泵站多机组叶片全调节优化运行分解-动态规划聚合方法

针对泵站多机组叶片全调节日优化运行数学模型,提出了大系统分解-动态规划聚合求解方法。以泵站日提水耗电费用最小为目标,机组提水量为协调变量,将该模型分解为若干个单机组叶片全调节日优化运行子模型。该子模型以机组叶片安放角为决策变量,机组提水量的离散值为状态变量,采用动态规划方法求解。构造的聚合模型以各机组提水量为决策变量,泵站提水量的离散值为状态变量,同样采用动态规划方法求解。该方法可解决安装不同型号泵机组或各机组性能存在差异的站内最优化运行问题。以淮安四站运行为例,获得了较好的优化效果。     

并联泵站群日优化运行方案算法

提出了并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型,该模型以并联泵站群日提水费用最少为目标函数,以各时段机组叶片角或转速为决策变量.考虑站间不同工况调节方式,采用大系统二级分解-动态规划聚合法进行求解.首先以泵站日提水耗电费用最少为目标,泵站提水量的分配为协调变量,将该模型分解成若干个泵站多机组日优化运行一级子模型;再以单机组日提水耗电费用最少为目标,机组提水量的分配为协调变量,将一级子模型分解为若干个单机组日优化运行二级子模型.该二级子模型以机组叶片安放角或机组转速为决策变量,机组提水量的离散值为状态变量,采用动态规划方法求解.构造的聚合模型以各机组提水量为决策变量,并联泵站群提水量的离散值为状态变量,同样采用动态规划方法求解.该方法可以解决不同工况调节方式、不同时段划分及不同日均扬程下并联泵站群的日优化运行问题.以淮阴一、三站并联运行为例,作了日优化运行计算,结果表明：各日均扬程下满负荷、80%负荷、60%负荷优化运行单位费用,较定角恒速运行分别平均节约10.53%,26.54%,34.40%.     

并联泵站群日优化运行方案算法

提出了并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型,该模型以并联泵站群日提水费用最少为目标函数,以各时段机组叶片角或转速为决策变量.考虑站间不同工况调节方式,采用大系统二级分解-动态规划聚合法进行求解.首先以泵站日提水耗电费用最少为目标,泵站提水量的分配为协调变量,将该模型分解成若干个泵站多机组日优化运行一级子模型;再以单机组日提水耗电费用最少为目标,机组提水量的分配为协调变量,将一级子模型分解为若干个单机组日优化运行二级子模型.该二级子模型以机组叶片安放角或机组转速为决策变量,机组提水量的离散值为状态变量,采用动态规划方法求解.构造的聚合模型以各机组提水量为决策变量,并联泵站群提水量的离散值为状态变量,同样采用动态规划方法求解.该方法可以解决不同工况调节方式、不同时段划分及不同日均扬程下并联泵站群的日优化运行问题.以淮阴一、三站并联运行为例,作了日优化运行计算,结果表明：各日均扬程下满负荷、80%负荷、60%负荷优化运行单位费用,较定角恒速运行分别平均节约10.53%,26.54%,34.40%.     

基于DPSA方法的江都四站单机组优化运行

提出了考虑峰谷电价与水位变幅等因素的水泵叶片全调节与变频变速组合优化（以下简称组合优化）运行的动态规划数学模型,以日开机运行总耗电费用最小为目标函数,各时段水泵开机的叶片安放角和机组转速为决策变量,规定时段内抽水总量为约束条件,通过动态规划逐次逼近法（即DPSA）确定最优解.以江都四站为例,对单机组组合优化运行与定桨恒速运行进行了比较分析.结果表明,在典型潮位过程（12月至2月份平均潮位过程）,设计日均扬程（7.8~3.8 m）,机组以100%,80%和60%总水量（机组额定运行时的水量）作为约束时,组合运行优化结果与定桨恒速运行相比,考虑峰谷电价时可节省电费0.99%~35.00%,不考虑峰谷电价时可节省电费0.26%~17.23%.优化效果良好,为南水北调泵站优化运行提供了新的思路.     

