新垦淡灰钙土微生物生物量碳、氮、磷及玉米产量的研究

通过设置在宁夏红寺堡灌区开垦4 a的淡灰钙土上的定位试验,研究了不同施肥对新垦淡灰钙土微生物生物量碳、氮、磷及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理可以明显提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量,不同处理相比,化肥配合羊粪效果最好,单施羊粪次之,单施化肥最低;与对照相比各施肥处理对玉米的增产效果极显著,各处理作用效果的排序为:氮磷 羊粪>氮磷锌钾>氮磷锌>氮磷>氮>羊粪>不施肥,氮磷 羊粪处理与单施氮肥和单施羊粪之间差异达极显著水平。化肥与有机肥羊粪配合施用既能显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量又能使玉米产量显著提高,因此是新垦淡灰钙土施肥的最佳选择。土壤微生物量碳与有机碳呈极显著正相关,与全氮呈显著正相关,表明其与土壤肥力关系密切,可作为评价新垦地土壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

库布齐沙地柠条根际土壤微生物生物量及其与土壤因子的关系

对库布齐沙地柠条根际、非根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮分布状况及其与土壤因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:柠条土壤生物量碳、氮含量的分布趋势均为根际土壤>非根际土壤>流沙,且以表层(0-10cm)最高,随土层加深,呈下降趋势;柠条土壤中微生物量碳、氮对土壤有机质、全氮的贡献率分别为1.55%-4.73%,5.61%-13.39%,微生物量碳氮比为3.10-7.22;微生物量碳氮间呈显著正相关,土壤全氮、有机质含量与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮相关性最大。     

农牧交错带不同植被群落对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响

为了解荒漠化土地植被恢复对土壤微生物量的影响,以地处毛乌素沙地南缘的榆林市沙生植物园植被恢复30年的乔木、灌木和草地3种植被群落下土壤为研究对象,分析了植被恢复对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及比值的影响及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,农牧交错带荒漠化土地植被恢复可以明显提高表层土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的含量。土壤微生物量碳以灌木林地为最高,含量为288.35 mg·kg-1,显著高于草地和乔木,分别是乔木林地和草地的3.99和2.10倍;土壤微生物磷在三种植被群落间差异不明显;三种植被群落下土壤微生物碳氮比的高低为乔木林地草地灌木林地,土壤微生物碳磷比表现为草地略高于乔木林地和灌木林地。相关性分析结果显示微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤理化性质相关性极为密切,其中与土壤养分各指标大多呈现极显著相关,与土壤容重多为极显著负相关。说明土壤微生物量可以作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标。     

CO2浓度与温度升高对谷子各生育期土壤微生物生物量的影响

为探究CO₂浓度升高、增温以及二者交互作用对谷子各生育期土壤微生物生物量的影响,采用盆栽试验,通过人工气候室控制环境CO₂浓度和温度,设置对照(400μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度和22℃环境温度,CK)、CO₂浓度升高(700μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度和22℃环境温度,EC)、 CO₂浓度升高和增温4℃(700μmol·mol^-1 CO₂浓度,26℃环境温度,EC+T)3种气候条件,且每个气候条件均设置充分供水（70.0%田间持水量）和轻度干旱（50.0%田间持水量）两种水分处理,分析CO₂浓度升高、增温4℃以及二者交互作用对谷子各生育期（开花期、开花后10 d、灌浆期、成熟期）土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、土壤微生物生物量氮（MBN）、土壤微生物生物量磷（MBP）的影响。结果表明:在充分供水条件下,CO₂浓度升高使...     

