Traditional knowledge and pest management in the Guatemalan highlands

Adoption of integrated pest management(IPM) practices in the Guatemalan highlands has beenlimited by the failure of researchers andextensionists to promote genuine farmer participationin their efforts. Some attempts have been made toredress this failure in the diffusion-adoptionprocess, but farmers are still largely excluded fromthe research process. Understanding farmers'agricultural knowledge must be an early step toward amore participatory research process. With this inmind, we conducted a semi-structured survey of 75Cakchiquel Maya farmers in Patzún, Guatemala, tobegin documenting their pest control practices. Theirresponses revealed that their understanding ofbiological and curative pest control is limited.However, their broad knowledge of cultural preventivepest control practices could explain why they hadfaced few pest problems in their traditionalmilpa (intercrop of corn, beans, and other edibleplants). The majority of these preventive practicesare probably efficient and environmentallyinnocuous.     

Spread of invasive migratory pest Spodoptera frugiperda and management practices throughout China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a notorious migratory pest native to tropical and subtropical America, invaded China in December 2018, then spread through 26 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) in 2019 and 27 in 2020, damaging 1.125 and 1.278 million hectares of crops, respectively. Maize was the most severely affected crop, although wheat and other plants were also ruined. Considering the biological characteristics, incidence regularity and migration patterns of the FAW populations, Chinese government implemented a regional control strategy and divided the areas infested with FAW into the annual breeding grounds in Southwest and South China, the transitional migration area in Jiangnan and Jianghuai and the key preventive area in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and North China. The National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center constructed "the National Information Platform for the Prevention and Control of the Fall Armyworm" at the county level, which would entail people reporting and mapping the spread of fall armyworm. According to forecasting information, millions of extension workers and small-scale growers in entire country were rallied by local governments to fight the pest through comprehensive control tactics including chemical, physical, biological and ecological measures. Thanks to the joint prevention and control, the final loss of crops infested was controlled within 5% of the total in 2019 and 2020. This review also gives a discussion on existing problems and future management scenarios.     

Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest management decision making in rural Honduras

Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history, and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall, temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’ knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base. Kris A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota. For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management. Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive pest of soybeans in North America.     

Blog,知识共享与个人知识管理

本文介绍了Blog的知识和背景及功能和影响,并阐述了其发挥知识共享功能对人类的影响,同时指出了其作为个人知识管理平台应用的前景和效能。     

Demystifying farmers' entomological and pest management knowledge: A methodology for assessing the impacts on knowledge from IPM-FFS and NES interventions

Enhancing the environmental soundness of agricultural practices, particularly in high input systems, is of increasing concern to those involved in agricultural research and development. The Integrated Pest Management Farmer Field School, which is based on farmer participatory environmental education, is compared to the No Early Spray intervention, which is a simple rule approach. A research methodology was developed and tested in the Philippines to document farmers' pre- and post-intervention knowledge of rice field insects, insect/plant interactions, and pesticides. The results indicate that increased knowledge from education is linked to better pest management behavior. It is proposed that the methodology may also be useful for documenting other areas of knowledge, in the design of educational interventions for farmers and in assessing their impact. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Access to technical information and gendered NRM practices: Men and women in rural Senegal

Gender differences in knowledge of NRM practices have long been noted in Senegal and throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. An exploration of these differences among a sample of rural Senegalese men and women shows that these differences are, in part, a function of extension agent interventions. The level of knowledge of a set of NRM technologies is associated with contact with three key types of extension agent in rural Senegal: extension team leaders, forestry agents, and women's agents. Analysis of intra-household variation in levels of knowledge shows a degree of interdependence between the knowledge levels of husbands and wives for some practices. However, multi-variate analysis, controlling for personal and contextual factors, clearly demonstrates the independent impact of extension agents on gender differences in rural Senegalese NRM knowledge. It can be concluded that contact with extension agents increases knowledge of NRM practices. In particular, contact with the women's agent is a strong predictor of the level of women's NRM knowledge and, surprisingly, also contributes to the level of men's knowledge. Despite the small number of women's agents in the field, they appear to have significant positive impact on the dissemination of NRM knowledge among rural Senegalese women and men. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

