Dendrobiumorchids contain an inducer ofAgrobacteriumvirulence genes

SuccessfulAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocots such as orchids hinges on the induction of virulence(vir)genes in the bacterium, an event that is required for the activation of the T-DNA processing and transfer pathway. In dicots, several plant phenolic compounds, for example acetosyringone, coumaryl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, are knownvirgene inducers, but in monocots their presence and characteristics are not well established. We report herein the presence and identification of coniferyl alcohol as thevirgene inducer in the monocotDendrobium.At an early stage of development as protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), this orchid contains an aryl β-glycoside, similar to coniferin, whose aglycone moiety is coniferyl alcohol. Coniferyl alcohol is elaborated in high amounts from PLBs and its production or stability is enhanced almost six-fold higher when the PLBs were exposed to light than when maintained in the dark. PLBs produced 11-fold more inducer than leaves. These studies show for the first time that orchids, i.e.Dendrobium,exude coniferyl alcohol as avirgene inducer.     

Identification and in planta detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato using PCR amplification of hrpZPst

A rapid detection method based on PCR amplification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato chromosomal sequences was developed. Primer design was based on the P. syringae DC3000 hrpZ_Pst gene, which maps on a pathogenicity-associated operon of the hrp/hrc pathogenicity island.A 532 bp product corresponding to an internal fragment of hrpZ_Pst was amplified from 50 isolates of P. syringae pv. tomato belonging to a geographically representative collection. The amplification product was also obtained from three coronatine-deficient strains of P. syringae pv. tomato.On the other hand, PCR did not produce any such products from 100 pathogenic and symbiotic bacterial strains of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Rhizobium and 75 unidentified bacterial saprophytes isolated from tomato plants. The method was tested using leaf and fruit spots from naturally-infected tomato plants and asymptomatic nursery plants and artificially contaminated tomato seeds. The results confirmed the high specificity observed using pure cultures.     

Plant amphipathic proteins delay the hypersensitive response caused by harpinPssandPseudomonas syringaepv.syringae

Harpin_Pssfrom the plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaepv.syringaeis a proteinaceous elicitor that induces a hypersensitive response (HR) in non-host plants. The plant products which recognize harpin_Pssin the triggering of the HR are not yet known. According to the elicitor-receptor model, we hypothesize that an exogenous cell membrane receptor infiltrated into the intercellular space will interfere with the interaction between harpin_Pssand the putative receptor. We demonstrate a plant amphipathic protein (AP1) which can postpone the HR induced by harpin_Pssas well asP. syringaepv.syringae.AP1 was extracted by solubilizing proteins from healthy leaves in the non-polar n-octanol buffer followed by a polar Tris buffer. The amphipathic extracts were then further separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography to obtain highly purified AP1. Similar proteins can be extracted from cotton, tomato, and sweet pepper. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of AP1 is conserved among cotton, tomato, and sweet pepper. The postponement of the harpin_Pss-mediated HR was characterized as a competitive dosage-dependent pattern of AP1. An analysis of the bacterial population development indicates that the effect of AP1 on the postponement of bacteria-mediated HR was attributed to the suppression of bacterial growth during the early stages of the HR. The time course analysis of the infiltration indicates that the postponement of HR resulted from the co-interaction between AP1 and the bacteria. Based on these results, we suggest that the postponement of bacteria-mediated HR is due to the interference of the interaction between harpin_Pssand the putative receptor in the plant. Our research provides a new approach to elucidating the role that plants may play in the nonhost response caused by pathogens.     

Movement of fluometuron, simazine, 36Cl− and 144Ce3+ in soil under field conditions: qualitative aspects

The distributions of two herbicides and two radioactive ions in field plots at two sites were determined at periods up to 187 days following surface applications in the spring. The results demonstrated the variability characteristic of field situations. At one site some fluometuron moved a short distance down the profile but after 187 days most remained above 6 cm whereas at the other site there was essentially no movement below 3 cm. At both sites simazine was almost entirely confined to the top 3 cm. The adsorption characteristics of the two compounds are similar so the greater mobility of fluometuron is probably a consequence of its greater solubility, Measurements of ³⁶Cl^? indicated a significant movement of water through the 30 cm depth studied. ¹⁴⁴Ce³⁺ used as a tracer of soil particles was of similar mobility to simazine. In general the movement of chloride and the two herbicides can be interpreted in terms of the concept of mobile and immobile fractions of soil water in which a proportion of the mobile water does not reach equilibrium with solutes in the bulk of the soil. Soil structural effects may therefore be more important than adsorption in controlling the movement of solutes and redistribution in association with soil particles can be significant. A parallel laboratory experiment showed that the results from a standard leaching column procedure did not necessarily indicate field performance.     

