94份国外小麦种质材料的主要农艺性状分析

为筛选优异外源小麦种质材料,分析了94份引进小麦种质的有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等7个主要农艺性状的变异情况及它们间的相关性,并以7个主要农艺性状为指标,对94份小麦种质进行了聚类分析。结果表明,除了容重外,94份小麦材料的其他6个主要农艺性状均表现出较大的变异性,以不孕小穗数的变异系数(62.07%)最大;有效穗数、株高与产量的相关性达到极显著水平,有效穗数与千粒重极显著负相关;通过聚类分析,将供试材料分为9个类群,其中第Ⅱ类群的g-1020、g-1043、09A452等6份种质的产量三要素极为协调,产量水平与不孕小穗数也表现较好,可以用作配置杂交组合的亲本。     

小麦新品种(系)产量比较试验

[目的]筛选适合于蚌埠地区种植的产量高、抗逆性强的小麦新品种.[方法]2019—2020年在固镇县进行田间试验,在鉴定9个参试品种(系)抗逆性同时,进行产量性状比较试验.[结果]丰华8903籽粒产量为6522 kg/hm2,较对照(皖麦38)增产12.0％,达显著水平.[结论]丰华8903有效穗数在600万/hm2左右...     

青稞新品系87-9-5的选育

青稞新品系 87- 9- 5是甘南州农科所 1987年用 83A - 19- 1为母本 ,肚里黄为父本组配组合杂交、南繁北育、系统选育而成。 1992年参加品种 (系 )比较试验 ,平均产量 550 0 5kg/hm2 ,较对照品种肚里黄和长芒青稞平均增产 4 8 4 % ;1993～ 1995年参加甘南州青稞联合区试 ,平均产量 372 7 5kg/hm2 ,较对照甘青一号增产 13 9% ,居第 2位 ,差异极显著 ;1996～ 1999年多点生产示范中平均产量 4 2 94kg/hm2 ,较对照品种增产 2 5 38%。该品系生育期 110～ 115d ,株高 84～116cm ,穗长 6 9～ 9 4cm ,穗粒数 4 4～ 52粒 ,千粒重 4 2 1～ 4 8 8g。籽粒粗蛋白含量 11 2 % ,赖氨酸 0 4 9% ,淀粉 6 2 6 %。表现早熟 ,抗倒伏 ,穗大、粒多 ,穗脖坚韧 ,落黄好 ,较抗大麦条纹病。     

2014年温宿县水稻新品系比较试验研究

以新稻36号和秋田小町为对照,新疆金丰源种业股份有限公司水稻试验站对水稻新品系进行比较试验研究,以筛选出适合温宿县推广种植的水稻新品系。结果表明,品系7-2和10-24-4产量最高,产量在760 kg/667 m2以上;品系668和27-5产量最低,较CK1减产;其他10个品系产量在701.1~743.4 kg/667 m2,差异不显著,较CK1增产13%以上。从生育期、抗性和产量上看,12个水稻新品系适合在温宿稻区推广种植。     

小苗机插大穗型杂交粳稻增产优势及形成特征

为探明小苗机插大穗型杂交粳稻在淮北地区的增产优势及其产量形成特征,选用在苏中地区表现较好的大穗型杂交粳稻甬优2640、甬优2638和甬优1640为试验材料,并以当地种植面积较大的超级稻品种连粳7号、新稻18和宁粳4号作为对照,在高产栽培条件下进行比较试验。结果表明,大穗型杂交粳稻的产量显著高于中穗型超级常规粳稻品种,因为其每穗粒数较多能形成群体足够总粒数,且结实率较高。中穗型超级稻虽群体穗数较多,但因每穗粒数不够多,造成总粒数明显少于大穗型杂交粳稻,故影响到产量的提高。大穗型杂交粳稻产量形成的鲜明特点是成穗率高,中后期叶面积指数、光合势、群体干物质积累和群体生长率显著大于中穗型常规粳稻。两年试验结果显示,每穗粒数与产量的相关系数最大,其次是总颖花数。在淮北地区小麦茬田小苗机插采用大穗型杂交粳稻有显著的增产优势,增产幅度在7.68%~12.14%。     

