奶山羊关节炎——脑炎病羊场的净化

奶山羊关节炎——脑炎病羊场的净化王保民１赵杰２（１千阳县畜牧兽医工作站２千阳县种羊场陕西千阳）陕西省千阳县种羊场为关中奶山羊原种场，１９８７年１１月经陕西省畜牧兽医总站用新疆兽医研究所研制的山羊关节炎——脑炎（ＣＡＥ）抗原对该场含有英国莎能种羊血缘的...     

山羊关节炎－脑炎与其相关病的血清学关系

用琼脂扩散法检测，山羊关节炎－脑炎病毒（ＣＡＥＶ）抗原与马传染性贫血（ＥＩＡ）阳性血清不发生反应，ＥＩＡＶ抗原与ＣＡＥ阳性血清亦不发生反应．ＣＡＥＶ抗原与绵羊进行性肺炎（ＯＰＰ）阳性血清不发生反应．但ＯＰＰＶ抗原与ＣＡＥ阳性血清发生反应．     

山羊关节炎—脑炎与其相关病的血清学关系

用琼脂扩散法检测，山羊关节炎－脑炎病毒（ＣＡＥＶ）抗原与马传染性贫血（ＥＩＡ）阳性血清不发生反应，ＥＩＡＶ抗原与ＣＡＥ阳性血清亦不发生反应，但ＯＰＰＶ抗原与ＣＡＥ阳性血清发生反应。     

银加强胶体金技术检测猪细小病毒的研究

本研究首次成功地建立了检测猪细小病毒（ＰＰＶ）抗原的银加强胶体金检测法（ＳＥＣＧＡ），并确定了操作流程中的最佳试验条件。应用该法对纯化ＰＰＶ抗原的最低检出量为０．３１２５ｎｇ／点，其敏感性分别为间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＨＡ的８倍和１０００倍。特异性阻断试验和交叉反应试验证明ＳＥＣＧＡ具有较高的特异性。２０份样本ＳＥＣＧＡ的检测结果与病毒分离和鉴定结果完全相符。ＳＥＣＧＡ和间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对７７份样本检测的阳性率分别为８３．１％和８０．５％，其阳性符合率为９６．９％。研究结果表明本法具有经济、敏感性、特异性强等优点，可用于ＰＰＶ感染的特异诊断。为胶体金技术应用于畜禽传染病的诊断和研究奠定基础。     

绵羊进行性肺炎病毒与山羊关节炎一脑炎病毒的血清学交叉反应的研究

本实验用琼脂凝胶免疫扩散试验（ＡＧＩＤＴ）和免疫印迹试验（ＩＢＡ）对实验感染绵羊进行性肺炎病毒（ＯＰＰＶ）的山羊血清与山羊关节炎—脑炎病毒（ＣＡＥＶ）抗原以及实验感染ＣＡＥＶ的绵羊血清与ＯＰＰＶ抗原的交叉反应进行了研究。４只接种ＯＰＰＶ的山羊中有一只山羊的血清可与ＣＡＥＶ琼扩抗原发生交叉反应,并在免疫印迹试验中可识别ＣＡＥＶ的ｇｐ４４、ｐ３５和ｐ２８。２只接种ＣＡＥＶ的绵羊中有一只绵羊的血清可与ＯＰＰＶ琼扩抗原发生交叉反应,并在免疫印迹试验中可识别ＯＰＰＶ的ｇｐ４４和ｐ２８。以上的交叉反应结果表明ＯＰＰＶ与ＣＡＥＶ的抗原之间具有密切的相关性,这对于ＯＰＰＶ通过山羊和ＣＡＥＶ通过绵羊的传代研究是非常重要的,并对将来的免疫预防策略具有重要的指导意义。     

用ELISA检测山羊关节炎脑炎病毒抗体

以差速离心，结合ＳＤＳ处理制备ＥＬＩＳＡ抗原，用含０．０２％ＮａＮ３的碳酸盐缓冲液作抗原包被液，不加任何封闭剂，待测血清以含５％犊牛血清和０．０５％Ｔｗｅｅｎ－２０稀释，检测９２２份山羊血清的ＣＡＥ抗体，并与免疫扩散试验（ＡＧＩＤ）比较，提高检出率约一倍并减少漏检     

间接Dot－ELISA检测猪细小病毒抗原的研究

本文成功地建立了间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）用于检测ＰＰＶ抗原对纯化ＰＰＶ抗原的最低检出量为２．５ｎｇ／点。ＰＰＶ阳性猪血清的特异性阻断试验及交叉反应试验证明，该方法对ＰＰＶ抗原的检测具有特异性。以该方法检测ＰＰＶ人工感染兔样本和自然染猪样本，ＰＰＶ抗原的阳性检出率分别为肾样本１００％（１７／１７）、８１．８２％（９１／１１），肝样本１００％（１６／１６）、５６．５２％（１３／２３）。２０份随机样本的间接Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测结果与病毒分离和鉴定结果相符。     

Ab─ELISA和Ag─ELISA诊断骆驼伊氏锥虫感染的比较

采用四种方法：即①单克隆抗体检测抗原的酶联免疫吸附试验（Ａｇ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）②检测抗体的酶联免疫吸附试验（Ａｂ－ＥＵＳＡ）③表膜检查（ＢＣＥ）④小白鼠接种（ＭＩ），检查了肯尼亚１８３头骆驼锥虫的循环抗原，ＢＣＥ查出３７头阳性２０％），ＭＩ６０头阳性（３３％），Ａｇ－ＥＬＩＳＡ６３头阳性（３４％），Ａｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检出９０头阳性（４９％）。其中ＢＣＥ未能检出的２４头中，Ａｇ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检出１８头（７５％）。所有阳性头数中，Ａｇ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检出９３％，Ａｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ９５％。根据５５头的结果，阳性与阴性之间Ａｇ－ＥＬＩＳＡＯＤ值差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０００１），Ａｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡＯＤ值差异不显著。因此，用Ａｇ－ＥＬＩＳＡ或结合ＢＣＥ诊断伊氏锥虫感染比用ＡＢ－ＥＬＩＳＡ更理想。     

单抗介导的斑点ELISA检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的研究

用群特异性的单克隆抗体作第一抗体,用酶标兔抗体ＩＢＶＩｇＧ作第二抗体,建立夹心法Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ程序检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒抗原。试验表明,本程序检测ＩＢＶ抗原高度敏感性和特异性。最低抗原检出量为０．５μｇ,约１００个气管环半数感染量（１００ＴＯＣＩＤ５０）,阳性检出率为９６％。     

间接Dot—ELISA检测猪细小病毒抗原的研究

本文成功地建立了间接斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）用于检测ＰＰＶ抗原体对纯化ＰＰＶ抗原的最低检出量为２．５ｎｇ／点。ＰＰＶ阳性猪血清的特异性阻断试验及交叉反应试验证明，该方法对ＰＰＶ抗原的检测具有特异性。以该方法检测ＰＰＶ人工感染兔样本和自然染猪样本，ＰＰＶ抗原的阳性检出率分别为肾样本１００％（１７／１７）、８１．８２％（９／１１），肝样本１００％（１６／１６）、５６．５２％（１３／２     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -