‘陇薯3号’和‘陇薯7号’试管结薯关键条件优化

应用不同光照、温度、培养基等条件诱导‘陇薯3号’和‘陇薯7号’试管结薯,结果表明,自然光照室温培养、自然光照室温培养7 d转黑暗恒温培养以及黑暗恒温培养条件均能诱导2个品种结薯。自然光照室温条件下,‘陇薯7号’试管薯单瓶薯数、单瓶薯重及大薯数均极显著高于其他培养条件(P0.01)。与"固体+液体"、"固体"培养基相比,"液体+液体"培养基结薯时间早,数量多,大薯率高。     

试管薯诱导期温度对‘宁薯14号’结薯率的效果

为探明试管薯诱导期温度对试管薯结薯率的影响效果,以马铃薯品种‘宁薯14号’为试验材料,在试管薯诱导期,研究了温度(13±1)℃、(15±1)℃、(17±1)℃、(19±1)℃和(21±1)℃对‘宁薯14号’结薯率的影响。结果表明,试管薯诱导期低温处理有利于促进试管薯结薯形成、缩短试管薯结薯时间,提高试管薯结薯率和单薯重。在全黑暗条件下,‘宁薯14号’在MS固体基本培养基+白糖(100 g/L)+6-BA(0.25 mg/L)+CCC(0.5 ml/L)培养基上,诱导期温度(17±1)℃,试管薯结薯效果最好,结薯率为100.0%,大中薯率为83.78%,单薯重57.0 mg。     

蔗糖浓度及苗龄对马铃薯新品种‘丽薯6号’试管薯诱导的效果

马铃薯试管薯诱导技术因其能有效加快脱毒马铃薯繁殖,缩短种薯生产周期,使种薯工厂化生产成为可能而受到重视。本研究以不同苗龄的高产抗病新品种‘丽薯6号’脱毒苗为试验材料,在马铃薯适宜的8%¹2%蔗糖浓度诱导区间内使用不同浓度的蔗糖诱导试管薯,探求其最适蔗糖浓度并观察苗龄对试管薯形成的影响,旨在花费更少的成本和较短时间内诱导大量的试管薯,以便于建立原原种高效生产体系。综合分析单株结薯数及单株结薯速率,结果表明:‘丽薯6号’诱导试管薯的最适苗龄为80 d,最适蔗糖浓度为10%。在此处理下单株结薯数最多,且结薯最早,生产效率高于其他处理。     

氮肥基追肥比例对马铃薯微型薯生产的影响

为探讨马铃薯微型薯合理的氮肥施肥方式,以‘早大白’马铃薯脱毒试管苗为材料,在温室内进行了氮肥不同基施和追施比例对马铃薯微型薯生产影响的试验。结果表明:在施氮肥量为纯氮105 kg/hm2条件下,单株结薯方面,基追比为5:2时,单株结薯最多,全部做基肥的处理,单株结薯最低;单粒重方面,基追比为2:1时,单粒重最大,全部追肥的处理最低。可见氮肥基施和追施配合有利于提高单株结薯率及平均单粒重。因此,微型薯生产重视氮肥基施同时配合追施比较符合移栽的试管苗对氮肥的吸收规律。     

马铃薯脱毒试管苗在不同扦插密度条件下的产量性状和经济参数的分析

为了探讨马铃薯脱毒试管苗在温室条件下的适宜扦插密度问题,利用早熟品种荷兰15号、中熟品种尤金和中晚熟品种克新13号的脱毒试管苗为试验材料,种植并生产原原种。采用单因素随机设计,设密度分别为每平方米154株、182株、222株、286株、400株和667株共6个处理,用方差分析探讨了扦插密度与结薯个数(单位面积上的商品薯数、单株商品薯数、单位面积上的结薯总个数、单株结薯总个数)、产量参数(单位面积上的商品薯产量、单株商品薯产量、单位面积上的总产量、单株产量)和经济参数(利润和经济效益)的关系。研究结果表明:荷兰15号、尤金和克新13号的脱毒试管苗扦插密度每平方米在154～667株之间时,随着扦插密度的增大,其结薯总个数均逐渐增多,单株商品薯产量和单株产量均逐渐变低;这3个品种在每平方米上的商品薯产量、总产量、利润和经济效益的变化趋势不同;通过结薯个数和经济参数的综合评价,得出荷兰15号和尤金的适宜扦插密度每平方米为400株,克新13号的适宜扦插密度为286株。     

