Phytosanitary status of grapevine in Montenegro

During 2006 and 2007, a survey on the incidence and distribution of fourteen grapevine viruses was carried out in the Skadar Lake basin, one of the two main grapevine‐growing areas of Montenegro. In total 165 samples were collected from four red (‘Vranac’, ‘Krato?ija’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cardinal’), two white (‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Rkaciteli’) and a few unknown grapevine varieties in the vicinity of Podgorica and Bar. The phytosanitary status of the collected samples was analysed by DAS‐ELISA and the presence of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 1 (GLRaV‐1), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2) and Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3 (GLRaV‐3) was confirmed in some of them. The most frequently found virus in assayed samples was GLRaV‐3 (54.5%), followed by GFLV (23%), GLRaV‐1 (20%) and GLRaV‐2 (0.6%). These serological analyses showed the absence of Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 6 (GLRaV‐6), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 7 (GLRaV‐7), Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) from all tested samples.     

Phytosanitary regulations of EPPO countries for quarantine pests of potato1

An analysis is made of the phytosanitary requirements needed by EPPO countries for import of potatoes. General and pest-specific requirements are summarized. This information is derived from the EPPO computerized system PRS, which also forms the basis of an EPPO publication ‘Summaries of the phytosanitary regulations of EPPO countries’.     

Are the Present European Phytosanitary Regulations in Forestry Satisfactory ?

The pathogens which present the greatest potential dangers to European and Mediterranean forest trees are mainly to be found in remote areas such as those parts of the American continent and East Asia where the climate and tree species are similar to those in Europe. In general, inspections are not sufficient to guarantee that a consignment is free from known, and especially from unknown, pathogens. Phytosanitary regulations should therefore be based on the prohibition of the importation of living plants (not seeds). The prohibition of the importation of all conifers (not seeds) from all countries outside Europe and the Mediterranean area is proposed. All European and Mediterranean countries should agree upon effective and co-ordinated phytosanitary regulations.     

Phytosanitary status of almond and apricot in Tunisia

Surveys were carried out in the traditional areas of almond and apricot cultivation in Tunisia to assess the phytosanitary status of these species in varietal collections, mother block stands and commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases was ascertained through field surveys, sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, and ELISA and IEM tests. The mean infection level in almond was 34%. compared with only 4.7% in apricot. The following viruses were identified: apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), apple mosaic (ApMV), prune dwarf (PDV) and prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) ilarviruses. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) was not detected. Likewise, none of the six nepoviruses tested for (SLRV, TBRV, RRV. CLRV. ArMV and ToRSV) was encountered.     

Phytosanitary management of Citrus germplasm in France

It is important to assess the phytosanitary status of plants for planting as many pests are transmitted with plant propagating material. The phytosanitary management of Citrus germplasm in France, in application of the European phytosanitary regulations, is described in this article. Import of Citrus germplasm into France is strictly regulated and only possible through the post‐entry quarantine station for plants, which receives plant material from all over the world. Subsequently, the French Citrus biological resource centre maintains and distributes plant material to the scientific community and to partners for production of graft‐sticks and plants for planting in nurseries. The continuous assessment of the phyto sanitary status of plants for planting throughout the production chain involves different stakeholders to ensure the high quality plant health status of Citrus orchards.     

Phytosanitary risk of bruchids in lentil imported into India

Import of lentil grain for various purposes involves an inherent risk of introducing exotic pests. There are 26 seed pests reported on lentil including 18 bruchids, of which 12 have not yet been reported from India. These may be transported across geographical boundaries as hidden infestations of imported lentil grain. An attempt has been made to analyse the literature, according to the relevant ISPMs, to provide scientific justification of the relevant phytosanitary measures applied in India. The various aspects of risk analysis considered were: initiation (compilation of world pest record and identification of pathway), risk assessment (ascertaining pest status, pest distribution, damage, host range, etc.) and risk management (pest exclusion) through X-ray radiography, thermal and insecticidal treatments. The repeated detection of bruchids in imported breeding material of lentil ( Acanthoscelides obtectus , Bruchus ervi , Bruchus lentis , Callosobruchus analis , Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculates ) highlights their potential phytosanitary importance in bulk imports. Analysis of risk prior to import is the first step in this direction.     

