中国农业害虫综合防治研究进展:2018年－2022年

近5年来, 我国在害虫变态发育与生殖调控、害虫滞育调控、害虫迁飞、害虫与共生微生物互作、害虫对杀虫剂的抗性、害虫与寄主植物的化学通讯、害虫对植物抗虫性的适应、害虫对作物种植结构调整的响应、害虫对全球气候变化的响应等农业害虫发生新规律新机制解析方面取得了系列重要进展, 同时推进了抗虫作物、RNA农药、行为调控和生态调控等害虫防控新技术与新产品的研发; 提出迁飞性草地贪夜蛾分区治理、多食性盲蝽区域防控、地下害虫韭蛆绿色防控和抗性麦蚜精准化学防控等害虫绿色防控新模式新体系。根据国内外农业害虫综合防治科技发展趋势和中国农业高质量发展现实需求, 我国需进一步重视农业昆虫交叉学科前沿和新兴技术领域, 以产业需求为导向, 强化害虫防控基础理论创新, 创制智能监测预警和绿色防控新技术、新产品, 创新集成区域绿色防控和跨区协同治理技术体系, 为保障国家粮食安全、助力乡村全面振兴提供强有力的植保科技支撑。     

农业害虫自动识别与监测技术

随着计算机和互联网技术的发展,信息技术已被广泛地应用于植物保护领域,推动农业害虫的监测走向信息化、智能化和精准化。我们综述了农业害虫自动识别与监测技术的最新研究进展,分析了各种技术的特点与优势。这些技术均需要特定的设备获取农业害虫及其生境的信息,提取昆虫信息特征,并利用这些特征进行昆虫种类的识别与计数,达到害虫监测的目的。图像识别技术适合于自动识别与监测栖息于作物表面的害虫,昆虫雷达(厘达或激光雷达)技术特别适合于自动识别与监测高空中飞行的害虫,而声音识别技术在自动识别与监测隐蔽害虫方面具有优势。最近发展起来的基于深度学习的害虫识别方法避免了传统的手工设计特征方法,提高了害虫识别的鲁棒性,展示了一旦建立完整的昆虫信息库就可以实现害虫自动识别与监测的可能;这给昆虫学家提出了一个艰巨的任务,即鉴定和正确标识机器学习所需的大量的昆虫信息。     

The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management

Allelopathy is a naturally occurring ecological phenomenon of interference among organisms that may be employed for managing weeds, insect pests and diseases in field crops. In field crops, allelopathy can be used following rotation, using cover crops, mulching and plant extracts for natural pest management. Application of allelopathic plant extracts can effectively control weeds and insect pests. However, mixtures of allelopathic water extracts are more effective than the application of single-plant extract in this regard. Combined application of allelopathic extract and reduced herbicide dose (up to half the standard dose) give as much weed control as the standard herbicide dose in several field crops. Lower doses of herbicides may help to reduce the development of herbicide resistance in weed ecotypes. Allelopathy thus offers an attractive environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides in agricultural pest management. In this review, application of allelopathy for natural pest management, particularly in small-farm intensive agricultural systems, is discussed.     

Monitoring and forecasting in plant protection in the German Democratic Republic

In the GDR, a regional pest monitoring scheme run by the State Plant Protection Service collects data on 87 pests for preparing national pest management warnings and recommendations and for strategic planning. Within each farm, plant protection specialists follow a field-level crop monitoring procedure to guide them in their immediate decision making. Regional 'standard values for control', oriented according to national economic requirements, are adjusted in the light of immediate local ecological and agrotechnical conditions into 'control thresholds' used for local decision making. Simulation models assist in fixing these control indices. In particular, SIMPHYT I and SIMPHYT II calculate the course of Phytophthora infestans epidemics and provide the basis for the PHYTEB forecasting procedure. These systems have been operational in GDR since 1982 and in general result in saving at least one spray per season. SIMPHYT III, a new system under trial, incorporates fungicide behaviour as well, SIMLEP I has been operational since 1983 and provides forecasts of Colorado beetle populations. Five other such systems are at an advanced stage of development. In orchards control decisions will instead be based on locally installed automatic microchip-based warning devices. These monitor temperature, humidity, leaf wetness and wind velocity and can be programmed for all the major orchard pests and diseases. Trials in five intensive orchards in 1982/84 have been given very promising results and it is suggested that one such device, representative of an area of 500–1000 ha, could save about 150,000 Marks per annum in reducing the number of 'insurance' sprays.     