白糖浓度及光照条件对马铃薯试管薯诱导的影响

用马铃薯脱毒苗直接在三角瓶中诱导马铃薯结薯,试图在更少的空间和更短的时间内诱导出大量试管薯,以便于大规模工厂化生产,获得高质量的原原种。本试验在6 mg.L-1 6-BA的诱导培养基中诱导试管薯,通过对不同白糖浓度、不同光照条件进行研究。结果表明,全黑暗条件对试管薯形成、结薯数和平均单薯重有促进作用;培养基中加入100 g.L-1的白糖明显提前试管薯形成期,显著增加结薯数和单薯重。     

采用滴注法进行马铃薯试管薯的诱导试验

以克新1号、克新12号、花525和克新16号4个不同熟期、不同用途的马铃薯品种为试验材料,进行常规方法与滴注法诱导马铃薯试管薯的对比试验。结果表明,滴注法与常规方法相比,在初始结薯时期、收获有效小薯时间、结薯个数和薯块大小方面无明显差异。但单位时间内注入诱导培养基的效率提高了52%,污染率降低87.5%,诱导操作复杂程度及能源消耗大大降低,是一种高效、工厂化生产马铃薯试管薯的好方法。     

干旱区不同覆膜方式对‘青薯9号’集雨保墒效果及产量的影响

地膜覆盖是干旱区作物种植的有效方法。马铃薯‘青薯9号’是定西市广泛种植的新品种,然而不同地膜覆盖方式对‘青薯9号’产量的影响目前仍不明确。试验研究不同地膜覆盖方式下土壤保水性以及‘青薯9号’的物候性状、经济性状和产量特性。结果表明,全膜大垄侧播+膜上覆土处理下土壤保水性最好,双垄全膜覆盖侧播方式下马铃薯‘青薯9号’平均块茎重和产量最高。研究可以为该地区马铃薯‘青薯9号’大面积推广中适宜种植方法的选择提供科学依据。     

马铃薯试管结薯的光周期诱导效应研究

以马铃薯品种米拉脱毒试管苗为材料,采用6个不同的光周期处理进行试管薯诱导,以研究光周期对马铃薯试管薯的诱导效应。研究结果表明:不同暗期处理对试管薯结薯个数影响不显著,以8h和12h/d暗处理产量较高;叶绿素含量和块茎淀粉含量与暗期长短均呈负相关,α-淀粉酶活性与暗期长短均呈正相关;叶绿素含量、块茎淀粉含量与经济产量成显著的正相关。同时随着暗处理时数的延长,薯形和薯皮色均发生了显著的变化。     

雾培马铃薯不同品种生长及微型薯产量比较

雾培法生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯是一项新型的无土栽培技术。甘肃省马铃薯微型薯雾培法生产中存在品种数量较少、多样性程度较低的问题,阻碍当地马铃薯产业化发展。为筛选出适宜雾培法生产微型薯的马铃薯新品种,促进甘肃省马铃薯产业的发展,选用4个马铃薯品种,以当地雾培主栽品种‘庄薯3号’为对照,采用马铃薯微型薯雾培法进行品种比较试验,对不同马铃薯品种的形态指标、生理指标及微型薯产量进行比较研究。结果表明,不同品种在株高、茎粗、根长、叶面积、叶绿素SPAD值、匍匐茎数量和微型薯产量方面存在差异。从单株结薯数来看,‘庄薯3号’(CK)微型薯产量最高,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’次之,‘陇薯10号’和‘冀张薯8号’产量最低。通过比较研究,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’品种生长性状好、微型薯产量高,适合雾培繁育微型薯。     

Field performance of potato microtubers as propagation material

Summary In five field trials with the cultivars Gloria (early), Bintje (mid-early) Désirée (mid-late) and Morene (late), crops grown from conventional 28–35 or 35–45 mm seed were compared with crops grown from microtubers, of various sizes and from various sources, that had been producedin vitro. The following means to quicken initial crop development from the micropropagated material were tested: large microtubers, plastic soil cover, and transplanting of plantlets grown from microtubers pre-planted in a glasshouse. Crops grown from microtubers weighing less than half a gram yielded much less than crops grown from conventional seed crops but their yields were increased by each treatment. With the later-maturing cultivars, which generally produce few tubers per plant, the yields within seed grades from plants grown from transplanted microtuber plants were comparable with those of conventional crops. Reasons are given, why direct planting of microtubers, with or without plastic foil, is not a practical option.     