Antagonismusin vitro vonBacillus spp. gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium spp.

Es konnten 132Bacillus-Stämme isoliert und gegenüber7 Rhizoctonia-solani- und 6Pythium-Stämmen auf Antagonismusin vitro untersucht werden. Die gefundenen Antagonisten hemmten die Pilzisolate unterschiedlich stark, so daß Gemische von Antagonisten für die Praxis zu empfehlen sind.There were 132Bacillus-strains isolated and tested for antagonism against 7 strains ofRhizoctonia solani and 6 strains ofPythium spp. The isolated antagonists didn't show a uniform effect against the tested strains ofRhizoctonia solani andPythium spp. For an application in practice it will be better to use a mixture of antagonists.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle     

Antagonismusin vivo vonBacillus spp. gegenüberRhizoctonia solani undPythium spp.

Es konntenBacillus-Isolate gefunden werden, die sich in Keimungsversuchen an Samen als antagonistisch gegenüberPythium aphanidermatum undRhizoctonia solani erwiesen. Die Versuche wurden mit Bohnen- und Gurkensamen durchgeführt. Die wirksamsten Antagonisten konnten in infizierter Erde Auflaufraten bei Gurken von 40–60% erzielen.Die Wirksamkeit der Antagonisten an Bohnen war niedriger, hier lagen die Keimraten kaum höher als 30%. Offenbar hängt die Wirksamkeit derBacillus-Antagonisten von der Fähigkeit ab Antibiotika zu produzieren und in Konkurrenz zu anderen Mikroorganismen zu treten.     

节节麦、鬼蜡烛——燕麦孢囊线虫的两种新寄主

禾谷孢囊线虫病(cereal cyst nematode,CCN)是由燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae Wollen.引起的一种重要的小麦病害,在世界上40多个国家均有发生[1].我国于1987年首次发现燕麦孢囊线虫[2],至2012年,已传播到湖北、河南、河北、北京、山东、山西、安徽、江苏、青海、内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、天津、西藏、新疆等16个省市自治区[3],危害程度与范围呈逐年加重和扩大的趋势,已对我国小麦生产构成严重威胁.该病造成小麦平均减产20％～40％,严重时高达73％～89％[4].因此,CCN是制约小麦和大麦生产的主要因素之一.     

小麦全蚀病菌病毒的研究

 自山东泰安及烟台地区的小麦全蚀病菌中提取到两种类型颗粒,一类是球形至多边形的病毒颗粒,直径在22~45毫微米之间,多数为27~32毫微米;另一类是棒状颗粒,长度为40~185毫微米×16毫微米,平均108×16毫微米,提取的球形病毒具有核蛋白的典型吸收光谱,最大和最小吸收值的波长分别在260毫微米和240毫微米,A260/240=1.24,A260/280=1.62。以烟台株病毒制备的抗血清,分别与烟台及泰安株病毒在琼脂免疫双扩散中作用均产生沉淀线,表明二者具有共同的血清型。烟台株病毒经苯酚抽提后的核酸样品最大吸收波长是260毫微米,最小是230毫微米,经聚丙烯酰胺-琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离为两条迁移率相近的带,表明此病毒有两个基因片断,在分类上属于需要两个dsRNA片断才能复制的等轴dsRNA真菌病毒。其外壳蛋白经测定含分子量70,000的多肽。<>br从浙江、湖北等11个省(市)的12株全蚀病菌中均提取到了病毒,比较了各菌的菌落颜色,生长速度和病毒浓度。     

