素会严重影响种子发育。     

陆地棉三体的诱发,鉴定及其利用研究

对３个三体（Ｆｔｒ－２，Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｔｒ－５），两个四体（Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｅｔ－５）成熟胚囊结构的胚胎学观察以及秕子率的统计分析表明，所有材料均有不同程度的胚囊败育，但不贩材料胚囊败育时期不同，Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５胚囊败育主要发生在双核胚胚囊期以前，Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｔｒ－５，Ｆｔｅ－４各时期都有一定的败育率，胚囊败育是造成Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５雌配子传递率低的主要原因，Ｆｔｒ－４雌配子传递率低是胚     

陆地棉与雷蒙德氏棉种间杂种后代的胚胎学观察

观察了陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)与雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii U(?)br)种间杂种三倍体F_1、六倍体 F_1和六倍体 F_2、四倍体 F_2以及两个亲本种的早期胚胎发育行为,结果表明,三倍体 F_1有98%以上的胚珠不能形成胚囊,自交和回交完全不育;六倍体 F_1和 F_2及四倍体 F_2均有90%以上的胚珠能形成胚囊,自交和回交部分可育;但其初     

肥料缓施对小麦氮素代谢及产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了两种缓施肥(斯格利和乐喜施)对小麦氮素初步代谢及产量的影响。结果显示,在缓释条件下,氮肥释放速率较慢,硝酸还原酶活性高峰持续时间较长而且延后,中后期还能维持较高水平,与对照尿素比较达到显著水平,但两种缓施肥之间无显著差异;两种缓施肥对产量的影响与尿素相比均有提高,表明氮肥在缓控条件下的释放有利于小麦的氮素代谢和高产。     

红麻超干燥种子预先回湿方法研究

红麻种子超干燥后,种子生活力明显下降。经五种不同的ＣＢ预先回湿方法处理后,除水浸二天处理其它四种方法处理与对照相比均有极显著的效果。发芽势,发芽率,发芽指 活力指数均显著地高于对照,其中以２５％ＰＥＧ处理和４０％－６０％,ＲＨ一周加８０％－９０％,ＲＨ二天的处理效果最佳,且两者间无显著性差异。     

小麦光温敏雄性不育系BS210育性的主基因＋多基因混合遗传分析

应用植物数量性状“主基因+多基因混合遗传模型”方法，分析了光温敏核雄性不育系BS210，与两个恢复系（BY149和O201）配制的2个杂交组合的亲本P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂育性的遗传效应。结果表明，两个组合F₂的育性（结实率）次数分布均呈混合的正态分布，最适遗传模型均为E-1，即育性由两对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性多基因共同控制。两对主基因的加性效应近似相等，在两个组合中分别为－10.626、－10.068和－14.659、－14.655，主基因遗传力分别为25%和40%。两个组合的多基因加性效应分别为－6.225和5.025，多基因遗传力分别为16.67%和13.33%。两个组合的主效基因表现类似，但多基因效应存在较大的差异。环境对育性的影响较大，二系杂交小麦组合的育性受遗传因素和环境因素的共同控制。     

Elucidation of intergenomic recombination and chromosome translocation: meiotic evidence from interspecific hybrids of Lilium through GISH analysis

Intergenomic exchange has been found to be a normal phenomenon in sexual polyploids. In order to distinguish whether such exchanges are derived from intergenomic recombination or translocation, 13 genotypes of an interspecific hybrid, which were previously used as parents to generate sexual polyploids, were selected for a detailed meiosis analysis. In all genotypes under study, variable numbers of bivalents (0–12) resulting from homoeologous pairing were observed. But in two genotypes (006001-6 and 006001-13), a multivalent which was either a quadri- or a trivalent, as well as a bivalent involving two Asiatic chromosomes, was observed. Two Asiatic chromosomes in 006001-6 which were non-homologous were always found to be associated together, and formed trivalent or quadrivalent with chromosomes from homoeologous genome. This indicated that there was a duplication between these two Asiatic chromosomes. Such a duplication might have resulted from the segregation of a chromosomal translocation between two non-homologous chromosomes in the Asiatic parent ‘Connecticut King’ which was transmitted to the progeny (006001-6). With the exception of two genotypes, in 11 genotypes that formed variable frequencies of bivalents, the homoeologous chromosome pairing and chiasma formation were similar to that between homologous chromosomes. After from the analysis of anaphase I stages it was evident that the expected types of chiasma formation involving non-sister chromatids gave rise to two strand single, two strand double, three strand double, four strand double and multiple exchanges. Whereas these events resulted from locus specific homoeologous exchanges, the translocations resulted from an aberrant form of non-homologous chromosomal exchange of segments. Elucidation of such differences is only possible through the analysis of meiosis using GISH.     

Revised calculation of the coefficient of parentage in plant breeding

The knowledge of the genetic similarity between two individuals has been useful for animal breeders for a long time, and one of the most common measures of similarity is the Coefficient of Parentage (COP). For two individuals X and Y, it is defined as the probability that an allele taken from a particular locus in individual X is equal by descent to another allele taken from the same locus in individual Y; thus, the COP between two individuals is the same as the expected inbreeding of their offspring, and it is now a routine calculation among plant breeders as part of crop improvement programmes. Nevertheless, plant breeders deal with the genealogy between strains or groups of individuals, and here, we provide a mathematical proof that in this case the application of standard formulae replicated from animal breeding may result in overestimation of the true amount of inbreeding between two strains.     

Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in three samples of wild and cultivated barleys and their relevance to the origin of cultivated barley

This study was conducted to provide additional data for evaluating two important issues surrounding the origin of cultivated barley: (i) the level of genetic diversity of the two‐rowed wild barley from Tibet, and (ii) the distribution of rDNA allele 104 in wild and cultivated barleys in the Occidental region. A total of 198 accessions consisting of three distinct samples were used: 82 entries of two‐rowed wild barley from Tibet, 57 accessions of two‐rowed wild barley from 8 countries with a broad range of representation of two‐rowed wild barley in the world, and 59 landrace accessions from four countries representing a part of the barley‐growing areas in the Middle East. These were assayed for rDNA spacer‐length variants (slvs). In all, 27 rDNA space length pheno types were detected, from which 10 slvs were identified as alleles at the two rDNA loci. The two‐rowed wild barley samples from Tibet had the lowest level of genetic variation as evaluated by rDNA polymorphism. Together with results of previous studies, the two wild forms (two‐rowed and six‐rowed) from Tibet could not account for the large genetic diversity observed in the cultivated barley of this region, suggesting that Tibet is unlikely a centre of origin for cultivated barley. In samples from the Occidental region, allele 104 of Rm2 was very rare in wild barley, but occurred at the highest frequency in cultivated barley, while the reverse is the case for allele 107, which is consistent with previous results. The implications of such a contrasting distribution of these rDNA alleles between wild and cultivated barleys in the origin and evolution of cultivated barley were discussed.     

含双边界序列植物双价表达载体的构建

转基因植物的安全性是基因工程改良作物的一个重要问题.构建含双边界序列（双T-DNA区）载体,将选择标记基因和目标外源基因分开在不同的T-DNA区,通过转基因植株有性杂交及后代分离,可在转基因后代中获得无选择标记的转基因安全植株.将2个外源基因置于同一载体上,可以提高其共转化的效率.本研究构建了1个中间载体pAHC17-PTA和1个含双边界序列的植物双价表达载体pDB13PS.pAHC17-PTA含有由Ubiquitin启动子引导的具有抗虫效果的半夏凝集素基因（PTA）.pDB13PS含2个独立的T-DNA区,在其中一个T-DNA区,含两个目的基因的完整的表达盒,一个是由Ubiquitin启动子引导的半夏凝集素基因（PTA）,另一个是由水稻胚乳特异表达启动子（Glutelin-B1 promoter）驱动的马铃薯高赖氨酸蛋白基因的cDNA（SB401）.pDB13PS的成功构建,为提高PTA和SB401的共转化效率和获得无选择标记的转基因后代植株奠定了基础.     

利用CSSL群体研究稻米AC和PC相关QTL表达稳定性

利用以Asominori为遗传背景具IR24染色体片段的置换系（CSSL）群体，在“2年4点”8个环境对稻米直链淀粉含量（AC）和蛋白质含量（PC）进行QTL定位和表达稳定性分析。结果共检测到8个AC和PC相关QTL，其中2个QTL在8个环境中都能重复出现，即影响AC的qAC-8和控制PC的qPC-8，平均贡献率分别为21.0%和26.9%。qAC-8和qPC-8对应置换系与背景亲本Asominori在8个环境中相应性状的表现型都达到极显著差异(P<0.01)；都仅与8个环境中的2个环境之间存在显著的互作效应；说明qAC-8 和qPC-8的效应显著且稳定性较高。此外，qAC-8和qPC-8都被定位在第8染色体R727~G1149区间，IR24的等位基因可同时提高AC和PC，这为研究水稻籽粒直链淀粉和蛋白质形成途径之间的相互关系以及碳氮代谢协同调控的遗传机制提供了新的信息。     

昆明小鼠和ICR小鼠的遗传特征分析

为探究封闭群实验动物的遗传质量评价方法,利用脏器指数和微卫星检测对辽宁省两单位的昆明小鼠和ICR小鼠进行了遗传分析。选取小鼠不同染色体上10个多态信息丰富的微卫星位点,以PCR-PAGE技术进行多态性分析,常规方法测定脏器指数。结果表明：两单位KM小鼠和ICR小鼠的体重和部分脏器指数差异显著或极显著（P＞0.01或P＞0.05）,10个位点的等位基因数、基因型数、杂合度和多态性信息含量都较接近,A单位的KM小鼠的遗传多样性略高于B单位,B单位的ICR小鼠的遗传多样性略高于A单位,两品系在两单位间的遗传距离相近存在微弱的遗传分化。     

An Analysis of the Affection of Cooperative Opportunities on the Status of Partners in the Strategic Cooperation of Firms

In the strategic cooperation, relative status of the two partners which joined together by the covenant has a great impact on the finally profit distribution. It is analyzed by game theory in this paper that the influence of exterior cooperative opportunities upon the status of a firm when the firm join in an alliance. We focus on the great impact, which is produced by the chance to cooperate with the others that belong separately to the two firms in a strategic cooperation, on the status and profit distribution of the two parts. It is found that a firm will possessed a powerful status in an alliance and carve up more profits from the alliance when it has more opportunities for cooperating. The status differences between the cooperative partners can be better described when a firm sets up a strategic cooperation by combining the method The former researches are done which inspect the inner factors, such as the degree of firms being eager to join an alliance.