光照长度、强度及温度对试管薯诱导的影响

通过一步法进行试管薯的诱导,不更换培养基,不添加任何外源激素,研究试管苗培养阶段光照周期、光照强度及温度对Favorita、Atlantic和克新1号3个马铃薯品种试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明:短光周期培养有利于试管薯的诱导,但产生的试管薯较小,适当的延长光照时间有利于诱导较大的试管薯;不同品种需要不同的适宜试管薯诱导的光照强度;变温处理最适于试管薯的诱导。不同品种需要做培养环境的筛选和品种结薯性评价,以筛选出最佳的诱导条件。     

植物激素对微型薯形成的影响

生长素IAA,NAA能促进微型薯个数和重量的增加,其处理的最佳浓度分别为2.0ppm和3.0ppm,2,4-D效果不显著;3种激素的效应大小为NAA>IAA>2,4-D;细胞分裂素对微型薯数和成薯指数的影响均呈抛物线形式变化,BA的最佳浓度分别为11.59ppm和10.04ppm,KT的最佳浓度分别为14.72ppm和12.63ppm,ZT的最佳浓度分别为10.75ppm和10ppm,其效应大小为BA>KT>ZT;ABA促进了块茎数和成薯指数的增加,但没有达显著水平;乙烯利处理能极显著提高微型著数和成薯指数,且以20ppm为最好;GA抑制微型薯的形成,且产生丛生枝;不同生长调节剂对微型薯形成的效果不同,香豆素促进块茎形成,而BR和PP_(333)只在低浓度(0.1～1.0ppm)有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用,助壮素抑制微型薯的形成。     

Growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields

Despite many reports of thein vitro production of microtubers, little is known about plant growth and yield from microtubers planted in the field. This study clarified differences in growth and yields between potato plants grown in the field from microtubers and from conventional seed tubers. The experiments were performed at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Conventional seed tubers of about 50 g and microtubers of two sizes (0.5–1.0 g and 1.0–3.0 g) of the latematurity cultivar Norin 1 were planted, and plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants had a lower initial increase in root and leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but had the same leaf area index after about 40 days from emergence. The first tuber formation in microtuber plants was about 7 days later than in conventional seed tuber plants, while tuber bulking occurred about 14 days later in microtuber plants. Consequently, the onset of tuber weight increase was later in microtuber plants, but the rate of increase thereafter was similar between conventional seed tuber and microtuber plants. At harvest the tuber fresh weight of microtuber plants was 82% that of conventional tuber plants, suggesting a potential for using microtubers for field planting.     

Comparative performance of potato crops raised from microtubers induced in the dark versus microtubers induced in light

Summary The performance of potato crops raised from two types of microtuber, green (induced in light-dark photoperiod) and white (induced in continuous darkness), of 18 genotypes was studied for 22 morphological and agronomic characters. Mean squares due to microtuber type, genotype and their interaction were mostly significant for various characters. Green microtubers were better than white microtubers for subsequent crop performance for most of the characters including tuber yield and general impression. This was mainly due to more eyes and shorter dormancy in green microtubers than in white microtubers. The in vitro system of microtuberization by serial culture of axillary buds in separated nodes, as used in the present study, was found to be genetically stable for the propagating material.     

Effect of cultivar maturity period on the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Potato plants of early cultivars grown from microtubers have been reported to have a much lower growth vigor and produce lower yields than microtubers of late cultivars. This study intended to clarify the field performance of plants grown from directly planted microtubers of cultivars with different maturity periods, with a special attention to early cultivars. The experiments were conducted at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Microtubers and conventional seed tubers of the early cultivar Kitaakari, late cultivars Konafubuki and Norin 1, and very late breeding line IWA-1 were planted, and the plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants of Kitaakari had a lower initial increase in leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but at the maximum shoot growth had the same leaf area index. This pattern was also observed in the other cultivars. Tuber initiation and tuber bulking occurred on average five days later in microtuber plants than in conventional seed tuber plants of cultivar Kitaakari. At maximum shoot growth, microtuber plants had on average 65% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants, with small variation among cultivars. Irrespective of maturity period, microtuber plants showed a higher tuber increase after maximum shoot growth, achieving around 86% of tuber dry weight of conventional seed tuber plants at harvest. From the results of this study we conclude that microtuber plants of early and late cultivars have a similar yield potential relative to conventional seed tuber plants, and microtubers of both early and late cultivars might be used as an alternative seed tuber source for potato production, if necessary.     

