Effect of thermal processing of palm sap on the physico-chemical composition of traditional palm sugar

During the production of palm sugar, the palm sap (Arenga pinnata) is heated up to 150 degrees C. Besides the hydrolysis of carbohydrate to generate reducing sugars and degradation of amino acid, many physicochemical changes produced at all these temperatures, having a significant impact on the overall quality of palm sugar. In this study, changes in physico-chemical properties of the palm sap due to heat processing were investigated. Analysis of colour, soluble solid, pH, temperature, sugar and amino acid concentration was determinant. The results showed clearly that the heating process at these high temperatures was necessary to create an environment which was rich in essential precursors for subsequent reactions such as Maillard reaction. Chemical compounds that showed drastic changes in concentration were polar side chain amino acids especially glutamine, asparagine and arginine as well as sucrose and pH value. Other quality characteristics of palm sugar based on colour and soluble solids (Brix) shared an increase in concentration as a function of time.     

氮磷钾不同配比对甜菜产质量的影响

通过内蒙古西部地区华资实业股份有限公司原料区3个不同试验点进行的甜菜氮、磷、钾不同配比试验,明确了氮素为甜菜产量和产糖量的主效因子,磷为含糖率的主效因子(达拉特旗点除外),提出了不同地区氮、磷、钾3要素的施用量及其比例。为甜菜专用肥的配方调整提供了科学依据。     

The effectiveness of carbamate and copper compounds in the control of Cercospora beticola Sacc. and their effects on yield and quality composition of autumn sown sugar beets

The fungicidal effectiveness of Zn-carbamate and copper compounds and their effects on yield and quality composition of autumn-sown beets were investigated under field conditions in a subtropical area. The two kinds of compounds — at their specific optimal treatment combinations — were equally effective in their fungicidal action and in leaf preservation. Weekly applications were required in the warmer part of the growing season for optimal results; however, during the cooler, earlier period triweekly applications were sufficient. Sprinkler pre-irrigation was essential for effective control by the fungicide-treatments. Zn-carbamate significantly exceeded the two copper compounds in sucrose storage (by 1395 kg/ha). This was the result of a less phytotoxic — respiration enhancement — effect. Beaurdice, a metallic Cu-compound, exerted the most detrimental effect. The optimal treatment for sucrose storage increased: (a) the total sucrose by 5170 kg up to 18,430 kg/ha, (b) the daily net storage rate of sucrose by 311.4%, and (c) sucrose/m³ of water by 610–710 g. The effective treatments considerably improved the technological value of the beet by: (a) increasing the juice purity by 4.7% to 91.7%, (b) decreasing the sol. ash and sol. N ratios and (c) maintaining the sucrose concentration at the same, or slightly higher, level throughout the entire experimental season. It was shown that the Cu-ions restricted the sol. ash concentration in the beet by interfering with the uptake of the mineral elements or by enhancing their incorporation.     

Sugar Beet Quality Improvement

Abstract

More than one-third of the sugar (sucrose) consumed by humans is obtained from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Sucrose extraction begins with the production of a dark opaque juice from strips of sugar beet. This juice is purified with lime and carbon dioxide, thickened by evaporation, and crystallized under a vacuum. Soluble nonsucrose constituents of sugar beet, referred to collectively as impurities, impede sucrose crystallization in normal factory processes. Sucrose concentration and the ratio of sucrose to total soluble solids (sucrose plus impurities) determine processing quality of sugar beet. Among the more important impurity components are sodium, potassium, and amino-nitrogen. Sucrose and impurity concentrations can be altered in breeding programs. However, a negative association between root yield and sucrose concentration and interactions among impurity components and between impurity components and yield or sucrose concentration have complicated breeding efforts. Also, almost any cultural practice may affect the quality of the crop. Nitrogen fertilizer management is a challenge wherever sugar beet is grown. Producers' returns can be increased with proper nitrogen application but even moderate over-fertilization may result in a costly reduction in crop quality. Both producers and processors operate on small profit margins. In this economic environment, producing a high quality crop is a necessity.     

