Feeding selectivity of the marine ascidian Styela clava

The sessile suspension feeding ascidian, Styela clava , plays an important role in the functioning of estuarine systems. The feeding selectivity of S. clava was examined using standard physiological techniques in terms of particle sizes and diet concentrations. Styela clava increased its retention efficiency (the proportion of available particles retained in ascidian) with increasing particle size at a lower diet concentration [expressed as particulate organic matter (POM)] from 2.11 to 10.06 mg POM L⁻¹, and the highest retention was reached for 5–20 μm particles. With increasing diet concentration to 20.12 mg POM L⁻¹, S. clava retained small particles (<3.5 μm) more efficiently and large ones (>15 μm) less efficiently. The selectivity of ascidian with different sizes was similar at the same concentration. At every diet concentration, larger ascidians retained more 5–20 μm cells than the smaller ones. All these results indicate that S. clava possesses a particle selection mechanism that may affect the zooplankton communities to a certain degree.     

几种常见海鞘的呼吸代谢研究

为了研究网箱、网笼上附着生物耗氧对养殖品种的影响。本文在实验室内采用静水封闭系统,对我国北方常见附着生物－－柄海鞘（Ｓｔｙｅｌａ ｃｌａｖａ）,玻璃海鞘（Ｃｉｏｎａ ｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｉｓ）和中国瘤海鞘（Ｓｔｙｅｌａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉ）的耗氧率进行了研究,同时,探讨了海鞘体重、温度和氧张力对耗氧率的影响。结果表明：温度和体重对海鞘的耗氧率有明显的影响（Ｐ〈０．０５）。在１２￣２８℃范围内,柄海鞘的     

Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption of tawny puffer Takifugu flavidus juvenile

The respiratory rates of Tawny puffer Takifugu flavidus juvenile were measured at four temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C) and seven salinities (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L^?1). The results showed that both temperature and salinity significantly affected the oxygen consumption of tawny puffer juvenile. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased significantly with an increase in the temperature from 20 to 29 °C. Over the entire experimental temperature range (20–29 °C), the Q₁₀ value was 1.59, and the lowest Q₁₀ value was found between 23 and 26 °C. The optimal temperature for the juvenile lies between 23 °C and 26 °C. The OCR at 25 g L^?1 was the highest among all salinity treatments. The OCRs show a parabolic relationship with salinity (5–35 g L^?1). From the quadratic relationship, the highest OCR was predicted to occur at 23.56 g L^?1. The optimal salinity range for the juvenile is from 23 to 25 g L^?1. The results of this study are useful towards facilitating an increase in the production of the species juvenile culture.     

温度和盐度对虾夷马粪海胆耗氧率和排氨率的影响↑（*）

采用封闭式呼吸器研究了虾夷马粪海胆（Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｙｌｏｃｅｎｔｒｏｔｕｓｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｓ）的耗氧率和排氨率与温度和盐度的关系。结果表明：在温度１５～２５℃的范围内,耗氧率和排氨率随温度的升高而增加;相同温度下,随个体重量的增加耗氧率和排氨率下降,呈负指数关系;虾夷马粪海胆的适宜盐度为３０左右,此时的耗氧率最大,为０．０９１ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ,排氨率最低,为２３．６２μｇ／ｇ·ｈ。     

温度和盐度对橄榄蚶耗氧率和排氨率的影响

测定不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)和盐度(16、21、26、31、36)对橄榄蚶(Estellarca olivacea)呼吸和排泄的影响。结果表明,温度和盐度对橄榄蚶的耗氧率和排氨率都有显著影响(P<0.05)。在15~30℃范围内,橄榄蚶单位软体干质量耗氧率(OR)、排氨率(NR)都随温度的升高而升高,变化范围分别为0.37~0.65 mg/(g.h)和1.74~3.15μmol/(g.h);耗氧率和排氨率与温度(t)之间的相关方程分别为:ORT[mg/(g.h)]=0.323 4e0.1765t(R2=0.9755,P<0.05);NRT[μmol/(g.h)]=1.3788e0.1986t(R2=0.9784,P<0.05)。在16~36盐度范围内,橄榄蚶单位软体干质量耗氧率和排氨率开始时随盐度的升高而降低,在盐度26时达到最小值,然后随盐度的升高而升高,变化范围分别为0.43~0.60 mg/(g.h)和1.75~3.26μmol/(g.h);耗氧率和排氨率与盐度(s)之间的相关方程分别为:ORS[mg/(g.h)]=0.0014s2-0.0751s 1.4312(R2=0.9455,P<0.05,n=30);NRS[μmol/(g.h)]=0.0105s2-0.5728s 9.7114(R2=0.9285,P<0.05,n=30)。     