砒砂岩区油松人工林土壤微生物群落结构及代谢特征的季节动态变化规律

为了解黄河流域生态修复植被油松根际土壤微生态环境的季节性规律，选取砒砂岩区油松人工林为研究对象，在生长季的春、夏、秋3个季节分别采集林木根际土，探究季节变化对土壤微生物生物量、土壤养分转化相关酶、土壤速效养分、微生物群落结构和代谢特征的影响。研究结果如下：砒砂岩区油松人工林根际土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量、养分转化相关酶活性变化规律均为夏季>秋季>春季，与土壤有效养分变化规律相反，其中土壤碳、氮和磷的有效养分含量均在夏季最低，且夏季显著低于春季。夏季和秋季土壤养分转化相关酶向量长度显著高于春季，土壤养分转化相关酶向量角在春季大于45°,而在夏季和秋季小于45°,表明土壤微生物在春季受到磷元素限制，夏季和秋季土壤微生物的生长受到碳元素和氮元素限制。在不同季节土壤化学性质受到真菌、革兰氏阳性菌和放线菌的影响，通过RDA结果分析表明土壤微生物群落结构很好的解释了土壤化学性质的变化，其在春季、夏季和秋季对土壤化学性质的累计解释率分别为80.69%、82.22%和83.67%。综上，油松人工林微生物对养分的调控主要依赖于真菌、革兰氏阳性菌与放线菌，结合土壤养分转化相关酶向量长度和向量角...     

施氮和覆膜对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究长期不同施氮水平和覆膜对黄土高原旱作春玉米高产体系土壤微生物活性的影响,设置田间试验包含施氮水平和覆膜2个因子,施氮量分别为0（N0）、100 kg·hm^-2（N100）、250 kg·hm^-2（N250）和400 kg·hm^-2（N400）,每个施氮水平下分别有覆膜（F）与不覆膜（B）处理,供试玉米品种为先玉335。2014年采集0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量和酶活性,分析微生物量计量学特征并进行综合评价。结果表明,无论覆膜与否,土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷均随施氮量的增加而增加（除不覆膜时N400处理）,施氮量高于250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物量增加不显著。覆膜对土壤微生物量碳、氮无显著影响,而显著增加土壤微生物量磷;覆膜在一定程度上降低N0、N100和N400处理土壤微生物量碳氮比,施氮则显著增加微生物量碳氮比和微生物量氮磷比。0~10 cm土层脲酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加,但覆膜对脲酶活性无显著影响。覆膜和施氮均显著增加碱性磷酸酶活性,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层覆膜N400处理碱性磷酸酶活性在相应土层最大,分别为1.49 mg·g^-1·d^-1和1.61 mg·g^-1·d^-1。主成分分析结果表明施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物活性最强。研究表明无论覆膜与否,250 kg·hm^-2的施氮量是该地区适宜的施氮量。     

贺兰山西坡不同类型草地土壤酶活性特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段（西坡）山前地带的主要草地类型为对象,分析不同类型草地土壤酶活性的分布特征,及其与气候、植被和土壤等环境因子的关系。结果表明：① 随着海拔高度的降低,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性表现为：高山草甸＞山地草原＞山地荒漠草原＞草原化荒漠,且在0～10 cm土层的差异尤其显著;② 各类草地土壤酶活性均沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,差异呈显著性水平;③ 偏相关及逐步回归分析表明,影响该区草地土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最主要的因素为土壤微生物碳氮、有机碳和全氮,碱性磷酸酶主要受土壤微生物碳和全氮影响,对过氧化氢酶影响最大的因子为土壤微生物碳、pH、全氮和降水量。     