Computer aids for plant protection in Latvia*

The main agricultural crops where decision support systems (DSS) can be used via the Internet in Latvia are winter and spring cereals and potato. Two PC‐based models, forming part of a Danish DSS, were tested under the agroecological conditions of Latvia in 1999/2002: PC‐Plant Protection to control diseases in cereals and several modifications of the NegFry model for prediction of potato late blight. The results of 4 years of trials suggest that models that satisfy the needs of one pest may not fit another. The main reasons for failure to adapt PC models are differences in cultivar susceptibility, differences in pathogenicity, simultaneous action of other organisms and spatial placement of crops (forests, rivers and fallow land). For example, it is well known that, with the recent global migration of more aggressive strains and populations of Phytophthora infestans, late blight epidemics have become less predictable and, at the same time, less controllable in potato‐growing areas. For cereals, there is a different spectrum of prevailing pathogens, causing different levels of damage, requiring incorporation into models of thresholds corresponding to local conditions. Data from weekly monitoring of local fields, warnings about the local situation and meteorological information via the Internet are the most important computer‐aided elements for experts in plant protection.     

六种新烟碱类杀虫剂残留在苹果实验室模拟加工中的变化

为明确苹果中残留的烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺、呋虫胺和啶虫脒6种新烟碱类药剂在不同加工过程中的变化情况,采用高效液相色谱法研究了6种药剂在苹果实验室罐头、果酱、果酒和果醋模拟加工过程中的残留量变化。结果表明:在苹果罐头加工过程中,6种药剂在罐头中残留量与初始浓度相比均显著降低,其中吡虫啉和噻虫胺在罐头中的加工因子较高,均为0.8,啶虫脒在罐头中的加工因子最低,为0.1。罐头汁中烯啶虫胺的加工因子最高,为0.5,其次为啶虫脒和噻虫嗪,均为0.4。在果酱加工过程中,烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻虫胺、呋虫胺和啶虫脒的加工因子分别为0.8、0.9、0.9、1.0、0.9和0.9。在果酒中除吡虫啉的加工因子为0.1外,其余药剂加工因子均小于0.1。在果醋中除噻虫胺有少量残留(0.05 mg/kg)外,其余药剂均低于检出限。6种新烟碱类药剂在苹果实验室模拟加工过程中,加工因子均小于1,残留降低。     

Development of National Reference Laboratories in the European Union1

Since 2004 discussions on the need for greater international co‐operation and coordination between diagnostic laboratories have taken place at several meetings of the EU Heads of National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) and of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Technical discussions on criteria for, and tasks and responsibilities of, National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) took place in a Commission Expert Working Group in September 2007. The meeting was attended by representatives from 13 Member States. The experts discussed the issues broadly and very actively and it was possible to elaborate an agreed Guidance Paper containing the main elements for the establishment of NRLs, including a priority list of individual pests for which such laboratories are needed. At their meeting in December 2007, the EU Heads of the NPPOs supported the establishment of NRLs as far as possible and where necessary. It was agreed that the Guidance Paper is a suitable common basis for the establishment of NRLs in the Member States and that it should be reviewed on the basis of the experience gained at national level.     

The Golden Nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) in Greece: History,Distribution, Economic Importance,Research and Phytosanitary Regulations1

Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. was reported for the first time in Greece in 1933, but was probably introduced from Europe before 1914. Its distribution in the country is restricted, mainly to isolated fields; many districts still remain uncontaminated. In 1972, about 7–12% of the area cultivated with potatoes was infested with H. rostochiensis, and the damage caused was estimated to be 1.6-2.4% of the total annual yield. Only few experiments have been carried out on biology, Control and other aspects. Domestic and international phytosanitary regulations for combatting this nematode are in force.     

