虾青素酯皂化工艺研究

以NaOH-甲醇溶液为皂化液,采用正交试验方法,对虾青素酯皂化工艺中NaOH浓度、皂化温度和皂化时间3个因素进行最优水平的筛选。经试验确定虾青素酯最佳皂化工艺条件为2.0g/L的NaOH-甲醇溶液,在15℃条件下皂化5h,虾青素酯达到最佳的皂化效率,样品中游离虾青素含量从皂化前的25.765μg/mL提高到88.175μg/mL。     

虾青素生物学来源和功能的研究进展

虾青素(Astaxanthin)即3,3’—二羟基-4,4’二酮基-β,β’胡萝卜素,又称虾黄质、虾黄素、龙虾壳色素、还原型虾红素。虾青素的分子式为C40H52O4,是一种萜烯类非维生素A源胡萝卜素,呈艳丽的红色,易溶于二硫化碳、丙酮、苯和氯仿,因其具有着色功能和极强的抗氧化性,提高免疫力;近年来越来越受到国内外食品、医药、化妆品、养殖、饲料等领域研究人员的重视。1虾青素的生物学来源虾青素在动物体内和羽毛中,尤其是水生动物体内(如虾、蟹)普遍存在。早在20世纪30年代虾青素就已从虾、蟹中分离出来。除了从水产品加工的废弃物中提取虾青素外,从…     

雨生红球藻中虾青素提取方法研究现状

虾青素(3,3′-二羟基-4,4′-二酮基-β,β′-胡萝卜素,C40H52O4)是一种具有次生类胡萝卜素,超强的抗氧化活性赋予了虾青素突出的生理功能,如提高动物免疫力、抑制肿瘤、清除自由基和活性氧等.天然虾青素具有广泛的应用价值,不仅可以用作珍贵水产动物养殖的饵料添加剂和人类的食品添加剂,在药品、化妆品和高级营养保健品等领域也具有极大的应用潜力.     

饲料中虾青素对水产动物品质影响的研究进展

正据联合国粮食及农业组织数据统计,1990—2013年世界水产品养殖产量从1.83×107 t持续增长至9.72×107 t,水产养殖产业正在不断兴起。1900年中国水产养殖量就已达到约世界水产养殖总产量的50%,之后比例不断上升,中国已成为世界上水产养殖量最高的国家[1](表1)。人们对于水产品的喜爱来源于它的营养与美味,随着水产养殖规模越来越大,人们对于水产品品质的要求也越来越高,不仅要求其品质安全、味道鲜美,还更加注重色泽、运输、保藏等方面的因素。水产品品质受水     

虾青素在鱼类饵料中的应用研究进展

虾青素是一种具有多种生理功能的类胡萝卜素,在水产动物养殖中具有重要作用。本文就虾青素的理化性质和来源,对虾青素在水产动物养殖中的着色作用、抗氧化、抗应激和提高水产动物生长、繁殖和发育性能等方面进行了综述。     

正交试验优化天然虾青素的提取工艺研究

研究了负压空化法提取虾壳中虾青素的各项工艺条件对虾青素提取效果的影响,通过正交试验确定了负压空化法提取最佳工艺参数为提取溶剂是浓度80%的乙醇溶液,提取时间为35min,料液比为1：20,通气量为0.2m^3·h^-1。同时将负压空化法与常用破壁提取方法的提取效果和效率进行了比较,综合结果表明,负压空化法优越于其它方法,是一种能够适应工业生产的新型提取方法。     

虾青素在鱼类饲粮中应用研究进展

虾青素是一种具有多种生理功能的类胡萝卜素,在水产动物养殖中具有重要作用。本文就虾青素的理化性质和来源,对虾青素在水产动物养殖中的着色作用、抗氧化、抗应激和提高水产动物生长、繁殖和发育性能等方面进行了综述。     

微生物发酵法生产虾青素的研究

论文叙述了当前国内外微生物发酵生产虾青素的概况，重点介绍了红酵母高产菌株的选育、培养条件的优化、虾青素的提取技术、检测方法以及原生质体融合技术在菌种选育中的应用前景，指出了今后大规模商业化生产需要解决的问题，并对应用前景进行了分析。     

虾青素应用前景广阔

虾青素是一种极具潜力的色素和抗氧化剂,具有许多重要的生理功能.本文对虾青素的生物来源及其生理功用等方面进行了叙述.     

投喂虾青素对哲罗鲑虾青素含量和抗氧化力的影响

水温12～18℃,将体质量(435.63±21.32)g的哲罗鲑饲养在6.0 m×2.5 m×1.2 m的流水水泥池中,投喂含100 mg/kg人工合成虾青素(对照组)和10、20、40、60 mg/kg天然虾青素(雨生红球藻)饲料,每两周检测试验鱼肌肉中的虾青素含量和鳃、肝脏、前肠、后肠、幽门垂、肌肉、血清、血细胞的...     