黄河河套灌溉区发展甜菜生产的对策

针对甜菜生产存在的问题,提出甜菜高产(60t/hm^2),高糖(16．5％)的技术措施：占用饲料地种植甜菜,解决争地矛盾;建设甜菜产业化基地,实现工农双赢;实行科学种田,实现甜菜“三高”;实行甜菜生产机械化,提高劳动生产力;典型引路,实行“一帮一”科技示范。     

增产菌对甜菜作用机制的探讨——Ⅲ.增产菌对甜菜矿质营养的吸收及抗旱能力等的影响

研究表明,增产菌能影响甜菜对矿质营养的吸收速率及选择性,能明显地促进甜菜对N、P、Fe的吸收,但不能促进其对K、Na的吸收。在块根糖分增长期,增产菌有效地改善了碳水化合物的分配和利用,促进碳水化合物由叶片向根部运输。在水分胁迫条件下,增产菌能减少干旱对质膜的伤害作用,并能提高块根中脯氨酸浓度,维持较高叶片含水量和干物质累积速率。     

内蒙古甜菜制糖产业发展探析

内蒙古自治区从1955年包头糖厂建成投产开始,已成为我国重要的甜菜制糖产业基地。近年来内蒙古甜菜制糖产业快速发展,甜菜制糖企业呈现集团化、多元化、专业化的格局,共有13家糖厂在生产,日加工甜菜能力达5.35万吨,食糖年产能70万吨。内蒙古具有较强的甜菜生产技术优势,甜菜种植的比较收益突出,通过甜菜制糖企业合理布局,建立甜菜种植保护区,依靠科学技术,规模化种植提高了甜菜生产机械化水平,合理轮作,避免甜菜重迎茬,建立环境友好型甜菜生产方式,形成稳定的甜菜生产能力,为制糖企业提供充足原料。采用先进的制糖工艺技术,降低糖分工艺损失,加快新产品开发,延伸甜菜制糖产业链,以效益为中心,推动甜菜制糖行业可持续发展。2018/2019榨季内蒙古食糖产量达到历史高位的65万吨,占国内甜菜糖总产量的49.04%,成为我国最大的甜菜糖产区。     

Effect of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on the processing quality of potato tubers for French fry production

Summary The effects of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on processing quality parameters in the cultivars, Maris Piper and Rooster were investigated over four seasons. Tuber dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugar concentrations and fry colour were measured. Seed source did not affect sucrose concentrations, significantly affected tuber dry matter in three of the four seasons and had no effect on reducing sugar concentrations or fry colour. Presprouting seed, reduced sucrose concentrations during two seasons from four and increased dry matter concentration of cv. Maris Piper during one season from four and in cv. Rooster during two seasons from four; lowered reducing sugar concentrations following storage in one season from three and did not affect fry colour. Delaying the desiccation date decreased sucrose concentration in all seasons, increased tuber dry matter concentration during two seasons and induced higher reducing sugar concentrations and darker fry colours.     

大气CO2浓度升高对大豆不同器官碳水化合物积累的影响

研究大气CO2浓度升高对非结构性碳水化合物分配积累的影响,可填补大豆气候变化生物学的部分空白,也又可为选育适应未来气候条件的大豆品种以及高产栽培策略提供理论支撑。本研究以大豆品种紫花4（ZH4）、小黄金（XHJ）、丰收10号（FS10）和嫩丰1号（NF1）为材料,利用开顶式气室模拟研究大气CO2浓度升高到550 μmol·mol-1对大豆鼓粒期（R5）和完熟期（R8）不同器官光合产物积累和分配的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度升高对不同器官C浓度的影响存在品种间差异。除了R5期XHJ叶片和R8期NF1根系,大豆不同器官C浓度表现出增加的趋势。大气CO2浓度升高显著增加R5期大豆叶片可溶性糖浓度（33.4%~90.0%）;而蔗糖和淀粉浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应受到品种因素的影响,XHJ叶片蔗糖浓度和FS10叶片淀粉浓度分别降低9.7%和13%,其余品种叶片蔗糖和淀粉浓度显著增加。在R8期,大气CO2浓度升高后大豆籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉浓度均表现出增加的趋势,籽粒可溶性糖浓度平均增加22%。同R5期相比,R8期大豆营养器官的碳水化合物浓度显著下降,表明营养器官碳水化合物的再利用能力决定大豆产量的增幅。ZH4、XHJ和FS10的产量平均增加32.7%,而NF1产量增加不显著。大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了大豆植株C的同化能力,但不同品种间差异显著。“源端”叶片蔗糖转化能力强,“流端”茎秆装卸同化产物效率高,以及“库强”较大的大豆品种在未来大豆品种选育和生产中应该是重点关注对象。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下甜菜生长及养分吸收的影响