湖北省近20年审定小麦品种的产量、品质性状及抗病性分析

为给湖北省高产优质小麦新品种的选育提供理论参考,以该省2001-2020年审定的57个小麦品种为材料,对其重要产量、品质性状和抗病性进行了分析。结果表明,品种产量逐年增加,年平均增产  39.29 kg·hm^-2,产量构成因素中有效穗数呈升高趋势,穗粒数和千粒重随年份呈缓慢下降趋势。相关分析显示,产量与有效穗数和千粒重呈极显著正相关,与产量相关程度表现为有效穗数（0.549 1）>千粒重  （0.392 7）>株高（-0.333 2）>穗粒数（0.110 4）。偏相关分析结果表明,产量构成各因素与产量间均呈极显著正相关,与主要性状相关程度表现为有效穗数（0.821 0）>千粒重（0.811 8）>穗粒数（0.783 6）>株高（-0.162 6）,且产量构成因素间均呈极显著负相关,表明今后要在适当降低株高基础上,提高有效穗数和千粒重,兼顾穗粒数,协调三因素间关系。品质性状分析显示,供试小麦品种主要以中筋为主,弱筋小麦所占比例呈增加趋势。"十三五"期间共审定了6了弱筋品种,占比全部弱筋小麦的66.67%。此外,楚襄1号和华麦1168达到国家强筋标准,强筋小麦有了突破,小麦品质也更多样化。抗病性状分析表明,供试小麦品种缺少高抗赤霉病、白粉病和纹枯病品种,抗性亟需加强。直接亲本统计分析,发现利用4个高使用频率直接亲本育成品种主要集中于"十三五"期间,占全部审定品种24.56%,表明20年湖北省审定品种遗传基础较狭窄。建议加强不同来源种质资源收集、利用和创新,以选育出高产、优质和多抗小麦新品种。     

六安地区再生稻新品种筛选试验

[目的]筛选适合六安市裕安区乃至周边地区推广的再生稻主导品种。[方法]以13个再生稻新品种为试验材料,研究对比各品种的产量、综合农艺性状、生育期和抗性表现。[结果]头季稻参试品种比对照品种丰两优香1号增产的有7个,增幅3.78%～9.45%,产量最高的品种为隆晶优1212;二茬稻比对照品种丰两优香1号增产的有6个,增幅5.27%～10.36%,产量最高的品种为友两优2152。头季稻有效穗,隆晶优1212最高;二茬稻有效穗,领优华占最高。参试品种纹枯病一般轻发,稻曲病一般未发或轻发;大部分参试品种抗倒性较强。[结论]筛选出适合在裕安区乃至周边地区种植的高产、多抗、优质杂交稻新品种隆晶优1212、友两优2152、领优华占、全两优一号、桃优香占、深优粤禾丝苗等。     

2种农用微生物菌剂在小麦上的应用试验

通过研究农用微生物菌剂在小麦上的应用效果,为肥料登记和大面积推广应用提供依据。对喷施2个农用微生物菌剂的淮麦33农艺性状和产量进行分析研究,结果表明:小麦喷施2种微生物菌剂均能增加小麦每穗粒数,提高千粒质量,增加小麦产量,较常规对照(CK_0)分别增产28.89、22.23 kg/667 m~2,增产率分别为8.12%、6.25%,且分别达极显著水平(P0.01)和显著水平(P0.05);小麦喷施农用微生物菌剂1较清水对照(CK_1)增产22.22 kg/667 m~2,增6.13%,达显著水平(P0.05);小麦喷施农用微生物菌剂2较清水对照(CK_2)增产20.0 kg/667 m~2,增5.59%,产量差异达显著水平(P0.05)。     

干旱胁迫对玉米杂交种产量及穗部性状的影响

采用开花期自然干旱胁迫法,对自育的107个杂交组合进行耐旱性鉴定评价。结果表明,干旱对杂交种产量影响较大。旱区产量较水区下降48.24%,下降极显著。穗长和行粒数对干旱反应较敏感,行粒数的下降幅度大于穗长,分别为15.07%和9.84%。水区和旱区的产量、穗长、行粒数、穗粗、穗行数均呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.39、0.65、0.39、0.38和0.86。筛选17HT1079×PH4CV、17HT935×PH4CV、17HT1028×PH4CV和新玉108这4个杂交种,旱区产量分别为11 654.5、8 186.4、8 431.5、7 731.7 kg/hm2,较先玉335增产67%、17.31%、20.82%和10.79%,增产极显著。水区产量分别为14 365.5、16 006.8、13 928.8和14 985.9 kg/hm2,较先玉335增产3.61%、15.45%、0.46%和8.09%。抗旱系数分别为0.81、0.51、0.61和0.52,耐逆指数分别为1.3、1.01、0.91和0.9,极显著高于先玉335,均属一级极强耐旱杂交种。     

波斯小麦农艺性状相关性及主成分分析

为从波斯小麦中发掘优异基因资源,拓宽小麦遗传基础,对来自15个国家（地区）的81份波斯小麦进行了农艺性状相关分析和主成分分析。结果表明,供试材料总体表现为植株高大,平均为110．0cm;有效穗数平均为12．6个;穗粒数较多,平均为42．4粒;播种至抽穗平均为185．5d;千粒重偏低,平均为17．3g。简单和偏相关分析中分别有16和12对性状相关极显著。其中分蘖数与有效穗数、穗长、小穗数,有效穗数与穗长、小穗数,穗长与小穗数,小穗数与千粒重,抽穗期与穗粒数间相关和偏相关系数均达极显著水平。主成分分析表明,前四个主成分（分蘖因子、粒重因子、穗粒数因子、抽穗期因子）对变异的贡献率达85．61％。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).