Ear rot,aflatoxin accumulation,and fungal biomass in maize after inoculation with Aspergillus flavus

Aflatoxin, a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, occurs naturally in maize (Zea mays L.). Aflatoxin is a potent human carcinogen and is also toxic to livestock, pets, and wildlife. When contaminated with aflatoxin, the value of maize grain is markedly reduced. This investigation was conducted to compare ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass in maize single crosses with varying degrees of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation and to determine the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the inheritance of resistance to ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and fungal biomass. Eight germplasm lines with different levels of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation were used as parents of a diallel cross. The cross was evaluated for visible ear rot, aflatoxin accumulation, and A. flavus infection in the grain. A. flavus infection was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Both GCA and SCA were significant sources of variation in the inheritance of the three traits although GCA accounted for a greater portion of the variation among single crosses. The interactions of GCA and SCA with years were highly significant for aflatoxin accumulation, but not significant for A. flavus infection. Estimates of GCA effects were highly significant for both reduced A. flavus infection and reduced aflatoxin accumulation for Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717. Conversely, GCA effects associated with GA209 were significant for reduced levels of A. flavus infection and ear rot, but high levels of aflatoxin accumulation. Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp717 should be useful in breeding programs targeting both reduced levels of fungal infection and aflatoxin accumulation.     

Diallel analysis for aflatoxin accumulation and fall armyworm leaf-feeding damage in maize

Two major impediments to profitable maize, Zea mays L., production in the southern United States are from feeding by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and losses from the production and accumulation of aflatoxin in maize grain. A diallel cross was produced by making all possible crosses among five germplasm lines developed as sources of resistance to fall armyworm leaf feeding and five lines developed as sources of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. For resistance to both leaf feeding and aflatoxin accumulation, general combining ability (GCA) was a significant source of variation. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for fall armyworm feeding only. Estimates of GCA effects for reduced aflatoxin accumulation were significant for Mp715 and Mp719, two lines selected for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. The GCA effects for reduced fall armyworm damage were significant for all five lines selected for fall armyworm resistance: Mp707, Mp708, Mp713, Mp714, and Mp716.     

Diallel analysis of fumonisin accumulation in maize

Contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain with aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, or fumonisin, produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg (Syn F. moniliforme Sheldon), greatly reduces its value and marketability. Host resistance to fungal infection and mycotoxin accumulation is considered a highly desirable way to reduce losses of both aflatoxin and fumonisin. Maize germplasm lines with resistance to aflatoxin accumulation have been developed in Mississippi. Three of the aflatoxin-resistant lines and five additional lines were used as parents to produce a diallel cross. The diallel cross was evaluated for fumonisin accumulation in field tests conducted in Mississippi in 2007 and 2008. General combining ability (GCA) was a highly significant source of variation in both 2007 and 2008, but specific combining ability (SCA) was not significant. GCA effects for reduced fumonisin levels were highly significant for Mp715, Mp717, and GA209. Mp715 and Mp717 were developed and released as sources of resistance to aflatoxin contamination and exhibit resistance as inbred lines and in hybrid combinations. These lines should be useful in developing maize lines and hybrids with resistance to both fumonisin and aflatoxin accumulation in grain.     

19个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力分析

以19个贵州地方玉米自交系为亲本,按不完全双列杂交(9×10)配成90个杂交组合,对株高、穗位、穗粒重等10个主要性状进行了方差分析,并在此基础上进行了配合力分析。结果表明,在一般配合力相对效应值上,各亲本的不同性状的效应值不同,选出了1、12、14、17等4个比较优良的自交系;在特殊配合力相对效应值上,所有组合不同性状的各个效应值的排名不同,其中12、34、26等是比较优良的杂交组合。总配合力分析得出,穗粒重总配合力相对效应值的前10位的组合分别为68、3、35、33、85、81、38、53、9、8。     

General and specific combining ability estimates for pith cell death in stalk internodes of maize