为了探究外源亚精胺是否具有缓解甜菜盐害作用,采用霍兰营养液室内水培方法,测定了280mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,喷施0.25 mmol/L外源亚精胺后,耐盐‘T510’和盐敏感‘210’甜菜品系幼苗生长、生理及其体内N、P、K养分含量的变化情况。结果发现,盐胁迫下(Na处理),除MDA和P素含量升高外,两品系甜菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量、叶面积、叶绿素含量、幼苗生物量及N、K养分含量指标均明显降低;与Na处理比,喷施亚精胺的盐胁迫处理,除MDA和P素含量降低外,其它指标明显增加,两品系甜菜幼苗生长和养分吸收状况明显改善;外源亚精胺对耐盐‘T510’品系的调节作用大于‘210’品系。因此外源亚精胺能有效缓解盐胁迫对甜菜生长的伤害,对耐盐品系的调节效果更佳。     

甜菜品质性状定向选择的研究

通过以８个甜菜品种（系）为试材,检测块根中Ｋ、Ｎａ、有害Ｎ含量及纯度,作为主要品质性状,以含糖率、根产量和产糖量作为主要农艺性状,采用灰色关联度分析和优势分析法进行统计分析。灰色关联度分析结果表明：加强含糖率的选择,可有效获得含Ｋ较低、纯度较高的材料;增大产糖量的选择压力,兼顾含糖率的选择,很可能获得含Ｎａ较低的材料;而选择高产糖量的同时,兼顾根产量的选择,则会有效地降低有害Ｎ的含量。优势分析结果表明：纯度为品质性状中最优性状,含糖率为农艺性状中准最优性状。     

Evaluation of physiological traits as indirect selection criteria for drought tolerance in sugar beet

Drought is the most important limitation to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production in the UK and other areas dependent on usually insufficient summer rainfall. As increased irrigation is not a viable answer to the problem, an economically and environmentally desirable solution is new varieties with decreased sensitivity to water deficits. However, there is little genotypic information on drought tolerance in sugar beet, and breeders are not equipped to make these selections. The objectives of this study were to assess the degree of genotypic diversity for drought-related morpho-physiological traits and to measure the strength of association between these traits and indicators of crop performance. 46 sugar beet genotypes with diverse genetic backgrounds were tested in three field experiments from 1999 to 2001. Drought was imposed by covering plots with large polythene tunnels, allowing the crop to grow solely on stored soil moisture. Agronomic characters and drought tolerance indices are described in a companion paper [Ober et al., Assessing the genetic resources to improve drought tolerance in sugar beet. Agronomic traits of diverse genotypes under droughted and irrigated conditions. Field Crops Res., in press]. In this report, we show that there were significant genotypic differences for stomatal conductance, succulence index, specific leaf weight, and osmotic adjustment, but not for photosynthetic rate, relative water content or total water use. Patterns of water use within the soil profile differed between genotypes; some extracted more water from deep soil layers. The maintenance of green foliage cover during drought was positively correlated with drought tolerance index, which was negatively correlated with succulence index and scores for wilting and leaf senescence. Droughted sugar yield was positively correlated with soil water extraction and negatively correlated with relative leaf expansion rate measured in late summer. Under irrigated conditions, there was high positive correlation between transpiration rate and sugar yield. Genotype × trait biplots showed superior genotypes with relatively greater expression of combinations of favourable traits. The results suggest that succulence index and wilting score could be used to cull inferior plants in early stages of breeding programs, and green foliage cover and patterns of water use could help identify superior genotypes in elite germplasm. These data should enable tools to be developed for indirect selection of genotypes suited to drought-prone environments.     