科尔沁沙地不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤生态化学计量特征北大核心CSCD

以科尔沁沙地不同林龄（15 a、25 a、35 a和45 a）樟子松林为对象,研究其0-100 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量及其生态化学计量特征,探讨土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的垂直分布规律及随林龄的变化规律。结果表明：（1）4种林龄樟子松林土壤（0-20 cm土层）有机碳、全氮和全磷含量分别为7.34、0.39 g·kg^-1和0.19 g·kg^-1,均低于全国平均水平。（2）随着林龄的增加,有机碳含量、C/N和C/P均呈现增大的趋势;全氮和全磷含量呈现先增加后降低（45 a生林分显著降低）;而N/P的变化不显著。（3）随着土层的加深,有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势基本一致,均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但是各林分在0-20 cm土层中的有机碳和全氮含量均不足总含量的1/3;C/N和C/P呈现相反的变化趋势（C/N增加、C/P降低）;而全磷含量和N/P的垂直分布较为均匀,变化不大。综上所述,本研究区樟子松林土壤中的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量极为贫瘠,但樟子松人工林种植增加了土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量;各林龄樟子松林土壤同时受氮、磷养分的限制,但随土层加深受氮的限制更为显著。     

贝加尔针茅草原土壤原位矿化过程中碳氮转化耦合特征

依托在贝加尔针茅草原建立的长期模拟氮沉降试验平台(始于2010年),运用PVC顶盖埋管法进行原位培养试验,研究不同氮添加下贝加尔针茅草原土壤碳氮组分、净硝化速率、净氨化速率、有机碳转化速率的变化特征及碳氮耦合关系。试验处理包括:对照N0,低氮添加(15、30、50 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))记为N15、N30和N50,高氮添加(100、150、200、300 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))记为N100、N150、N200和N300。结果表明:培养期间,N15、N30、N50和N100处理的净硝化速率显著高于对照N0(P0.05),分别增加了40.80%、110.31%、206.83%和202.04%;N30、N50和N100净氨化速率显著低于对照N0(P0.05),分别降低了16.88%、169.60%和150.67%;N15和N30处理的净矿化速率高于对照N0,分别增加了150%和50%;N50、N100、N150和N200处理的净矿化速率低于对照N0,分别降低了254.52%、161.50%、33.90%和79.85%。土壤有机碳与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关,土壤可溶性有机碳与土壤可溶性有机氮呈极显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物生物量氮呈极显著负相关。有机碳转化速率显著影响微生物生物量氮转化速率,且符合一元线性回归方程。连续高氮沉降会降低土壤净氮矿化速率和有机碳转化速率,对土壤碳氮循环产生负面影响。     

连作及灌溉方式对棉田土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

采用野外采样与室内分析的方法,对不同连作年限及灌溉方式条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮的变化规律进行研究,结果表明:与荒地相比,棉田土壤微生物量碳氮含量均增加,且随种植年限的延长,土壤微生物量碳氮变化规律基本一致,连作2 a的微生物量碳氮含量最低,分别为16.22±0.77和13.08±0.75 mg/kg,随连作年限的延长微生物量碳氮含量不断增加,到连作15 a时达到最高点,分别为38.67±1.22和23.39±0.65 mg/kg,之后微生物量碳氮含量开始下降;相对于地面沟灌而言,滴灌使土壤微生物量碳氮含量明显提高;微生物量碳与微生物量氮呈现极显著正相关性,相关系数为0.951,与土壤全氮、速效氮呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.863、0.854;微生物量氮与土壤全氮、速效氮的相关系数分别为0.919、0.945,呈极显著正相关。     

新疆不同植被类型土壤有机碳特征

准确评估不同植被类型的土壤有机碳库,对揭示土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用具有重要意义。通过分析新疆地区10种植被类型的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的分布特征,估算了该地区的土壤有机碳储量。结果表明:在10个植被类型的0~100 cm土壤剖面中,SOCD垂直分布特征明显,呈逐渐降低趋势。新疆SOCD以针叶林最大,其值为63.86 kg·m~(-2),其他植被类型依次为:草甸、阔叶林、沼泽、草原、灌丛、高山植被、栽培植被、荒漠和无植被类型。土壤有机碳储量最大值分布在草甸中,为4.89 Pg,其他植被类型依次为:荒漠、草原、高山植被、无植被(裸地)、针叶林、栽培植被、阔叶林、灌丛、沼泽。在0~100 cm的土壤层,新疆地区土壤有机碳储量为16.4Pg。     