Implications of potential global warming on agricultural pests in Australia1

The potential influence of climate warming on the future status of agricultural pests in Australia is discussed in terms of the possible effects that changes in temperature, rainfall and weather patterns will have on the future distribution, numbers, fluctuations and movements of pest populations. Event-driven outbreaks are distinguished from rate-driven processes in pest populations. The future severity and frequency of pest outbreaks will depend on changes in the frequency of extreme weather events, some of which are related to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. Three scenarios are presented for geographical changes to rate-driven and to event-driven processes: little change (displacement of agroecosystems and their associated pests to new climatic optima); expansion of tropical pests, contraction of Mediterranean (winter rainfall) pests; increased pest multiplication in geographically fixed agroecosystems such as irrigation schemes and some animal production systems. There is considerable uncertainty about the future severity of outbreaks and chronic infestations because of our current difficulties in forecasting and realistically simulating population changes in agroecosystems. This probably results from the complex feedback mechanisms involving natural enemies and other factors. In Australia the overall expansion of areas affected by tropical pests portends an overall worsening of agricultural pest problems.     

Western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies

Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management have been detected. To combat insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, several insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs have been developed around the world, and these are discussed. Successful programs rely on non-insecticidal tactics, such as biological and cultural controls and host plant resistance, to reduce population pressures, rotations among insecticides of different mode of action classes to conserve insecticide efficacy, resistance monitoring, sampling to determine the need for insecticide applications and education to assure proper implementation. More judicious insecticide use is possible with the development of well-founded economic thresholds for more cropping systems. While growers will continue to rely on insecticides as part of western-flower-thrips- and thrips-transmitted virus management, more effective management of these pests will be achieved by considering their management in the context of overall integrated pest management, with IRM being a key component of those comprehensive programs.     

鞘翅目昆虫诱捕器野外应用技术探讨

鞘翅目昆虫是我国最常见的农林业有害生物,给农林生产造成了巨大损失。基于昆虫趋光性、趋色性和趋化性所研发的昆虫诱捕器作为一种绿色防控手段,目前已广泛应用于农林虫害的监测、预防和控制中,成为了害虫综合防控体系的重要组成部分。明确害虫诱捕装置的设计原理及各因子对诱捕效率的影响是有效实施虫害绿色生物防控的前提,本文陈述了国内外害虫诱捕器的应用进展及设计原理,进而探讨不同因子（如形状、颜色、材质、引诱剂和高度等）对鞘翅目害虫野外诱捕装置诱捕效果的影响,旨在为提高装置诱捕效果提供借鉴和参考,加快新型诱捕技术的研究及应用进程。     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of accidental insect pest introduction into Switzerland and its implications for plant protection1

The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of accidental introduction of pest organisms into Switzerland by means of international plant trade, and to discuss its consequences for the development of plant protection strategies. We found substantial levels of infestation in samples of all producing countries included in the study. Since the use of synthetic pesticides is the main basis of pest control in the ornamental industry, the results of this study indicate that chemical pest control has reached a limit above which no further reduction of pest population levels is possible. The increased pesticide tolerance of many arthropod pests is mainly due to increased levels of resistance to pesticides caused by their excessive use. Therefore, alternative methods supplementing pesticide use are required to develop an optimal pest management strategy for the future. It is proposed that, in the Swiss ornamental production industry, pest monitoring should be the first step in this direction.     

Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action

Pest management is facing economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanical pesticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as pest antifeedants, repellents and toxicants, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, a little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics and fermentation products) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries. Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. The compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio-control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in the understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. I’m trying in this article to present different kinds of botanical pesticides came from different recourses and their mode of actions as well as I will try to examine the reasons behind their limited use (disadvantages) and the actual crop protection developments involving biopesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures to keep our environment clean and safer for humankind and animals.     

