温度和盐度对口虾蛄呼吸的影响

当盐度为23～29时,口虾蛄的耗氧量最低,此盐度范围外,无论提高或降低盐度,耗氧量均有所增加.口虾蛄的呼吸随温度的升高,耗氧量和耗氧率均呈上升趋势.当温度为16～24℃,口虾蛄的耗氧率受温度影响不大,耗氧率变化较平稳,温度系数Q10值均小于1.5;当温度由24℃上升至26℃时,Q10值为4.5;当温度由14℃上升至16℃时,Q10值达8.7;表明低温对口虾蛄呼吸的影响较高温更为明显.     

几种常见海鞘的呼吸代谢研究

为了研究网箱、网笼上附着生物耗氧对养殖品种的影响。本文在实验室内采用静水封闭系统,对我国北方常见附着生物－－柄海鞘（Ｓｔｙｅｌａ ｃｌａｖａ）,玻璃海鞘（Ｃｉｏｎａ ｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｉｓ）和中国瘤海鞘（Ｓｔｙｅｌａ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉ）的耗氧率进行了研究,同时,探讨了海鞘体重、温度和氧张力对耗氧率的影响。结果表明：温度和体重对海鞘的耗氧率有明显的影响（Ｐ〈０．０５）。在１２￣２８℃范围内,柄海鞘的     

温度和盐度对加州扁鸟蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为研究温度和盐度对加州扁鸟蛤耗氧排氨的影响,设置5、10、15、20、25℃5个温度梯度和12、17、22、27、32共5个盐度梯度,研究温度和盐度对加州扁鸟蛤耗氧排氨的影响。结果表明,耗氧率随着温度的升高先升后降,在20℃达到最大值,4.411mg/(g·h);排氨率除在10~15℃偏低外,整体呈现升高趋势。在盐度32,温度5~25℃,耗氧率和排氨率之比(O∶N)为2.352~4.296mg/(g·h),15℃达最大值。在水温13℃时,盐度范围12~32,耗氧率和排氨率都随着盐度的升高而增加,32时达到最大值,O∶N为2.780~21.600。研究结果为进一步完善加州扁鸟蛤的人工养殖技术提供参考。     

盐度对柄海鞘滤水率的影响

在实验室条件下测定了盐度对柄海鞘滤水率的影响。柄海鞘滤水率随盐度的升高有缓慢增加趋势,当盐度达到 31-35时,滤水率达到最大值,随后随盐度的增加开始下降。在各盐度下柄海鞘的平均滤水率与体重之间的回归方程经F 检验盐度与体重对柄海鞘滤水率的影响均达极显著水平。     

Effects of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption of tawny puffer Takifugu flavidus juvenile

The respiratory rates of Tawny puffer Takifugu flavidus juvenile were measured at four temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C) and seven salinities (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L^?1). The results showed that both temperature and salinity significantly affected the oxygen consumption of tawny puffer juvenile. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased significantly with an increase in the temperature from 20 to 29 °C. Over the entire experimental temperature range (20–29 °C), the Q₁₀ value was 1.59, and the lowest Q₁₀ value was found between 23 and 26 °C. The optimal temperature for the juvenile lies between 23 °C and 26 °C. The OCR at 25 g L^?1 was the highest among all salinity treatments. The OCRs show a parabolic relationship with salinity (5–35 g L^?1). From the quadratic relationship, the highest OCR was predicted to occur at 23.56 g L^?1. The optimal salinity range for the juvenile is from 23 to 25 g L^?1. The results of this study are useful towards facilitating an increase in the production of the species juvenile culture.     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹代谢的影响

测定了不同盐度(0,6,12,18,24)条件下,中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雌性亲蟹的耗氧率、CO2排出率及NH3 N排泄率,并研究了其呼吸熵、氧氮比、代谢率及能源物质供能比随盐度的变化情况。结果表明,体质量为(55.59±6.24)g的中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹,在水温(16±1)℃条件下,盐度对其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率影响显著(P<0.05)。在实验盐度范围内(0~24),其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率均随盐度的升高而下降,CO2排出率及代谢率的变化趋势与耗氧率一致,且盐度为6的实验组亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),在盐度12~24范围内,亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);呼吸熵及氧氮比均变化不显著(P>0.05);能源物质以脂肪的供能比例最大,其次是碳水化合物,蛋白质的供能比例最小。分析认为,中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹在生殖洄游过程中主要以脂肪作为供能物质,代谢率与能量消耗逐渐降低。     