Possibilities for integrated control of winter oilseed rape diseases in Latvia

The sowing area of winter oilseed rape in Latvia has been rapidly increasing during the last 10 years, therefore oilseed rape diseases have become an important risk factor. The present paper reports 4‐year data (2008–2011) on different fungicide application systems (including forecasting systems) tested in field trials in Central Latvia. The development of stem canker (Leptosphaeria spp.) and white stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) was evaluated depending on fungicide application schemes. Stem canker was found to be a widespread disease, and coexistence of both L. maculans and L. biglobosa was established in Latvia. There was no epidemic of white stem rot observed during the investigation period (incidence of disease was only 0.7–4.5%). Application of fungicides significantly (P < 0.05) decreased severity of stem canker. However, substantial differences between different treatments were not detected. Yield of oilseed rape fluctuated at about 4.5 tonnes ha^?1, and use of fungicides did not increase the yield. It was found that DaCom Plant Plus program had overestimated the risk of white stem rot in years with low disease pressure, whereas the Swedish model of forecasting, based on the risk‐point system, had produced acceptable forecasts.     

《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协议》的影响及其政策取向

植物检疫在世界经济贸易发展中占有十分重要的地位。由于各国采取的植物检疫措施存在明显的差异，农产品贸易中的检疫摩擦与争端时有发生。为使国际农产品贸易顺利进行，１９８６～１９９３年关贸总协定（简称GATT）乌拉圭回合成功地将规范、调整农产品贸易与检疫的关系纳入多边贸易自由化谈判，并最终达成《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协议》（简称《SPS协议》），成为世界贸易组织（WTO）的行为规则。同时，希望有关国际组织，特别是《国际植物保护公约》（简称IPPC）组织在协调、统一各国的植物检疫措施方面发挥更大的作用。为此，１９…     

Biochemical fingerprinting of the National Register of potato cultivars in Ukraine1

Isoelectric focusing of proteins from 37 Ukrainian-bred potato cultivars showed that each could be characterized by a unique spectrum. This provides a method for biochemical fingerprinting of the cultivars on the National Register and for checking on trueness to type.     

National control measures for Synchytrium endobioticum1

Although Synchytrium endobioticum has been found in almost all potato-growing countries of the EPPO region, it is absent from the great majority of fields. A few plots scattered across the potato-growing areas have been ‘scheduled’ as infested but potatoes are not grown on them. The disease is accordingly hardly ever seen. This is the result of continent-wide multiyear campaign of potato wart control within countries, according to which it is prohibited to grow potatoes on infested plots, and only resistant cultivars may be grown in a safety zone around them. S. endobioticum can persist for several decades in soil, as resting spores, but it is now dying out in plots that have been subject to the control campaign for a sufficiently long period. Procedures are now being agreed for officially ‘descheduling’ such plots.     

Phytosanitary Measures Against Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), in International Trade

The establishment of P. truncatus in Africa has highlighted the inherent weakness of phytosanitary measures against exotic pests. Consideration is given to the need for phytosanitary measures and how patterns of international trade affect phytosanitary control. To prevent the spread of pests such as P. truncatus, large grain shipments can be subject to stringent pest control procedures. However, a significant proportion of grain movement in Africa, both within countries and across borders, occurs informally by both illicit, commercial movement of multiple truckloads of grain and legally by individuals carrying headloads via bush paths or small parcels on public transport. Attempts to locate and inspect the small lots would be impractical. Some recommendations are given on how the spread of P. truncatus in large-scale international trade can be slowed but otherwise it is accepted that in the long-term the prevention of further spread of P. truncatus in Africa is wholly unrealistic.     

National and local spread of barley yellow mosaic virus in the United Kingdom1

Barley yellow mosaic virus was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1980. Since then cumulative records of reports of disease, confirmed at the laboratory of the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, show how infection has spread from the east of England where it first occurred in quantity, to the west. Areas of concentrated infection appear to relate to areas of intensive winter-barley cultivation. Records suggest that infection may have occurred as early as 1976. Patterns of local spread in fields as defined in aerial photographs reflect the means by which the viruliferous vector may be passively moved in the soil. Other patterns reflect previous cropping. The higher frequency of infection on the sites of long-removed hedgerows is not explained.