Advocating a need for suitable breeding approaches to boost integrated pest management: a European perspective

Currently, European farmers do not have access to sufficient numbers and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing cropping systems more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: (1) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity in cropping systems, and (2) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here ‘breeding for integrated pest management (IPM)’, may boost IPM through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests, with the goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this article presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey and experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled ‘Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems’. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Integrated pest management in olive in the Mediterranean area1

The FAO Interregional Cooperative Research Network on Olives is working on plant protection with the main objective of setting up an integrated pest management system aimed at controlling the main insect pests attacking Mediterranean olive orchards. The study of the factors controlling populations of both olive pests and their natural parasites and predators has therefore taken a great share of that cooperative effort. This paper reviews the work developed so far, while describing the computerized pest management programme now in use in Spain. This is directed by the national and some regional Plant Protection Services and based on the cooperation of olive growers' associations named Agrupaciones para Tratamientos Integrados (ATRIAs). Each ATRIA provides the meteorological and insect population data needed for plant protection researchers to take decisions about where and when to treat each pest.     

云南甘蔗地下害虫猖獗原因及防治对策

在总结云南甘蔗地下害虫发生特点的基础上,分析猖獗发生的原因,主要与复杂性虫源、寄主植物、种植制度、天敌等因素有关。根据地下害虫的发生为害特点,提出以农业防治、生物防治为基础,物理防治灯光诱杀为辅,减少虫源;统一化防为重点和抓好关键时期科学用药的综合防治措施,可持续、有效控制甘蔗地下害虫发生为害。     

Structure and organization of warning services in Rheinland‐Pfalz (Germany)*

Rheinland‐Pfalz, a federal state in the south‐western part of Germany, is an agricultural region with high crop diversity. For each branch of agriculture (arable, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants), specific warning and information services have been installed. Advisory work, including warning services, is done by a central (LPP) and eight regional state institutions (SL V As). LPP provides the infrastructure for information dissemination, organizes data acquisition and supplies the farmers with general information on crop protection (availability of plant protection products, control strategies, etc.), SL V As collect data on current pest development and elaborate regional recommendations on field assessments and control measures to be taken by the farmers. Warning service information is transmitted to the farmers by info post (periodic letters), telephone‐answering machines, fax services and, lately, via the Internet. Farmers are mainly interested in current disease and pest severity data, preferably on a local basis, to aid their decision‐making in crop protection. The forecasting models and computer‐aided decision‐support systems run by the state crop protection service have become essential tools during the last four years. Their results, supplemented by field‐monitoring data, serve as the main input for the warning services. The Internet, in conjunction with computerized decision‐support systems, provides the means of ensuring an adequate supply of warning service information at a time when crop protection services are undergoing severe staff reductions.     

农林害虫诱捕器应用技术

随着我国农作物绿色防控体系的不断完善和升级,害虫治理由化学防治到综合治理再到生态防控进行转移,诱杀技术已成为害虫生态防控的核心技术之一。昆虫诱捕器的研制已发展成由简单到复杂,功能更加多样和实用,现广泛应用在蔬菜、果树、花卉、茶叶、森林等农作物和林业植被的害虫诱杀方面,并取得了显著成效,期望未来在绿色植保中发挥更大作用。本文从农林作物害虫的监测和诱杀防治的角度考虑,对不同构造以及诱集昆虫种类的诱捕器进行了分类,阐述了诱捕器的悬挂高度、布设密度、形状、大小和颜色以及诱芯载体颜色、光源波长等因素对害虫诱捕效率的影响,旨在为农林害虫的绿色防控提供专业的技术指导。     

Integrated management of insect pests,diseases and weeds of cotton in Africa

Integrated pest management systems were developed originally in response to the appearance of insect populations with resistance to common insecticides. Cotton with its heavy dependence on insecticidal sprays was one of the first crops in which the effectiveness of control declined due to resistance in the target pests. Although insecticide resistance is more of a problem in large scale production systems, the IPM approach can also benefit the smallholder by reducing the number of sprays required with consequent cost savings. Where crop growth is adversely affected by diseases, competition from weeds or poor management, the full benefit of insecticide spray programmes cannot be realised. To be fully effective, insect control should therefore be integrated with other crop protection activities. This paper reviews the insect pests, diseases and weed problems of cotton in Africa and discusses the possibilities for extending the principles of IPM to cover all the crop protection activities with practical examples drawn from both small scale and larger scale production systems.     