温度和盐度对美国红鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

测试了体重460～550 g的美国红鱼在13、16、19、22、25、28℃和盐度在16、18、21、24、27、30、34时的耗氧率和排氨率,结果显示美国红鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的增加而增加,不同温度的耗氧率和排氨率差异显著（P〈0.001）,在16～34℃范围内,盐度变化对美国红鱼的耗氧率无显著影响（P=0.479）。     

温度和盐度对橄榄蚶耗氧率和排氨率的影响

测定不同温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃)和盐度(16、21、26、31、36)对橄榄蚶(Estellarca olivacea)呼吸和排泄的影响。结果表明,温度和盐度对橄榄蚶的耗氧率和排氨率都有显著影响(P<0.05)。在15~30℃范围内,橄榄蚶单位软体干质量耗氧率(OR)、排氨率(NR)都随温度的升高而升高,变化范围分别为0.37~0.65 mg/(g.h)和1.74~3.15μmol/(g.h);耗氧率和排氨率与温度(t)之间的相关方程分别为:ORT[mg/(g.h)]=0.323 4e0.1765t(R2=0.9755,P<0.05);NRT[μmol/(g.h)]=1.3788e0.1986t(R2=0.9784,P<0.05)。在16~36盐度范围内,橄榄蚶单位软体干质量耗氧率和排氨率开始时随盐度的升高而降低,在盐度26时达到最小值,然后随盐度的升高而升高,变化范围分别为0.43~0.60 mg/(g.h)和1.75~3.26μmol/(g.h);耗氧率和排氨率与盐度(s)之间的相关方程分别为:ORS[mg/(g.h)]=0.0014s2-0.0751s 1.4312(R2=0.9455,P<0.05,n=30);NRS[μmol/(g.h)]=0.0105s2-0.5728s 9.7114(R2=0.9285,P<0.05,n=30)。     

Filtration and oxygen consumption rates on various growth stages of Scapharca broughtonii spat

To investigate the effects of temperature and salinity on filtration and oxygen consumption rate of Scapharca broughtonii spat with different growth stages. This study was conducted under six different water temperatures and five different salinity conditions. The spat were divided into three groups of different shell sizes and filtration rates were estimated by Neutral red. The results showed that in all of the three groups, the highest filtration rates appeared at 20 °C, and the highest one was 1.89±0.12 L g h^?1 in the group with the lowest shell length (11.8±2.1 mm). The filtration rates in every group increased with the rise of salinity in the range from 10 to 40 g L^?1, and the highest one is 2.62±0.21 L g h^?1 in the lowest shell length group. The trends of oxygen consumption rates were similar to filtration rates. The highest rates were 0.189±0.003 mg g h^?1 at 20 °C and 0.308±0.018 mg g h^?1 at a salinity of 40 g L^?1 in the group with the lowest shell length. And the results showed that the smaller the shell size, the higher the filtration and oxygen consumption rate.     

温度与盐度对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为了研究饱食和饥饿状态下温度(24、27、30和33℃)、盐度(15、20、25、30和33)对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼(Epinephelus groupers)耗氧率(OCR)和排氨率(AER)的影响,采用密闭流水式呼吸实验方法对OCR和AER进行了测定。结果显示:饱食和饥饿状态下,温度、盐度对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼OCR和AER影响均显著(P0.05);当温度为24℃~33℃时,饱食状态下的OCR和AER分别比饥饿状态的提高30.29%~131.84%和131.82%~316.19%。饱食状态下,氧氮比(O∶N)、蛋白质供能比(PSR)、Q10(呼吸)、Q10(代泄)分别为12.54~20.18、27.74%~48.48%、1.21、1.60;而在饥饿状态下分别为25.77~35.90、19.49%~27.19%、1.87、3.41;当盐度为15~33时,饱食状态下OCR和AER分别比饥饿状态的提高100.41%~128.21%、182.19%~382.83%。饱食状态下,O∶N、PSR分别为13.32~20.72、39.47%~49.42%,而在饥饿状态下分别为29.18~30.98、22.59%~23.98%。研究表明,云龙石斑鱼幼鱼的最适生长温度为24℃~27℃,最适生长盐度为30~33。     

半滑舌鳎的耗氧率与盐度和体重的关系

就盐度和体重对半滑舌鳎耗氧率的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,在各个试验盐度梯度下,半滑舌鳎的耗氧量和耗氧率与体重(W)之间的关系可用幂函数Q=aW~b表示,其中,耗氧量与体重呈正相关,耗氧率与体重呈负相关。方差分析表明,盐度和体重对半滑舌鳎的耗氧量和耗氧率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01);不同规格半滑舌鳎耗氧率的最高值均出现在同一盐度组,最低值则因体重不同而出现在不同的盐度组。     