温度与盐度对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为了研究饱食和饥饿状态下温度(24、27、30和33℃)、盐度(15、20、25、30和33)对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼(Epinephelus groupers)耗氧率(OCR)和排氨率(AER)的影响,采用密闭流水式呼吸实验方法对OCR和AER进行了测定。结果显示:饱食和饥饿状态下,温度、盐度对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼OCR和AER影响均显著(P0.05);当温度为24℃~33℃时,饱食状态下的OCR和AER分别比饥饿状态的提高30.29%~131.84%和131.82%~316.19%。饱食状态下,氧氮比(O∶N)、蛋白质供能比(PSR)、Q10(呼吸)、Q10(代泄)分别为12.54~20.18、27.74%~48.48%、1.21、1.60;而在饥饿状态下分别为25.77~35.90、19.49%~27.19%、1.87、3.41;当盐度为15~33时,饱食状态下OCR和AER分别比饥饿状态的提高100.41%~128.21%、182.19%~382.83%。饱食状态下,O∶N、PSR分别为13.32~20.72、39.47%~49.42%,而在饥饿状态下分别为29.18~30.98、22.59%~23.98%。研究表明,云龙石斑鱼幼鱼的最适生长温度为24℃~27℃,最适生长盐度为30~33。     

pH、盐度和温度对海蜇耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为探究环境因子对海蜇耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate,OCR)和排氨率(ammonia excretion rate,AER)的影响,实验通过室内培养,测定了不同pH值、盐度和温度条件下,海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的OCR和AER的变化特征。结果显示,海蜇伞径与干重可用W=0.002 2e^0.1248D表示,R²=0.972 4。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的OCR和AER受pH值、盐度和温度影响显著。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的AER和OCR随pH值的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,幼蜇和成蜇的2种代谢率分别在pH值为7.0和7.5时达到最大值,同时收缩次数最多。海蜇幼蜇和成蜇的AER和OCR随盐度的升高呈现先增后减的趋势,分别在盐度为25和20时达到峰值;盐度为20时收缩力最强。不同规格海蜇的OCR随温度升高而增加;AER则随温度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,25°C达到峰值。海蜇在21°C时运动和进食最快,温度低于3°C或高于35°C海蜇则停止运动。幼蜇的AER Q₁₀值为0.767～4.362,OCR Q₁₀值为1...     

山女鳟耗氧量与体重、水温的关系的研究

通过对体重0．53g和75．58g的山女鳟，在7℃、10℃、13℃、16℃、19℃，5个范围耗氧的测定，研究了山女鳟耗氧量与体重、水温的关系，结果表明：耗氧量随着体重和水温的增加而增加，耗氧率随着体重的增加而减少，在13℃-16℃水温范围内，水温增加但耗氧率增加不明显，水温在16℃时，耗氧量与体重的关系为：R=0．3621W^7848(R：耗氧量mg／h．尾，W：体重，g)，在体重0．53g时，耗氧量与水温的关系为：R=0．0173T-0．0393，75．58g时，耗氧量与水温的关系为：R=0．825T-1．725(R：耗氧量mg／h．尾，T：水温，℃)。山女鳟耗氧率具有昼夜变化，表现出明显的节律性，在13：00时耗氧率达到最高值，22：00时达到最低值。山女鳟的窒息点在1．2—1．98mg／L。     

盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响

为研究盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫呼吸代谢的影响,采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同盐度梯度(15、20、25、30和35)对3种规格S(2.11±0.60)g、M(6.31±0.85)g和L(8.80±1.40)g光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,盐度对耗氧率和排氨率影响均显著,盐度和规格的交互作用对耗氧率和排氨率影响极显著。盐度在15~25时,耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(AR)均随着盐度的增加而升高,盐度为25时达峰值,之后随着盐度的增加而降低。耗氧率和排氨率与盐度呈一元二次函数关系,OR和AR与盐度的关系可表示为y=–ax2+bx–c。对于耗氧率,a值的范围是0.030~0.044,b值的范围为1.525~2.252,c值的范围为11.824~20.132;对于排氨率,a值的范围是0.009~0.012,b值的范围为0.455~0.593,c值的范围为4.369~5.275。光裸方格星虫的O/N值范围为4.06~14.28。研究表明,光裸方格星虫代谢的最适盐度为25,且对盐度变化的适应能力较强,可通过调整生理代谢水平来适应低盐或高盐环境。     

Effect of salinity on growth, survival and oxygen consumption of juvenile brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes)

The brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes), is a species native to north‐west Mexico, where its culture potential is presently being addressed. Because of the climatic conditions prevailing in the region, salinities over 40 g L^?1 is a commonly encountered problem. In the present study, the effect of salinity on the growth and mortality of juvenile F. californiensis is described. The change in short‐term routine metabolism at different salinities was also evaluated in order to define the adaptive capacity of the shrimp and to provide insight into the changes in the pathways of energy distribution. Groups of shrimp were exposed to increasing salinity (25, 35, 45 and 55 g L^?1), and growth and survival rates after 75 days were determined in duplicate 1.8‐m³ tanks for each salinity level. Significant differences were found in final weight, growth rate and mortality of shrimp as a result of salinity level. Final mean shrimp weights at increasing salinity levels were 10.0, 9.4, 8.6 and 7.8 g. Corresponding mortality was 24.4%, 15.1%, 33.6% and 55.7%. Oxygen consumption was found to depend significantly on salinity and was equivalent to 0.0027, 0.0037, 0.0043 and 0.0053 mg g^?1 min^?1 respectively for the increasing salinities. The increased rate of oxygen consumption at high salinities reflects the response of the organism to osmoregulatory and ionic imbalances. Increased energy requirements to fulfil basic metabolic function as salinity increased resulted in a reduction in the energy that could be diverted to growth. Consequently, the culture of the brown shrimp at salinities over 35 g L^?1 would probably result in reduced yields.     

温度和盐度对美国红鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

测试了体重460～550 g的美国红鱼在13、16、19、22、25、28℃和盐度在16、18、21、24、27、30、34时的耗氧率和排氨率,结果显示美国红鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的增加而增加,不同温度的耗氧率和排氨率差异显著（P〈0.001）,在16～34℃范围内,盐度变化对美国红鱼的耗氧率无显著影响（P=0.479）。     

Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in different colour strains of the Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum

The metabolic responses of different colour strains of Ruditapes philippinarum in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (15–35°C) and salinity (20–40) were investigated. In our range of temperatures (15–35°C), oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increases in cultivated strains (White and Zebra) in opposition to the effect in the wild strain which reach a maximum at 25°C. The highest Q₁₀ coefficients were 2.741 for zebra strain, 4.326 for white strain, and 1.944 for wild at temperatures of 25–30, 30–35 and 20–25°C respectively. In our range of salinity (20–40°C), OCRs of white strain and zebra strain firstly decreased to lowest level at 25 and 30, and then increased to highest level at 35 and 40 respectively. When the salinity is beyond 35, the OCR decreased and the turning point was found in the white strain and wild, but the zebra strain OCR still increased to a highest level (1.906 mg g^?1 h^?1) at 40 (P < 0.05). These results show that the cultivated colour strains of R. philippinarum were different from wild in terms of metabolic responses, and information on its response to different temperature and salinity have implications in the aquaculture industry.     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹代谢的影响