内源酶辅助提取虾壳虾青素的研究

文章探讨了内源酶对虾青素提取效果的影响,并以高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定样品中虾青素的质量浓度,研究了pH、温度和酶解时间这3个因素对虾青素提取效果的影响,采用正交试验进行优化,以虾壳虾青素的萃取率作为评价提取效果的指标。结果表明,当酶解最佳工艺条件为pH 4.0,温度50℃,酶解时间1.5 h时,虾青素的萃取率最高,可达32.16μg.g-1湿虾壳,比直接超声提取提高28%。通过空白试验可知,外加脂肪酶对虾青素提取无促进作用,仅利用内源酶即可达到较好的提取效果,且经济节约。     

Interactive effects of dietary astaxanthin and cholesterol on the growth,pigmentation, fatty acid analysis,immune response and stress resistance of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

A 56‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) and cholesterol (CHO) on the performances of kuruma shrimp juveniles. Six experimental diets containing 2 levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet) and 3 levels of CHO (0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet) were formulated in 2 × 3 factorial design. The results indicated that the interactions between dietary CHO and Ax were not significant on survival, growth performances, body proximate analysis, immune response and freshwater stress test. Significantly, better pigmentation performances and Ax contents of different parts of juveniles (whole body, muscle, carapace and head) were observed in higher Ax (Ax_0.6)‐supplemented groups. Meanwhile, interactions of dietary Ax and CHO were also found on colour reading parameters and whole‐body Ax contents. In addition, juveniles fed with the diet containing Ax at 0.6 g/kg diet in addition to CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet showed better performances on digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase and amylase) of hepatopancreas than 0 g Ax/kg diet supplemented with CHO at 0, 6 and 20 g/kg diet. It was concluded that dietary Ax and CHO functioned interactively.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on survival,growth and stress resistance in larval and post‐larval kuruma shrimp,Marsupenaeus japonicus

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) on growth performance, survival, and stress resistance in larval and post‐larval kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Six dietary levels of Ax (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg diet) were added to a baseline diet. As a first study, an 8‐day feeding trial was conducted on larval kuruma shrimp, with results showing that larvae‐fed diets supplemented with different Ax levels exhibited better performance during developmental and metamorphosis to postlarvae. Broken‐line regression analysis indicated that the optimal levels for growth and stress resistance of larvae were 168.9 mg/kg and 82.1 mg/kg diet, respectively. Second, a 30‐day feeding trial was conducted on post‐larval shrimp. Supplementation with 100 and 200 mg/kg Ax yielded significantly higher final body weight, body weight gain and specific growth rate than that in a control group. A cumulative mortality index for osmotic stress revealed significantly better performance in a group fed 200 mg/kg supplementation than in controls. Broken‐line regression analysis indicated that the optimal levels for growth and stress resistance of postlarvae were 108.7 mg/kg and 178.1 mg/kg diet, respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that carefully dosed Ax supplementation is a beneficial nutritional strategy for the early developmental stages of kuruma shrimp.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin and vitamin E and their interactions on the growth performance,pigmentation, digestive enzyme activity of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

A 56‐day feeding trial was done to investigate the interactive effects of astaxanthin (Ax) and vitamin E (α‐Toc) on the performance of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted with six experimental diets containing two levels of Ax (0 and 0.6 g/kg diet [Ax₀ and Ax_0.6]) and three levels of α‐Toc (0, 0.2 and 1 g/kg diet [α‐Toc₀, α‐Toc_0.2 and α‐Toc₁]). The results indicated that growth performance was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in shrimp fed with the Ax_0.6 × α‐Toc_0.2 diet. Interactive effects between Ax and α‐Toc on the growth parameters were observed. Furthermore, pigmentation performance was significantly (p < 0.05) better in the Ax_0.6 groups. Interaction between Ax and α‐Toc was also found in the Ax content of shrimp body parts. Interestingly, dietary α‐Toc helped to reduce the Ax consumption rate, promote the absorption and increase the deposition of Ax in the muscle. Shrimps from the Ax_0.6 groups showed significantly (p < 0.05) improved hepatopancreatic digestive enzyme activities compared with those of the Ax₀ groups. Although no interactive (p > 0.05) effects were found between dietary α‐Toc and Ax on total haemocyte count and tolerance against freshwater, dietary Ax and α‐Toc supplementation showed better performance on these two parameters. It was concluded that dietary Ax and α‐Toc functioned synergistically, and the shrimp fed with the diet containing 0.6 g Ax/kg diet Ax and 0.2 g α‐Toc/kg diet showed improved growth and pigmentation performance compared with the other groups in the current study.     