温度和盐度对虾夷马粪海胆耗氧率和排氨率的影响↑（*）

采用封闭式呼吸器研究了虾夷马粪海胆（Ｓｔｒｏｎｇｙｌｏｃｅｎｔｒｏｔｕｓｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｓ）的耗氧率和排氨率与温度和盐度的关系。结果表明：在温度１５～２５℃的范围内,耗氧率和排氨率随温度的升高而增加;相同温度下,随个体重量的增加耗氧率和排氨率下降,呈负指数关系;虾夷马粪海胆的适宜盐度为３０左右,此时的耗氧率最大,为０．０９１ｍｇ／ｇ·ｈ,排氨率最低,为２３．６２μｇ／ｇ·ｈ。     

Effect of salinity on growth, survival and oxygen consumption of juvenile brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes)

The brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes), is a species native to north‐west Mexico, where its culture potential is presently being addressed. Because of the climatic conditions prevailing in the region, salinities over 40 g L^?1 is a commonly encountered problem. In the present study, the effect of salinity on the growth and mortality of juvenile F. californiensis is described. The change in short‐term routine metabolism at different salinities was also evaluated in order to define the adaptive capacity of the shrimp and to provide insight into the changes in the pathways of energy distribution. Groups of shrimp were exposed to increasing salinity (25, 35, 45 and 55 g L^?1), and growth and survival rates after 75 days were determined in duplicate 1.8‐m³ tanks for each salinity level. Significant differences were found in final weight, growth rate and mortality of shrimp as a result of salinity level. Final mean shrimp weights at increasing salinity levels were 10.0, 9.4, 8.6 and 7.8 g. Corresponding mortality was 24.4%, 15.1%, 33.6% and 55.7%. Oxygen consumption was found to depend significantly on salinity and was equivalent to 0.0027, 0.0037, 0.0043 and 0.0053 mg g^?1 min^?1 respectively for the increasing salinities. The increased rate of oxygen consumption at high salinities reflects the response of the organism to osmoregulatory and ionic imbalances. Increased energy requirements to fulfil basic metabolic function as salinity increased resulted in a reduction in the energy that could be diverted to growth. Consequently, the culture of the brown shrimp at salinities over 35 g L^?1 would probably result in reduced yields.     

温度对鲢耗氧率的影响

采用封闭流水式和开放静水式对不同温度条件下(4～32℃)鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cuvier et Valenciennes)成鱼和幼鱼耗氧率进行了研究。封闭流水式的结果表明:成鱼的耗氧量和耗氧率在32℃时最高,分别为80.51mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和94.71mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在8℃时最低,为17.20mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和20.24mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。幼鱼的耗氧量和耗氧率与成鱼有着同样的变化规律,在32℃时最高,分别为5.60mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和112.00mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);在4℃最低,为1.01mg·尾~(-1)·h~(-1)和20.12mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。开放静水式测得的成鱼的耗氧率:在32℃时最高,达136.77mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在8℃时最低,为36.08mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);幼鱼的耗氧率在32℃时最高达到194.93mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在12℃时最低,为81.18mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。研究结果表明:鲢体重在45.30～1050g范围内时,随着体重的增加,耗氧量增加,耗氧率下降,温度对鲢成鱼和幼鱼的呼吸水平均有显著的影响。     

双壳贝类呼吸代谢的研究进展

呼吸代谢是生物能量学研究的重要内容之一。依据近年来国内外的研究成果,综述了关于贝类呼吸代谢的研究方法,讨论了影响贝类耗氧率的生物因素和非生物因素,展望了贝类呼吸代谢的研究和应用前景。     

Effect of dietary protein and lipid level on metabolic utilization of diets by european sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

Two trials were performed with sea bass juveniles to study the effect of dietary protein (trial I) and lipid (trial II) levels on the metabolic utilization of diets at 25 °C. The effect of water temperature (18 and 25 °C) on metabolism was also tested in trial I. For that purpose, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured both in fed and in 9-days starved fish. In trial I, diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (GE: 19.4 kJ g^–1) and to have 36, 42, 48 and 56% protein; in trial II, diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (48% protein) and to have 12, 18, 24 and 30% lipid. In trial I, feed intake (g kg^–1 day^–1), and daily ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption significantly increased with water temperature. However, when expressed relatively to intake there was no significant effect of temperature on ammonia excretion (% N intake) or heat production (% GE intake). Heat increment of feeding (% GE intake) was neither affected by diet composition nor by water temperature. The relative contribution of protein catabolism to total energy expenditure significantly increased with dietary protein level, but was not affected by water temperature. In trial II, both daily ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption were inversely correlated to dietary lipid levels. Nitrogen excretion, heat production, heat increment of feeding, non-fecal losses (% intake) and the relative contribution of protein to total energy expenditure were also inversely related to dietary lipid levels. Results of this study indicate that the main effect of water temperature was to modify feed intake, not the metabolic utilization of diets. Indeed, expressed relatively to nitrogen or energy intakes, both nitrogen and energy budgets were not significantly affected by water temperature. A decrease of dietary protein to energy ratio, by modifying either dietary protein or lipid levels, spared protein utilization for metabolism, and this effect was essentially due to a decrease of non-fecal nitrogen excretion and of the heat increment of feeding.     