Stalk rot and associated stalk lodging in maize (Zea mays L.) continue to be major production problems. The inheritance of several stalk traits that contribute to stalk strength has been studied previously. However, inheritance of pith (parenchyma) cell death, an important stalk quality trait, has not been thoroughly investigated. The objective of this study was to estimate general and specific combining ability effects for pith cell death through a diallel mating design. All possible crosses among six inbred lines (C103, Mo17, B14A, W64A, Wf9, and B37) were evaluated at two locations and analyzed according to Griffing's method 2, model 1 (fixed effects for genotypes). General combining ability effects were found to be more important than specific combining ability effects. Heritability of F₁ hybrid means was estimated to be 86%. A cyclic selection program might be effective in reducing pith cell death. A reduction in pith cell death would result in stalk-rot resistance which is positively correlated to the presence of living cells in the stalk.     

玉米抗纹枯病自交系产量配合力测定

以4个四川省常用玉米自交系为测验种,20个抗玉米纹枯病自交系为被测系,采用不完全双列杂交设计配制80个组合,对产量、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、穗粗、粒深和百粒重7个经济性状进行配合力分析。结果表明,H2149等11个抗病家系的产量一般配合力效应值为正值,其中9个家系所配F1产量较高,可直接利用;其他自交系个别性状较优,可根据育种目标有针对性的选择利用。玉米纹枯病抗源CML270与感病自交系478构建的CML270×478重组近交系群体有重要育种利用价值。     

旅大红骨种质在吉林省玉米育种中的利用潜力分析

采用不完全双列杂交设计，以3个近年来在吉林省玉米生产中主要应用杂交种的6个亲本自交系为测验种，对4份旅大红骨骨干自交系进行潜力分析。共组配24个杂交组合，以先玉335为对照，分析旅大红骨种质在产量、果穗、农艺性状及综合抗性方面的配合力和杂种优势。结果表明，E28、LD61和丹340的一般配合力可降低株高和穗位高，4个旅系均增加弯孢菌叶斑病、大斑病、灰斑病和茎腐病抗性。丹340和丹598的一般配合力表现为增产，特殊配合力表现为延长生育期，增加收获期绿叶数；E28和LD61表现相反。对产量配合力分析发现，产量与总配合力和母本一般配合力极显著相关，与总配合力的相关系数更大。杂种优势分析发现，丹598的杂种优势最好，3个父本系PH4CV、昌7-2和PD752B与被测系旅大红骨的亲缘关系更近。     

东北早熟春玉米主要种质优势类群的划分

将东北早熟春玉米常用20个自交系与中国主要四大类群代表系Mo17、黄早4、旅28、B73按Griffing4模式和NCⅡ模式分3组进行双列杂交,以行粒数、穗行数、百粒重、抽丝期、穗上叶数、株高等6个性状的总配合力效应值为依据进行聚类分析,将东北早熟春玉米主要种质初步划分为长3、Lancaster、红玉米、塘四平头等四大优势类群和其它类群。     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

高赖氨酸玉米亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势和配合力的关系

本文以8个高赖氨酸玉米自交系以及这8个亲本的56个完全双列杂交组合为材料,考查产量、品质等14个性状,进行遗传距离分析.结果表明,赖氨酸产量、蛋白质产量、脂肪产量和籽粒产量这4种产量性状的遗传距离与超亲优势、超标优势和特殊配合力之间都不存在显著的相关关系.但有一种趋势,即杂种优势较大的组合大多有较大的遗传距离.亲本的平均遗传距离与一般配合力之间也不存在显著的相关关系.遗传距离分析结果还属于参考性的,在实际育种工作中,进行配合力的测定依然是必要的.     