台湾农药产销、使用及管理简介

由于台湾农药使用量较高,为了有效提高农药使用安全性与有效性,台湾加强了农药使用的管理工作。本文介绍了台湾农药产销、使用以及管理情况。     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

Tradition and change in postharvest pest management in Kenya

The hazard of postharvest pest losses is ubiquitous in peasant farming systems; as a result, farmers invariably have some response to the threat of these losses. Responses to postharvest pests may be more extensive than to field pests, even when, by statistical measures, the usual levels of losses are comparable. In studies of pest management practices in three contrasting areas in Kenya, it was found that farmers virtually always rely on an array of techniques and strategies, usually including both older and more modern practices. There is considerable variation among regions in the techniques used, due not only to climatic and socioeconomic factors, but also to variations in cultural history and preferences. The ways in which management practices have changed over time also vary by region. The major changes have been related to overall system change. Four main sources of change have been paramount: (1) population growth and the intensification of land use; (2) the introduction of new cash crops; (3) the introduction of new marketing infrastructure; and (4) the perception of increased environmental risk. Their effect on the replacement of older practices by newer ones is often interrelated. Traditional techniques are often based on materials derived from bushland, but increasing population density makes these difficult to continue as bushland and its common property resources disappear. Simultaneously, tolerance for losses is reduced as land availability is constrained. With the introduction of a cash crop infrastructure, new methods of pest management, especially pesticide use, become more readily available and may spread rapidly. Areas with good market infrastructure but varying population density may still differ considerably because with abundant land it is possible to compensate for expected losses by additional planting. A study of an FAO project to improve postharvest management through earlier harvesting and a redesigned storage crib indicate some reasons for its lack of widespread acceptance. Little or no attempt was made to adapt techniques to varying circumstances; instead, a single “solution” was meant to be applied across areas of vastly different conditions. In many cases, this project represented a radical response to a problem farmers considered they were coping with acceptably using existing methods. Although it probably represents an improvement over traditional storage methods in purely technical terms, the new technique also often involved major costs, readjustments, and cultural disruptions that may not have been anticipated by its designers. More likely to succeed would be a strategy that begins with some of farmers' existing practices and whose objective is to develop and offer a range of possible improvements from which farmers could select individual components appropriate to their conditions and needs.     

有机农业虫害管理策略及方法

为进一步推动害虫绿色防控新理念,解决有机农业中的虫害问题,基于Web of Science核心合集数据库（SCI-Expanded数据库）和中国科学引文数据库收集整理了近年来国内外有机农业虫害发生现状及绿色有效的虫害管理策略及方法。结果表明： 有机农业呈现持续增长态势,但农田系统中害虫种类及数量不断增加,为害程度逐年加重,带来了严重的经济损失,越来越多的科研工作者加入到有机农业虫害防治的队伍中,并在有机农业虫害防治方面获得了一批新技术,取得了一些新成果。本研究综述了我国有机农业主要害虫发生现状,提出了有机农业虫害的管理策略和绿色防治技术,为有机农业虫害治理提供了参考。     

害虫-天敌系统生物和农药控制的系统动力学仿真

运用系统动力学原理与方法，建立了害虫－天敌系统的生物或农药控制的仿真模拟模型，对若干控制策略进行了情景模拟，得到一些有益的结果．说明了系统动力学方法是开展田间害虫优化控制决策研究的有效的实用工具．     

我国农药安全管理现状、机遇及发展对策

农药是现代农业发展不可或缺的投人品。近年来．随着人民生活水平的提高．社会公众对农产品质量安全和生态环境保护的要求越来越高、越来越敏感。2010年“海南豇豆”问题一度引发消费者恐慌．仅一周左右时间海南农民直接损失近20亿元。当前,我国农药生产、使用和出口数量位居世界首位．农药管理与国际接轨的趋势不可逆转,加强农药安全已成为十分重要的课题。     

农药负面效应、农户农药施用行为与影响因素述评

有重点地选择了2000年以来54篇国内外相关文献,对化学农药的负面效应、农户施用农药行为及其影响因素进行综述,并结合我国的实际相关问题进行评论,为进一步开展降低农药负面效应最现实、最有效手段的研究开拓新视野。     

延平区病虫害专业化防治现状与对策

分析了福建省南平市延平区病虫害专业化防治现状、主要成效及存在问题,并针对存在的问题提出对策.     