Effect of Rindite on storage behavior, dormancy break and sprout growth of potato microtubers (cv. Desiree)

Freshly harvested microtubers produced by Wye and CIP methods were treated with Rindite and then stored at 6 C under continuous light or in dark. After 12 weeks, storage behavior, dormancy break and subsequent sprout growth were assessed. Increased period of Rindite treatment and storage in light caused significant weight loss of microtubers. Greater weight loss was recorded from International Potato Center (CIP) microtubers and those stored in the light versus in the dark. Wye microtubers treated with Rindite for 48 hours and stored under light tended to have more microtubers with 2 or 3 sprouts per microtuber than single sprouts. Fresh weight of sprouts was also greater in Wye microtubers when treated with Rindite for 48 hours and stored under light. Longest sprout length increased with increased duration of Rindite treatment.     

Potato microtuber production and performance: A review

Almost half a century has passed sincein vitro tubers (microtubers) were first described in potato, but their adoption as a seed propagule has been uneven globally. Consensus is lacking regarding optimal production practices for microtubers and their relative productivity in relation to other propagules for minituber production. There is significant uncertainty regarding the utility of microtubers for evaluation of agronomic characters. However, the application of microtubers in germplasm conservation is widely accepted. Microtubers are producedin vitro in a plethora of different growing systems with varying environment, media constituents, and storage intervals. Many of the interactions between growth parametersin vitro and subsequent productivity appear to be genotype-specific. Accordingly, microtubers come in different sizes, have different dormancy requirements, and differ widely in relative growth potential and productivity. Despite these differences, there is evidence for strong analogies in growth responses between fieldgrown tubers and microtubers. The use of microtuber technology in seed tuber production, breeding programs, germplasm conservation, and research appears to have enormous potential. This review discusses microtuber production, yield and performance,in vitro screening, and germplasm storage and exchange.     

Modification of potato microtuber dormancy during induction and growthin vitro orex vitro

Prolonged or highly variable dormancy can be a significant impediment to the efficient use of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) microtubers by the seed industry. In the present study, reductions in microtuber dormancy duration were obtained in cultivars commonly used by the processing industry (Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Shepody). This was achieved by modifying microtuber induction media and applying various dormancy-release treatments after harvest, with or without prior storage. An 8 h photoperiod, instead of continuous darkness during microtuber induction and development, increased microtuber yield while reducing dormancy duration. Dormancy duration was also shortened by increased sucrose concentration during microtuber induction under an 8 h photoperiod. As sucrose was increased from 4 to 16% under an 8 h photoperiod, mean dormancy duration decreased by 86 d for Shepody, 65 d for Kennebec and 46 d for Russet Burbank. During theex vitro storage period, 24 h treatment with bromoethane vapor (from 0.22 ml liquid BE per L volume) or bromoethane vapor followed by a 3 d treatment of 60% CO₂/ 20% O₂/ 20% N₂ resulted in a rapid dormancy release of freshly harvested microtubers. These dormancy-releasing treatments significantly increased minituber yields under greenhouse conditions for all cultivars when compared to untreated controls. Increased minituber yields were also observed when dormancy release treatments were applied to microtubers after storage at 6 C for 8 weeks. The results demonstrate that microtuber dormancy duration can be manipulated during growthin vitro orex vitro. However, optimization may require cultivarspecific protocols     

马铃薯种质资源保存试验

通过低温保存,添加渗透调节剂及生长抑制剂和微型薯诱导的方法,对马铃薯种质资源试管苗的保存效果进行了研究。结果表明,使用低温(4℃)保存和在MS培养基基础上添加浓度为50mg·L-1的生长抑制剂比久(B)9,可以使试管苗保存时间长达8～10个月,且苗茎叶健壮,有试管薯形成,保存效果较好;MS基础上添加浓度为0.01%～0.1%渗透调节剂甘露醇也能达到较好的保存效果;通过微型薯诱导保存得到试管薯的诱导率为15%～80%,但保存后期易造成试管苗死亡。