The effect of dry feed additives on the nutritive value of silage

Silages were prepared in late September from a mixed crop of perennial ryegrass and white clover with low dry matter and high nitrogen content. Six different treatments were used during ensiling; addition of either molassed sugar beet pulp or rolled barley, at 50 kg and 25 kg (t fresh grass)^?1, formic acid at 51 t^?1 and no additive (control). All silages were well fermented with low levels of ammonia and pH. The addition of rolled barley or sugar beet pulp increased the dry matter content of the silages incrementally and appeared to assist the retention of nitrogen in the silage. Dry matter intakes of silages with 50 kg of barley or sugar beet pulp tonne^?1 were similar to the control silage when fed to wether sheep but at 25 kg t^?1, dry matter intake increased by 0·15 with barley and 0·04 with sugar beet pulp compared to the control. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than the control for silages treated with formic acid or high levels of barley and sugar beet pulp whereas neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility did not appear to be significantly affected. All treated silages had a significantly higher metabolizable energy (ME) content than the control, and additions of barley or sugar beet increased the ME content. The ME intakes of all treated silages were also significantly greater than those of the control, and the formic acid-treated and low barley silages were the highest. This appeared to be associated with significantly higher energy digestibility and DM intake. Addition of rolled barley during ensilage resulted in greater nitrogen intake, availability and retention compared to additions of sugar beet pulp. The higher retention with barley silages was associated with a significantly lower proportional loss of absorbed nitrogen in urine, which indicated a more efficient utilization of nitrogen. These differences require further study to determine the mechanisms involved in the interactions between the energy source and herbage protein, both during fermentation and in the rumen.     

Modelling the concentrations of nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrates in grass herbage ingested by cattle under strip-grazing management

There is scope of increasing the nitrogen (N) efficiency of grazing cattle through manipulation of the energy and N concentrations in the herbage ingested. Because of asymmetric grazing by cattle between individual plant parts, it has not yet been established how this translates into the concentrations of N and water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the herbage ingested. A model is described with the objective of assessing the efficacy of individual tools in grassland management in manipulating the WSC and N concentrations of the herbage ingested by cattle under strip‐grazing management throughout the growing season. The model was calibrated and independently evaluated for early (April), mid‐ (June, regrowth phase) and late (September) parts of the growing season. There was a high correlation between predicted and observed WSC concentrations in the ingested herbage (R² = 0·78, P < 0·001). The correlation between predicted and observed neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations in the ingested herbage was lower (R² = 0·49, P < 0·05) with a small absolute bias. Differences in the N concentration between laminae and sheaths, and between clean patches and fouled patches, were adequately simulated and it was concluded that the model could be used to assess the efficacy of grassland management tools for manipulating the WSC and N concentrations in the ingested herbage. Model application showed that reduced rates of application of N fertilizer and longer rotation lengths were effective tools for manipulating herbage quality in early and mid‐season. During the later part of the growing season, the large proportion of area affected by dung and urine reduced the effect of application rate of N fertilizer on herbage quality. In contrast, relative differences between high‐sugar and low‐sugar cultivars of perennial ryegrass were largest during this period. This suggests that high‐sugar cultivars may be an important tool in increasing N efficiency by cattle when risks of N losses to water bodies are largest. The model output showed that defoliation height affects the chemical composition of the ingested herbage of both the current and the subsequent grazing period.     

Impact of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium on Brown Planthopper and Tolerance of Its Host Rice Plants

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.     