我国实施IPM的影响因素及对策

在分析影响我国有害生物综合治理(Integrated pest management,IPM)实施的各种问题,如农户对IPM技术的需求、IPM推广服务体系、IPM应用基础理论及技术研究、农药市场和社会环境等问题的基础上,提出了相应的对策.认为IPM不仅是一个应用生物学、生态学问题,其实施过程涉及社会各相关领域,为了全面推进IPM在生产中的应用,必须进一步加强IPM应用基础理论的研究,开发符合IPM要求的新技术,完善推广服务体系,加强农药生产、销售与使用的管理,创造有利于IPM实施的社会环境等.     

种群生存力分析理论及其在害虫种群控制中的应用

种群生存力分析(population viable analysis,PVA)是保护生物学中物种保护与维持的重要理论之一,其中包括最小可存活种群(minimum viable population,MVP)与最小适生面积(minimum areas of suitable habitat,MASH).介绍MVP与MASH的几种常用的计算模型及其在保护生物学中的应用与发展,包括MVP的理论模型、模拟模型与复合种群模型以及MASH的面积-密度模型与面积-种群变异模型.根据PVA的理论讨论其在农田害虫种群控制中的作用,预测农田害虫的发生及持续程度与天敌对害虫的控制作用,从PVA理论上揭示天敌对害虫的控制潜力及应用前景.     

Grassland management practices in Chinese steppes impact productivity,diversity and the relationship

Grasslands are crucial parts of the terrestrial ecosystem, with an extremely high differentiation of productivity and diversity across spatial scales and land use patterns. The practices employed to manage grassland, such as grazing, haymaking, fertilization or reseeding, can improve the grassland condition. This study focuses on the changes in productivity and diversity and the relationship between them as affected by management practices. Productivity and diversity have unequivocally been altered in response to different management practices. When grazing intensity of a typical steppe increased from 1.5 to 9 sheep per hectare, both productivity and diversity declined. Higher grazing intensity (6 to 9 sheep per hectare) accelerated loss of diversity because of lower productivity. Productivity was significantly improved but diversity was lost by fertilizing. N fertilization also reduced the sensitivity of diversity to productivity. A similar response was found in mown grassland with increased productivity and diversity but their relationship was negatively affected. Mowing also slowed down the decline in diversity as productivity increased. Reseeding purple-flowered alfalfa led to an increased diversity, while yellow-flowered alfalfa increased productivity significantly. The negative productivity-diversity relationship was transformed to a positive one by reseeding alfalfa. These results enhance understanding of how productivity, diversity and their relationships change in response to altered grassland management practices, and support an integrated approach for improving both productivity and diversity.     

有机磷农药在海南菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中的残留分析及膳食风险评估

[目的]明确海南省菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中有机磷农药的残留状况及居民的有机磷膳食摄入风险,为降低居民有机磷膳食摄入风险及农业主管部门监管提供科学依据.[方法]基于2012～2013年海南省菜心、苦瓜和豇豆3种蔬菜的市场农药残留监测数据,并根据我国不同人群的摄入量和体重数据,运用基于蒙特卡洛模拟的@risk软件,以风险商表征菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中的有机磷膳食风险.[结果]残留分析表明,52.82％的菜心、14.27％的苦瓜和30.52％的豇豆中含有机磷农药残留,其中12.79％的菜心和1.74％的豇豆有多残留.蒙特卡洛模拟结果显示,P995水平膳食暴露风险的排序从高到低为：菜心中敌敌畏＞豇豆中对硫磷＞豇豆中氧乐果＞苦瓜中氧乐果＞菜心中毒死蜱＞苦瓜中对硫磷,通过食用海南豇豆、苦瓜、菜心摄入有机磷的风险商均小于1;不同年龄段的暴露风险较高的为2～3、4～6和7～10岁年龄段,其他各年龄段的风险均较低.[结论]海南菜心、苦瓜和豇豆中有机磷残留对我国居民不同人群有机磷残留的膳食摄入风险较低,各人群中可能存在的健康风险在可接受范围.