烯丙氧基不对称硫逐磷酸酯的合成及其重排效应研究

采用相转移双催化技术,以79%~95%的收率合成了9种O-烯丙基-O-芳基-O-甲基不对称硫逐磷酸酯( Ⅲ );并通过 Ⅲ 的重排反应合成了烯丙硫基不对称硫赶磷酸酯,重排前后化合物的结构均得到了元素分析、IR、1H NMR和31P NMR的证实;对这些化合物杀虫活性的重排效应现象作了初步研究。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of herbicidal N′-substituted phenyl-N-methoxy-N-methylureas

Relationships between three types of herbicidal activity of N′-substituted phenyl-N-methoxy-N-methylureas and substitution at the benzene ring were analyzed by the Hansch-Fujita method. First, the Hill inhibitory activity was correlated with electronic (σ) as well as hydrophobic (π) substituent constants. The existence of an optimum value of hydrophobicity for substituents was suggested to reach the target site of action. Second, bliaching activity observed for the 3-substituted but not for 4-substituted compounds was correlated with π, σ, and steric substituent constant, E_s. Third, the postemergent herbicidal activity was shown to correlate linearly with the Hill inhibitory activity, pI₅₀, and hydrophobic parameter, π.     

Mycological Diagnostic Problems1

In diagnostics we are constantly confronted with the gaps that exist in our knowledge of the pathogenic fungal flora. This situation is illustrated by recent information concerning various economically important fungal diseases. Where such problems arise it is only through international cooperation in diagnostic mycology that they can be efficiently tackled and solved. It appears that with increasing frequency the exact identification and differentiation of fungi is only made possible through familiarity with their growth characteristics in culture. Fungus culture collections can here play an important role, since exact comparison and identification is made possible. Such pathogenic fungi should be made available for diagnostic purposes under the auspices of the Plant Protection Services, so that the risk of unwanted spreading of these pathogens can be avoided. The Plant Protection Services would in fact become more effective in their attempts to prevent and limit the distribution of harmful organisms.     

Bt伴孢晶体毒素对不同时期中华卵索线虫的毒力

采用不同浓度的10株Bt伴孢晶体蛋白分别作用于中华卵索线虫受精卵及各期幼虫,探讨该类Bt蛋白对多种农林害虫天敌中华卵索线虫的安全性。结果表明:S1-1、S1-4、S3-2、S3-3、S7-1、S7-6和S8-1等7个菌株同时表达cry1Ac和cry5基因,S1-8、S2-1和HD-1等3个菌株只表达cry1Ac基因。含Cry5蛋白的菌株对线虫卵表现出一定的杀灭毒性,其中S1-4菌株的毒力最强,LD50作用24、48和72h时分别为0.1503、0.1313和0.0182μg/mL。而Bt伴孢晶体蛋白对感染期幼线虫和寄生后期幼线虫无明显致死效应;经Bt处理的感染期幼线虫对棉铃虫的感染率及平均感染强度与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),寄生后期幼线虫能正常蜕皮和交配产卵。将含上述浓度Bt蛋白的棉花叶片喂食已感染线虫的棉铃虫,线虫能够正常发育并从宿主体内脱出。     

水稻白叶枯病菌毒性基因调控hrp基因表达的分析

水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)侵染寄主水稻,引起水稻白叶枯病(bacterial leaf blight,BLB)。病原菌主要依赖hrp基因簇编码的Ⅲ型分泌系统(Type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS)将效应蛋白(T3SS effectors,T3SEs)注入水稻细胞中,激发水稻的抗(感)病性。同源性搜索结果显示,植物病原黄单胞菌中已鉴定的一些毒性基因在Xoo的代表菌株PXO99A中保守存在。为了明确这些毒性基因对hrp基因表达调控的影响,本研究利用pK18mob-W介导的定点突变方法,成功获得了14个毒性基因的突变体;在突变体中,利用hrp∶∶gusA融合表达体系,通过GUS活性定量测定检测了hrpG、hrpX和hrpB1的启动子活性;通过荧光定量PCR技术,检测了这3个基因的mRNA水平。结果显示,双组分调控系统ColR/ColS、RpfC/RpfG和转录调控子Clp负调控hrpG和hrpB1的表达;Trh和Xrv A通过HrpG-HrpX途径正调控hrpB1的表达;HpaR1和Fur不依赖于HrpG仅通过HrpX正调控hrpB1的表达。这些调控关系的鉴定为解析水稻黄单胞菌hrp调控网络提供了新的线索。