1O个玉米自交系主要性状的配合力研究

试验采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明：在利用一般配合力较高的自交系作为杂交亲本时,兼顾特殊配合力可以组配出更强优势的杂交组合。     

部分玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性鉴定和遗传效应研究

采用人工接种鉴定法评价72份玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性。在72份自交系中高抗系18个,占25%;抗病系15个,占20.8%;中抗系12个,占16.7%。采用双列杂交方法 4的遗传交配设计,对其中11份自交系的抗病力进行配合力分析及遗传参数估算。结果表明,917-1、4F1和吉818的GCA负效应较大,昌7-2、黄早四和长3的GCA正效应较大;吉818×黄早四、917-1×黄早四、吉818×昌7-2、KD-13×昌7-2组合具有显著的负效应,黄早四×昌7-2和917-1×吉818组合具有显著正效应。玉米抗丝黑穗病基因的加性效应和显性效应同时存在,加性效应占主导。选育杂交种时不仅要考虑双亲的一般配合力,也要注重其特殊配合力的作用。要选育中抗以上类型杂交种,其双亲之一必须为抗病系。     

Heritability of resistance in maize to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) C.G. Shaw)

Host-plant resistance is an effective and economical means of controlling downy mildew (DM) diseases in maize (Zea mays L.). Crosses involving 10 inbred maize lines in all possible combinations (diallel cross) showed that susceptibility to sorghum DM (Peronosclerospora sorghi (Weston and Uppal) C. G. Shaw) is generally inherited as a dominant characteristic. However, progenies of crosses between one of the lines (CM105) resistant to DM, and susceptible lines, showed intermediate levels of resistance, indicating that several genes are involved and that their effects are additive. Progenies of crosses between resistant lines were more resistant than their parents, probably because of interactions between different resistance genes (epistasis). Both additive and non-additive gene action was detected by partitioning gene effects by generation mean in each 16 DM-resistant × DM-susceptible combinations, which indicates that the reactions of maize to DM are governed by several genes (i.e. polygenically) and that the inheritance of resistance is complex. An inbred line from Mexico, Tuxpeno Gpo. 48-Var. 168-1, is a particularly promising general source of resistance to DM.     

50个常用玉米自交系配合力的聚类分析

对50个玉米自交系,4个测验种中的NC—Ⅱ交配组合进行了试验.以50个自交系的一般配合力及特殊配合力为指标,采用系统聚类法进行聚类分析.结果表明,利用配合力为指标将50个自交系分为13类,这13类在一般配合力和特殊配合力方面各具特点.A类的特点是,与BSSS遗传背景有较高的特殊配合力;B类的特点是,与Syn3和BSSS二种遗传背景均有较高的特殊配合力;C类的特点是,与5003、BSSS二种遗传背景具有较高的特殊配合力,并具较高的一般配合力.因此,认为此法在杂种优势预测及利用方面较通常所用的表型聚类法更可靠实用.     

玉米耐盐碱生理特性的杂种优势及遗传分析

利用7个自交系进行4×3不完全双列杂交,获得12个杂交组合,在盐碱土和黑土条件下进行盆栽试验,调查苗期植株形态(株高、叶面积)与生理特性(SOD、POD活性),并进行杂种优势及遗传分析。结果表明,4个指标可以用于鉴定玉米的耐盐碱性,盐碱胁迫下玉米幼苗株高和叶面积降低,SOD、POD活性升高。不同自交系耐盐碱能力差异显著,根据4个指标及减少比例进行动态聚类,筛选出郑58是耐盐碱能力较强的自交系,Mo17对盐碱最敏感,5个中耐品种中昌7-2、444和B73偏敏感。杂交种间耐盐碱能力差异显著,郑单958、郑58×178、郑58×Mo17和黄C×178是耐盐碱性较高的杂交组合,444×Mo17是敏感组合。杂交种的耐盐碱性能与性状的杂种优势无关,与亲本的耐盐碱程度有关。4个指标的广义遗传力较高,非加性遗传的作用较突出。因此,筛选耐盐碱的自交系时既要考虑有关性状,又要考虑其性状对比非逆境条件下的变化率。     

Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines under stress and nonstress conditions

Early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) germplasm developed from diverse sources has the potential for use in developing maize hybrids suitable for increasing maize production in the dry ecologies of eastern Africa. A diallel study was conducted to estimate general combining ability (GCA) of 12 early-maturing maize inbred lines, identify potential single-cross hybrids for use as parents, assess genetic diversity among the inbred lines, and relate genetic distance to specific combining ability (SCA) and hybrid performance. Sixty-six F₁ diallel hybrids were evaluated under optimal and drought stress conditions at four locations in Kenya and Uganda. The parental inbred lines were genotyped using 94 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for inheritance of grain yield (GY) under optimal conditions. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of GY under drought and across all environments. Inbred lines CKL0722, VL058014, and CZL0724 were among the best with positive GCA effects for GY across both optimal and drought stress conditions. The correlation between SCA and both genetic distance and F₁ GY was significant under both drought stress and across all environments. Inbred lines with desirable GCA effects for GY and other agronomic traits and hybrids with good performance under both optimal and drought stress conditions are potential parents for development of various types of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and early-maturing hybrids.     

Lancaster群体改良自交系株型性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交,分析8个含有Lancaster血缘的自交系与4大类群代表系中5个自交系的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明：株高、穗位高、茎直径、雄穗长、雄穗分枝的GCA和SCA方差均达极显著水平;一般配合力及小区产量较高的自交系有N305、N575、N583、吉853、丹340、丹988;N575×丹340的总配合力效应值最高,是最好的杂交组合。在供试的8个自交系中,N575、N583、N305与各父本所配杂交组合产量较高,是比较理想的自交系。株型性状间的相关分析表明,株高与穗位高、雄穗长度有较大的正相关,穗位高与茎直径相关性较大。     

12个玉米自交系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

12个自选玉米自交系按griffing4双列杂交模式设计,组配66个单交组合,采用完全随机区组排列进行试验,分析了株高、穗位高、产量、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数等7个性状的配合力和遗传参数.结果表明,桂99、桂422、桂517、桂A200等4个自交系综合性状较优,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系.桂340综合性状最差,需进一步改良方能利用.其它自交系也有各自突出某一性状的优势,在育种工作中应注意到有目的地选择利用.桂9804产量特殊配合力方差最大,其次是桂A200、桂422和桂517,它们均有可能选育出极端高产杂交组合。     

玉米自交系产量及主要穗部性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交方法,以宁夏自育的14个玉米自交系和2个常用自交系为母本,与改良Reid、Lancaster(Mo17和自330两个亚群)、塘四平头、旅大红骨这5个亚群的代表系Mo17、丹340、掖478、黄早四、B73为父本,进行了产量及主要穗部性状的配合力研究。结果表明,目前生产上主栽品种掖单19的亲本掖478与掖52106具有较高的特殊配合力;一般配合力以掖52106最高,宁58、郑22、宁70次之;特殊配合力较掖52106×掖478高的组合有4个,仅占配制组合的5%,说明多年来宁夏自育的玉米自交系在性状上还需进一步改良。试验对产量及主要穗部性状的配合力、遗传力及其相关性做了较深入的分析,产量与穗长、穗粗及行粒数的配合力相关性较大,提出了自交系性状选择应以穗行数为主,行粒数、千粒重次之,对产量直接选择效果较小。     

玉米主要抗旱性状的配合力及遗传参数分析Ⅲ.生育时期

按Griffing双列杂交(Ⅳ)方法,分析了8个玉米自交系的播种至散粉期日数、播种至吐丝期日数和散粉至吐丝间隔在雨养地和水分胁迫下的GCA、SCA及遗传变量.结果表明:三者均以加性基因效应为主,选择时GCA较为重要;水分胁迫对生育时期的影响较大,对其遗传改进和选择应在正常条件下进行。