张掖市土壤状况与植被恢复关系评价

运用层次分析法数学模型和欧式距离公式,对张掖市境内不同植被和立地条件样地的土壤、生境状况进行了研究,并对土壤、生境状况和植被恢复关系进行了评价。评价显示：植被恢复难度划分为4个等级,分别是易（0~0.424）、中等困难（0.425~0.56）、较难（0.57~0.774）、极难（0.775~1）;张掖市植被重建与恢复过程中的主要限制因子为土壤水分、土壤砂粒含量;张掖市植被重建与恢复的难度与植被类型、土壤状况、生境状况有较好的对应关系。最后在植被恢复难度评价的基础上,针对不同难度地区提出了相应的植被恢复建议。     

吴起县退耕还林后主要植被类型土壤质量评价

为明确吴起县退耕还林后形成的主要植被类型土壤质量状况,文中以吴起县王洼子典型退耕植被作为研究对象,对比分析不同植被类型土壤理化性质差异,并综合主成分分析法、敏感性以及相关性分析法,建立了研究区土壤质量评价指标最小数据集.结果表明:1)不同植被类型间土壤物理、化学性质差异显著(P＜ 0.05);山桃×沙棘混交林在土壤孔隙...     

Effect of vegetation on soil bacteria and their potential functions for ecological restoration in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land,China

To date, much of research on revegetation has focused on soil microorganisms due to their contributions in the formation of soil and soil remediation process. However, little is known about the soil bacteria and their functions respond to the diverse vegetational types in the process of vegetation restoration. Effects of dominated vegetation, i.e., Artemisia halodendron Turcz Ex Bess, Caragana microphylla Lam., Hedysarum fruticosum Pall. and Pinus sylvestris L. on bacterial community structures and their potential functions in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, China were determined using high-throughput 16 S r RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states(PICRUSt) in 2015. Although the dominant phyla of soil bacterial community among different types of vegetation, including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, were similar, the relative abundance of these dominant groups significantly differed, indicating that different types of vegetation might result in variations in the composition of soil bacterial community. In addition, functional genes of bacterial populations were similar among different types of vegetation, whereas its relative abundance was significantly differed. Most carbon fixation genes showed a high relative abundance in P. sylvestris, vs. recalcitrant carbon decomposition genes in A. halodendron, suggesting the variations in carbon cycling potential of different types of vegetation. Abundance of assimilatory nitrate reduction genes was the highest in P. sylvestris, vs. dissimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate reductase genes in A. halodendron, indicating higher nitrogen gasification loss and lower nitrogen utilization gene functions in A. halodendron. The structures and functional genes of soil bacterial community showed marked sensitivities to different plant species, presenting the potentials for regulating soil carbon and nitrogen cycling.     

荒漠草原不同植物群落夏季土壤呼吸特征研究

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了荒漠草原不同植物群落土壤呼吸速率的日动态并分析了土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应。结果表明:沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)群落、赖草(Leymus secalinus)群落、甘草(Glycyrrhi-za uralensis)群落和冰草(Agropyron crisatum)群落4种植物群落土壤呼吸速率日变化表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式。冰草群落、赖草群落与沙蒿群落之间土壤呼吸速率存在显著差异,而沙蒿群落和甘草群落则无显著差异。采用指数方程拟合各群落土壤呼吸速率与0-20cm平均土壤温度的关系均显著相关,但不同植物群落间土壤基础呼吸不一样,其值大小依次为:冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落。Q10值的变化范围为1.22-14.75,且随着土壤深度的增加而增大,其平均值大小依次为:沙蒿群落>赖草群落>甘草群落>冰草群落。     

Response of soil water dynamics to precipitation years under different vegetation types on the northern Loess Plateau,China

Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents(SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal(2010), dry(2011), wet(2014) and extremely wet(2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as cropfallowpastureshrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth 1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.     