采摘标准与施氮水平对茶树春茶产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

为探讨田间不同生产方式对茶园产量、茶叶品质及茶树对氮肥吸收利用的影响,采用微区¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了不同采摘标准（一芽一叶和一芽三叶）和氮肥施用水平（200、450 kg·hm^-2）下茶树春季新梢产量、品质成分和¹⁵N氮素吸收利用等变化。结果表明,新梢产量主要受采摘标准影响,一芽三叶的产量是一芽一叶的1.8~2.1倍,氮肥用量对春季新梢产量影响不显著;采摘标准对氨基酸含量特别是对茶氨酸等品质成分的影响大于施氮水平,以N2水平（N 450 kg·hm^-2）下采摘一芽一叶的含量最高;成熟叶含氮量从初冬到春茶结束呈下降趋势,说明叶片内氮素在春茶期间发生再利用,但其肥料氮占全氮的比例（Ndff）在增加,可能是氮素吸收和再利用的共同结果;供氮水平对新梢Ndff的影响大于采摘标准,而新梢采摘的氮携带量主要受产量影响,低氮条件下新梢¹⁵N回收率最高。本研究表明,采摘标准和施氮量对茶园产量、茶叶品质及茶树对¹⁵N氮素的吸收分配产生影响,但两个氮肥水平都能基本满足不同采摘标准下茶树对氮素的需求。     

中国北方甜菜土壤速效钾丰缺指标与适宜施钾量研究

为了给甜菜测土施肥提供科学依据,采用零散实验数据整合法、缺素处理相对产量与土壤养分含量回归方程法和“养分平衡—地力差减法”确定适宜施肥量新应用公式,开展了我国北方甜菜土壤速效钾丰缺指标与适宜施钾量研究。结果表明,中国北方甜菜土壤速效钾(NH4OAc-K)第1~5级丰缺指标依次为>409、224~409、123~224、68~123和≤68 mg/kg。当钾肥当季利用率40%、目标产量30~90 t/hm^2时,土壤速效钾丰缺级别第1~5级的适宜施钾量范围依次为0~0、41~124、83~248、124~371和165~495 kg/hm^2。     

Effect of sulphur fertilisation on the growth and metabolism of sugar beet grown on soils of differing sulphur status

Field experiments were conducted at high- and low-S status sites in the 1998 and 1999 seasons to investigate the effect of sulphur application on the growth and metabolism of sugar beet. Application of sulphur (25 kg ha⁻¹) resulted in a 25% increase in root yield together with significant increases in root and shoot dry matter accumulation at the low-S site only in the 1998 season. Beet quality was also increased through a reduction in α-amino N concentration. Crop S uptake was shown to be as much as 35 kg S ha⁻¹ per year but with most S being returned to the soil removal of S is likely to be <15 kg ha⁻¹ per year. The use of diagnostic plant indicators to predict sulphur deficiency in this crop was limited by the potential of the crop to access subsoil S through an extensive rooting depth. Application of sulphur to high-S status sites had no effect on the growth or metabolism of sugar beet.     

肥料运筹对荔枝生长、品质及产量的影响

开展了在荔枝不同生育期施以不同量肥料对其生长、品质及产量的影响研究,结果表明:重施采后肥能提高‘桂味’荔枝老熟秋梢叶片中N、P、K含量,促进‘妃子笑’荔枝老熟秋梢伸长长粗。不同施肥比例处理的荔枝果实中总氨基酸、药效氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量存在差别。‘桂味’荔枝果实可溶性糖、蛋白和固形物以及总游离氨基酸含量随采后肥施用量的增加而增加。‘妃子笑’荔枝以采后肥45%处理的果实品质最佳。‘桂味’和‘妃子笑’荔枝采后肥施用量为全年施肥量45%处理的其产量最高,效益最好。采后肥施肥量降低或提高均不同程度减产减收。     

春小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累与底物供应的关系

利用产量和蛋白质含量不同的三个春小麦品种,在盆栽条件下,研究了籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量变化的关系。结果表明,开花后5～20 d三个品种籽粒可溶性糖含量急剧下降,对应时期的淀粉含量快速上升,后期当可溶性糖含量回升时,其相应淀粉含量下降或增加的幅度很小。籽粒游离氨基酸含量随着灌浆进程渐次降低,品种间蛋白质含量的变化与游离氨基酸的变化一致。所有品种淀粉积累速率变化呈抛物线型变化,高产中蛋白品种的淀粉积累速率最高。进一步认为,可溶性糖作为淀粉合成的底物向淀粉的转化可能更多地依赖于籽粒利用和合成能力的大小,而蛋白质积累更多地直接依赖供应源。