Effects of shrimp waste meal on growth performance and chitinase activity in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

The effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with shrimp waste meal (SWM) in diets fed to juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) were investigated through a 6‐week trial. SWM was added to replace FM at fractions of 0%, 10%, 20% and 25% of the diet. The result showed the survival rates of the fish were higher than 86.7%. The weight gain and feed conversion rate showed an increasing trend as the SWM proportion in diet increased from 0% to 25%, but the protein efficiency ratio showed a decreasing trend in efficiency. In addition, the hepatosomatic index increased significantly when the SWM percentage was 20% and 25%. There were no significant differences in the protein and ash concentration of the muscle among all dietary groups. However, the muscle lipid content was low when fish fed in diets with high SWM level. Chitinase activity was extremely high in the pyloric caeca tissue of cobia, and increased specific activities of chitinase were only found in the foregut of cobia fed diets containing 10% SWM for a 6‐week period. A challenge test showed that SWM could not enhance cobia resistance to Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida infection. Our results suggest that the administration of a 10% SWM diet could potentially reduce the use of FM in the diet of cobia.     

贵州草海小龙虾虾青素提取条件及含量测定

以贵州草海自然水域捕获的新鲜小龙虾(Procambarus clarkii)为材料,采用单因素实验研究了提取溶液、料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数对虾青素提取效果的影响,用分光光度法测定了草海小龙虾不同部位虾青素的含量。结果表明,以乙酸乙酯为提取溶液,料液比为1∶2(g∶mL),在60℃下提取2 h,重复提取两次,再此提取条件下虾壳中虾青素含量最高。在虾壳、虾肉和内脏三个部位中,虾壳中虾青素含量最高,虾肉和内脏中也含有少量虾青素,但是含量远低于虾壳中的含量,说明了小龙虾虾青素主要富集在虾壳中。     

Effects of silage preservation on astaxanthin forms and fatty acid profiles of processed shrimp (Pandalus borealis) waste

Acid silage of shellfish processing waste has been reported to be a good and economical technique to protect these biomasses from bacterial decomposition. Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) by-products contain some value-added nutrients for the aquaculture industry such as carotenoid pigments (mainly astaxanthin) and n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of ensiling shrimp waste during a long period of time (more than 3 months) on some unstable components such as the astaxanthin forms (free, mono- and diesterified) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Comparisons of astaxanthin forms and the fatty acid profiles were performed on defrosted shrimp waste and on a 14-week-old shrimp waste silage. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the total lipids extracted from the two forms of shrimp waste was observed. Nevertheless, a small quantity of the red pigment, presumably an astaxanthin portion, was observed to stay firmly bound to the shrimp carapace after the solvent extraction in shrimp waste compared to the full recovery obtained in ensiled shrimp waste. This may explain the significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentration of total astaxanthin (4.57 vs 3.99 mg/g) found in the crude oil extracted from shrimp waste silage. Higher percentages (P < 0.01) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found in esterified astaxanthin from shrimp waste silage (43.9% and 45.5%) in comparison with their shrimp waste (24.7% and 20.3%) counterparts. This suggests that EPA and DHA are the principal fatty acids esterified with the portion of astaxanthin linked to chitin in the shrimp carapace. The utilization of shrimp waste silage as a pigmenting component of salmonid feeds is also discussed.     

Effect of Protease Treatment on Oil Extractability of Carotenoids from Shrimp Waste

Crustacean waste is an important source of natural carotenoids. Carotenoids in shrimp waste occur as a complex with proteins. Investigations were carried out to assess the effect of hydrolyzing shrimp waste with different proteases on the subsequent recovery of carotenoids in vegetable oil. Hydrolyzing the shrimp waste with the bacterial protease alcalase gave higher extraction yields in oil (28.6 μg/g waste) compared to hydrolyzing with the plant protease papain (24.8 μg/g) or the animal protease trypsin (25.3 μg/g). Optimized conditions for alcalase treatment and extraction of carotenoids was determined to be hydrolysis of shrimp waste with 0.75% of alcalase at 37°C for 150 min, adding sunflower oil to hydrolyzed waste in a ratio of 2:1, and heating at 70°C for 90 min. Prior hydrolysis of waste considerably reduced the heating time required for maximum extraction of pigments, which may help in preventing the carotenoid degradation during prolonged heating in oil.     

口虾蛄主要过敏原原肌球蛋白的免疫活性

原肌球蛋白(TM)是甲壳类动物的主要过敏原,其氨基酸序列具有很高的保守性。本研究以口虾蛄为研究对象,旨在探明TM是否是其主要过敏原并对其相关性质进行研究。利用过敏患者血清通过免疫印迹法确定口虾蛄的主要过敏原分子量约为36ku。通过制备丙酮粉、等电点沉淀、硫酸铵盐析及加热等方法纯化了该主要过敏原。采用抗中华绒螯蟹TM多克隆抗体进行免疫学性质分析表明该蛋白为TM。抑制性免疫印迹和抑制性ELISA实验表明口虾蛄TM与凡纳滨对虾和锯缘青蟹等甲壳类动物的TM具有较强的免疫交叉反应,但与贝类动物杂色蛤的免疫交叉性较低。通过ELISA方法对甲壳类动物的TM进行定量测定,结果表明,口虾蛄肌肉中TM的含量约只有凡纳滨对虾TM含量的1/45,但仍具有一定的致敏性。