测定了不同盐度(0,6,12,18,24)条件下,中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雌性亲蟹的耗氧率、CO2排出率及NH3 N排泄率,并研究了其呼吸熵、氧氮比、代谢率及能源物质供能比随盐度的变化情况。结果表明,体质量为(55.59±6.24)g的中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹,在水温(16±1)℃条件下,盐度对其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率影响显著(P<0.05)。在实验盐度范围内(0~24),其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率均随盐度的升高而下降,CO2排出率及代谢率的变化趋势与耗氧率一致,且盐度为6的实验组亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),在盐度12~24范围内,亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);呼吸熵及氧氮比均变化不显著(P>0.05);能源物质以脂肪的供能比例最大,其次是碳水化合物,蛋白质的供能比例最小。分析认为,中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹在生殖洄游过程中主要以脂肪作为供能物质,代谢率与能量消耗逐渐降低。     

盐度和pH对缢蛏耗氧率及排氨率的影响

缢蛏(Sinonovaculaconstricta)分为壳长约4 0、5 0、6 0cm3组。通过实验生态学方法研究缢蛏在不同盐度和pH下的耗氧率和排氨率变化规律。结果表明,盐度对缢蛏的耗氧率和排氨率有极显著影响(F>F0.01),且缢蛏单位体重耗氧率、排氨率随其个体的增大而变小;当盐度为6～30时,缢蛏的耗氧率和排氨率呈1个峰值变化,在盐度22时均达到最大值。pH对缢蛏的耗氧率无显著影响(FF0.01),此时,缢蛏的排氨率出现1个峰值变化,当pH为8时达到最大值。     

黑鲷耗氧率昼夜变化及与体重、水温的关系研究

研究了黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)耗氧率的昼夜变化规律及其与体重、水温的关系,结果表明,黑鲷耗氧率随水温的升高而升高,随个体的增大而降低;23:00耗氧率最高,为3.16±0.26μg·(g·min)-1,07:00左右耗氧率最低,为0.74±0.59μg·(g·min)-1。黑鲷白天的平均耗氧率为1.98±0.84μg·(g·min)-1,夜间的平均耗氧率为1.96±0.63μg·(g·min)-1,其代谢水平的昼夜变化不明显(n=10,t=0.034相似文献   

Effects of temperature on food consumption, growth and oxygen consumption of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879) postlarvae

Effects of temperature on food consumption, growth and oxygen consumption were estimated for the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae at 23 °C, 28 °C and 33 °C in the laboratory. The results showed that the animal's initial body weight had a close linear relationship with food consumption and growth. Food consumption increased directly with temperature. Consumption rates (C; mg day^?1 ind^?1 ) of the 28 °C and 33 °C groups were much higher than that of the 23 °C group (P < 0.001), and the 33 °C group's consumption rate was higher than that of the 28 °C group (P < 0.05). The relationship of food consumption with temperature and initial body weight (W; mg) could be described as: C = 0.0679W + 0.185t? 3.17. Growth increased significantly with increased temperature. The relationship among specific growth rate, temperature and initial body weight was as follows: SGR = ?0.110W + 0.213t + 0.176. However, temperature showed no effect on growth efficiency. Oxygen consumption increased significantly with temperature (P < 0.01). The weight‐specific oxygen consumption rates (mg O₂ g^?1 h^?1) at 23 °C, 28 °C and 33 °C were 0.83, 1.16 and 1.49 mg O₂ g^?1 h^?1 for 61.92 mg M. rosenbergii.     

Short-term responses of adult kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate) to environmental salinity: osmotic regulation, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion

The effects of salinity on haemolymph osmolality, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were investigated in adult kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), at salinities of 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L^?1. Haemolymph osmolality showed a positive linear relationship (r²=0.9854) with medium osmolality. The isosmotic point calculated from this relationship was 1039 mOsm kg^?1, which corresponds to a salinity of approximately 35 g L^?1. The slope of the regression equation was very high (0.81), suggesting that M. japonicus adults are poor osmoregulators compared with the adults of other penaeids and to conspecific young. The difference between haemolymph and medium osmolality (D_OP) was lowest at 35 g L^?1 and highest at 20 g L^?1. Thus, the minimum D_OP coincided with the isosmotic point of the shrimp. The respiration rate was significantly lower at 30 g L^?1 than at the other salinities. Ammonia excretion rates were inversely related with salinity and therefore were minimal at 35 g L^?1. The results of this study suggest that the optimum salinity for adult kuruma shrimp is around 30–35 g L^?1 and that even minor (e.g. 5 g L^?1) deviations from this optimum cause significant physiological changes. Further, the observed increases in oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion during exposure to low salinities, which indicate higher energy expenditure and amino acid catabolism for osmoregulation, respectively, suggest that the growth efficiency of M. japonicus adults may be severely compromised by hypohaline water inflow into the rearing ponds.     