Variation in thermal tolerance and routine metabolism among spring- and stream dwelling freshwater sculpins (Teleostei: Cottidae) of the southeastern United States

Abstract— Evolutionary theory predicts that some aquatic organisms may adapt by directional selection to limiting physical environmental conditions, yet empirical data are conflicting. We sought to test the assumption that sculpins (family Cottidae) inhabiting thermally stable springs of the southeastern United States differ in temperature tolerance and metabolism from populations inhabiting more thermally labile stream habitats. Spring populations of pygmy sculpins ( Cottus pygmaeus ) and Ozark sculpins ( C. hypselurus ) differed interspecifically in thermal tolerance from populations of stream-dwelling mottled ( C. bairdi ) and Tallapoosa sculpins ( C. tallapoosae ), and both stream and spring populations of banded sculpins ( C. carolinae ). No intra- or interspecific differences in thermal tolerance were found among populations of C. bairdi, C. talla poosae , or C. carolinae . Cottus pygmaeus acclimated to 15°C differed intraspecifically in routine metabolism from fish acclimated to 20° and 25°C. Cottus pygmaeus and stream-dwelling C. bairdi and C. carolinae acclimated to temperatures of 20° and 25°C showed no interspecific differences in routine metabolism. Our results suggest that some spring-adapted populations or species may be more stenothermal than stream-dwelling congeners, but a greater understanding of the interactions of other physical and biological factors is required to better explain micro- and macro habitat distributions of eastern North American sculpins.     

氨氮及盐度对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响研究

在实验室条件下测定了盐度、氨氮对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响。单环刺螠耗氧率随时间的延长逐渐降低,两者之间呈二次多项式关系：OR=ax^2＋bx＋c;盐度对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响非常明显（p〈0．01）,盐度在31时,各种规格单环刺螠的耗氧率达到最大值;单环刺螠的耗氧率与NH4^＋浓度呈明显幂函数关系：OR=ax^-b,经F检验总氨氮与体重对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响均达极显著水平（p〈0．01）。     

The effect of social stress on the Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR) of brown trout, Salmo trutta

The effect of social stress, induced by confinement in pairs, on the SMR of the brown trout, Salmo trutta (L.), was investigated. Fish were confined in pairs under laboratory conditions and allowed to establish social hierarchies, with one fish becoming dominant and the other subordinate. The change in SMR of the subordinate fish was significantly greater than that of their respective dominant. Also, the more aggressive the dominant behaved towards the subordinate with which it was paired, the greater the increase in the SMR of the subordinate fish appeared to be. It is concluded that social stress causes an increase in SMR in subordinate fish and therefore imposes a metabolic disadvantage.     

鱼类两种呼吸代谢测定方法的比较研究

呼吸代谢水平是鱼类生理学的一个重要指标,建立准确的测量方法对于研究鱼类生理学具有重要意义。本文采用在不同温度条件下对鱼类呼吸代谢研究中常用的封闭流水式和开放静水式测量方法进行了比较研究。结果表明,开放静水条件和封闭流水条件均可以有效测量不同温度条件下的耗氧率,在温度较低时,测量鱼的耗氧率较低,两种方法测得的结果差异较小,结果基本一致;当温度升高,鱼的代谢水平也随之升高,测量结果显示出一定的差异,主要表现为流水封闭条件下测得的耗氧率较高,且耗氧率的急剧上升,在2 8°时出现一个明显的峰值;开放静水条件则耗氧率上升缓慢,且无明显的峰值,而且结果明显低于流水封闭式。其差异可能是由于开放静水条件下,随着水体中氧气的消耗,空气中的氧气与水体中的氧气压力差变大,空气中的氧气通过界面的溶解作用进入水体的量较大导致的。因此,采用静水开放式呼吸测量装置测定鱼类的呼吸代谢水平最好与其他较为准确的方法进行平行试验,了解其中的误差值方可,相对而言,封闭式的测量方法测得的结果更为准确。