六十年防治病虫保驾护航 新时代追求卓越再创辉煌

植物保护是保障粮食安全、生态安全与社会安全的关键。中国是一个农业古国与农业大国，其原始农业有着近万年的悠久历史；中国的植物保护有着古代的辉煌、近代的衰落与现代的崛起。新中国成立以来，特别是改革开放以来，中国的植物保护事业取得了辉煌成就，建立健全了高效的植物保护教学、科研与推广体系，消灭了千年的蝗灾，成功地控制了黏虫Mythimna seperata、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、水稻螟虫、小麦黑穗病和条锈病等重大农作物病虫害的暴发，保障了我国的粮食安全与农业安全；并在农作物重大病虫害的智能监测、成灾机理及可持续控制原理与防控技术集成等方面取得了一批国际先进水平的成果。2022年是《植物保护学报》创刊60周年，为回顾过去、展望未来而筹划了本辑，由中外147位作者从不同方向综述了植物保护主要领域的研究进展与展望。希望本辑的出版能够促进我国植物保护知识的传播、推动我国植物保护学科的发展，为我国农业可持续发展和实现乡村振兴做出更大的贡献。     

Variability in resistance-related enzyme activities in field populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris

Widespread use of Bt crops for control of lepidopterous pests has reduced insecticide use and provided the tarnished plant bug the opportunity to become a serious pest on mid-South cotton. Organophosphate insecticides have predominantly been used against plant bugs in recent years due to the reduced efficacy of other insecticides. In this study, a biochemical approach was developed to survey enzymatic levels associated with organophosphate resistance levels in field populations of the tarnished plant bug. Forty-three populations were collected from the delta areas of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Three esterase substrates and one substrate each of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were used to determine corresponding detoxification enzyme activities in different populations. Compared to a laboratory susceptible colony, increases up to 5.29-fold for esterase, 1.96-fold for GST, and 1.97-fold for AChE activities were detected in the field populations. In addition to the survey of enzyme activities among the populations, we also examined the susceptibility of major detoxification enzymes to several inhibitors which could be used in formulations to synergize insecticide toxicity against the target pests. As much as 52-76% of esterase, 72-98% of GST, and 93% of AChE activities were inhibited in vitro. Revealing variable esterase and GST activities among field populations may lead to a better understanding of resistance mechanisms in the tarnished plant bug. This study also reports effective suppression of detoxification enzymes which may be useful in future insecticide resistance management program for the tarnished plant bug and other Heteropteran pests on Bt crops.     

中国农作物有害生物监控信息系统的建立与应用

中国农作物有害生物监控信息系统将计算机网络技术和植物保护专业技术相结合,构建了我国农作物病虫害监测预警和控制体系基础平台,实现了全国主要病虫害监控信息的网络传输、分析处理和资源共享,推进了我国农作物病虫害监测预警信息化进程。     

History,evolution, and consequences of insecticide resistance

The first inkling of what the future held with respect to pesticide resistance of arthropods may be found in 1897 writings concerning control difficulties with San Jose Scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)) and codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella (L.)). Eighty-three years later, the ever-growing list of resistant species involved 14 orders and 83 families, and numbered 428 different insects and acarines, of which 61% are of agricultural importance and the remainder of medical/veterinary concern. The impact of this has been felt throughout the world, wherever insecticides are used, in terms of increased vector-borne disease, increased pesticide hazards in the environment, crop losses and poorer quality of products, increased production costs, pest resurgences and rise of secondary pests, and various socioeconomic repercussions. Along the way, much has been learned about the mechanisms of resistance and the genetic, biological, and operational parameters that enable pest populations to thwart man's best efforts at chemical control. The challenge that we now face is to utilize this knowledge in the development of management strategies that will suppress the eruption of multiresistance that presently threatens the successful management of numerous arthropod pests, and will avert similar problems with other pest species in the future.     

云南蔗区甘蔗地下害虫猖獗原因及防治对策

在总结云南甘蔗地下害虫发生特点的基础上,分析猖獗发生的原因,主要与复杂性虫源、寄主植物、种植制度、天敌等因素有关。根据地下害虫的发生为害特点,提出以农业防治、生物防治为基础,物理防治灯光诱杀为辅,减少虫源;统一化防为重点和抓好关键时期科学用药的综合防治措施,可持续、有效控制甘蔗地下害虫发生为害。