Seasonal dynamics of soil water content in the typical vegetation and its response to precipitation in a semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil water content is a key limiting factor for vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau and precipitation is the main source of soil water content in this area. To further understand the impact of vegetation types and environmental factors such as precipitation on soil water content, we continuously monitored the seasonal dynamics in soil water content in four plots (natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii, Armeniaca sibirica and Pinus tabulaeformis) in Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that the amplitude of soil water content fluctuation decreases with an increase in soil depth, showing obvious seasonal variations. Soil water content of artificial vegetation was found to be significantly lower than that of natural grassland, and most precipitation events have difficulty replenishing soil water content below a depth of 40 cm. Spring and autumn are the key seasons for replenishment of soil water by precipitation. Changes in soil water content are affected by precipitation, vegetation types, soil evaporation and other factors. The interception effect of vegetation on precipitation and the demand for water consumption by transpiration are the key factors affecting the efficiency of soil water replenishment by precipitation in this area. Due to artificial vegetation plantation in this area, soil will face a water deficit crisis in the future.     

太行山石质砂岩区封育植被景观及其功能分析

通过在太行山典型石质砂岩区 -北京九龙山林场的植被调查和传统与典型取样技术 ,综合阐述了九龙山地区景观特点。在把该区封育植被划分为 4大类型 2 2个群丛的景观元素基础上 ,分析了封育植被景观的结构、类型与物种多样性及地形对格局的影响 ;并通过测定土壤贮水量和径流量两个指标 ,分析了九龙山地区现有封育植被景观格局下的水源涵养和保持水土两大功能。通过该项研究进一步深刻认识了景观的结构与功能的反馈作用关系。这为太行山石质山区水土保持林景观规划和管理提供依据     

黄土区阳坡不同立地植被恢复研究

黄土高原地区不同立地条件的坡面其土壤水分状况有很大差异,利用这种差异来提高植被成活率已经成为黄土高原生态恢复建设的重要方向。采用探针式TDR对陕西省吴起县合家沟流域内不同立地类型的土壤含水量进行测定,然后用SPSS进行聚类分析,将17种立地类型聚为5类,并按照植被恢复的难易程度进行排序。建议对不同立地类型组配置与其相应的植被模式从而更加因地制宜的进行植被恢复建设。     

Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China is effectively controlled due to the implementation of several ecological restoration projects that improve soil properties and reduce soil erodibility. However, few studies have examined the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility of gully head in the gully regions of the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of vegetation restoration on soil properties and erodibility in this region. Specifically, a control site in a slope cropland and 9 sites in 3 restored land-use types(5 sites in grassland, 3 in woodland and 1 in shrubland) in the Nanxiaohegou watershed of a typical gully region on the Loess Plateau were selected, and soil and root samples were collected to assess soil properties and root characteristics. Soil erodibility factor was calculated by the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator method. Our results revealed that vegetation restoration increased soil sand content, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, organic matter content and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregate but decreased soil silt and clay contents and soil disintegration rate. A significant difference in soil erodibility was observed among different vegetation restoration patterns or land-use types. Compared with cropland, soil erodibility decreased in the restored lands by 3.99% to 21.43%. The restoration patterns of Cleistogenes caespitosa K. and Artemisia sacrorum L. in the grassland showed the lowest soil erodibility and can be considered as the optimal vegetation restoration pattern for improving soil anti-erodibility of the gully heads. Additionally, the negative linear change in soil erodibility for grassland with restoration time was faster than those of woodland and shrubland. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with soil particle size distribution, soil disintegration rate, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregate stability, organic matter content and root characteristics(including root average diameter, root length density, root surface density and root biomass density), but it showed no association with soil bulk density and soil total porosity. These findings indicate that although vegetation destruction is a short-term process, returning the soil erodibility of cropland to the level of grassland, woodland and shrubland is a long-term process(8–50 years).