温度、盐度交互作用对凡纳滨对虾耗氧和氨氮、磷排泄的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)成虾为研究对象,设计了4个盐度梯度和4个温度梯度,采用正交试验,研究了温度、盐度及其交互作用对凡纳滨对虾耗氧率和氨氮、磷排泄率的影响.凡纳滨对虾在温度和盐度交互作用下耗氧率为0.266～0.582 mg/(g·h),平均为0.419 mg/(g·h);磷排泄率为0.935～2.279 μg/(g·h),平均为1.532 μg/(g·h);氨氮排泄率为1.222～2.656 μg/(g·h),平均为1.854 μg/(g·h).统计分析显示,温度和盐度对耗氧率和氨氮、磷排泄率都有极为显著的影响(P＜0.01),且两者之间交互作用极其显著(P＜0.01).     

不同温度下青海湖裸鲤的耗氧率、耗氧量与呼吸频率的关系

研究了不同温度(5±0.5)℃、(10±0.5)℃、(15±0.5)℃、(20±0.5)℃和(25±0.5)℃)下青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)的耗氧率、耗氧量与呼吸频率的关系。结果表明,耗氧率、耗氧量和呼吸频率均随着温度的升高而升高,且不同温度间差异显著(P<0.01)。呼吸频率在5~10℃较低温度时没有明显差异(P>0.05)。呼吸频率在不同的温度下都存在明显的昼夜差异(P<0.05),白天明显高于夜晚。不同温度下呼吸频率和耗氧率的回归关系为y=63.052e(0.0115x)(R2=0.982 2);呼吸频率和耗氧量的回归关系为y=-1.719 7x2+38.437x-61.914(R2=0.961 8)。在15~20℃间的耗氧率、耗氧量和呼吸频率相对变化较小,为适宜养殖的水温。     

盐度对不同规格黄边糙鸟蛤呼吸排泄的影响

呼吸与排泄是贝类新陈代谢的基本生理活动,不同盐度对贝类的生长起着至关重要的作用。本研究在28℃条件下,设八个盐度梯度(16、20、24、28、32、36、40、44),采用Winkle滴定法和次溴酸盐氧化法测定了大、中、小三种规格的黄边糙鸟蛤的耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明,黄边糙鸟蛤壳长与组织干重之间符合幂函数关系W=0.004 4H3.852 0,R2=0.949 6;在盐度16~28范围内,黄边糙鸟蛤单位体重耗氧率随盐度的升高而增加,在盐度28取得最大值,其后随盐度上升,耗氧率呈下降趋势。方差分析(ANOVA)显示,盐度变化对黄边糙鸟蛤的耗氧率有显著影响(F=3.50,P<0.01,n=7)。单位体重耗氧率和组织干重之间的关系用幂函数RO=aWb表示,其中a值范围为0.619 8~0.956 7,b值范围为0.371 5~0.582 8。排氨率与耗氧率呈现相同的变化趋势,不同盐度下黄边糙鸟蛤的排氨率有显著差异(F=13.37,P<0.01,n=7)。其排氨率和组织干重之间的关系也可用幂函数ER=aWb表示,其中a值范围为92.94~136.65,b值范围为0.397 0~0.564 3;规格大小对黄边糙鸟蛤单位体重耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(F=28.57,P<0.01;F=130.66,P<0.01)。在盐度44条件下,驯化养殖3 d后黄边糙鸟蛤全部死亡,表明黄边糙鸟蛤的最高耐受盐度为44。