南水北调东线泵站变速运行模式的适应性

以南水北调东线工程源头泵站江都四站为例,通过单机组优化运行（叶片全调节、变频变速）数学模型的求解、分析可知,在南水北调东线源头泵站扬程变幅（日均扬程7.8~3.8 m,潮差1.2 m）范围内,不管是否实行峰谷电价,泵站叶片全调节优化运行是较为合适的运行模式;变频变速运行仅在扬程低于5.0 m、非满负荷运行时优于叶片全调节;在满负荷工作时,泵站变频变速与定角恒速运行相比,变频变速优化运行带来的效益不足以抵消变频装置的耗损.同时,从泵装置运行的机理出发,证明了大型提水泵站只有在一次调水过程中的扬程变幅足够大时,变频变速优化运行才能产生效益的论点.该成果可为南水北调东线大型泵站的改造、优化运行提供理论依据.     

基于动态规划逐次逼近法的江都四站变速优化

建立了考虑峰谷电价、长江潮汐变化的南水北调泵站站内多机组变速优化运行模型：在水泵设计叶片安放角不变的情况下,以站内机组耗电费用最少为目标函数,时段为阶段变量,水泵转速、开机机组台教为决策变量,日抽水量为约束条件。针对该复杂非线性规划模型,首次采用动态规划逐次逼近法进行求解,并以江都四站为例,对站内多机组变速与定桨恒速运...     

基于DPSA算法的“单库-单站”水资源优化调度方法研究

提出了单座水库与单座补水泵站水资源优化调度的非线性数学模型,模型以年内各时段的缺(弃)水量的平方最小为目标函数,各时段水库供水量和泵站引提水量为决策变量,各时段水库库容为状态变量,以年调节水库可供水量、泵站年引提水总量、水库与补水泵站的联合运行准则(泵站闲时补库、忙时供水)等为约束条件,并以南水北调东线一期江苏境内"骆马湖-皂河站"为实例,采用动态规划逐次逼近法进行求解。结果表明,相同供水保证率时,50%、75%、95%来水频率下泵站补水量、缺水量、弃水量比常规调度均有减少。     

基于蚁群算法的泵站运行优化及投影寻踪选优策略

针对泵站优化运行计算时最优解评价指标单一的问题,建立了包含机组开停机约束的泵站优化运行数学模型和运行方案选优的投影寻踪决策模型.提出了求解泵站多机组优化运行模型的蚁群算法,并通过分析模型的特性改进了算法中启发式信息和信息素更新方式.对江都四站多机组日优化运行计算的结果显示,变量同等离散的情况下,利用蚁群算法优化的结果比用动态规划逐次逼近法优化的结果节省了2.8％的电费,前者相比设计工况运行时节省了29.2％的电费,且蚁群算法优化结果对应的运行方案中叶片调节次数少,机组运行时间短;方案选优时投影寻踪决策模型能够兼顾多个评价指标的优选,得到的运行方案不仅运行成本低,且更合理,更贴切于日常运行,可见改进后的蚁群算法结合投影寻踪决策模型在泵站优化运行及相近的领域有较大的实用价值.     

山湖水库“一库两站”联合运行优化调度方法

针对特殊干旱年山湖水库水资源优化调度问题,提出了单座年调节水库与补库泵站、调水泵站联合运行的“一库两站”系统水资源优化调度模型.模型以年内各阶段受水区缺水量平方和最小为目标函数,各阶段水库的供水量与外调水量为决策变量,水库年可供水量、调水泵站年提水量、库站联合运行调度准则为约束条件,采用动态规划逐次逼近法求解,获得了水库最优的供水量过程和弃水量过程、补库泵站最优的补水量过程以及调水泵站最优的提水量过程.结果表明：山湖水库“一库两站”系统水资源优化调度可将系统缺水量从16万m3减小至8.6万m3,而水库弃水量从84.1万m3减小至0,泵站补水量从2 190万m3减小至2 140万m3,外调水量从380万m3增加至390万m3.该成果可为采用类似“一库两站”系统供水灌区的运行管理提供借鉴和参考.     

基于DPSA传统分解聚合模型的并联泵站优化

针对多决策变量复杂非线性系统优化问题,引入基于DPSA的传统分解聚合模型进行并联泵站叶片全调节优化运行研究.首先将大系统分解为若干个子系统,采用DPSA法对各子系统进行优化;再以各子系统分配水量作为关联变量将各子系统回归方程进行聚合,并由聚合模型确定整个系统的最优解;最后通过关联变量将系统最优解反馈到各子系统,从而得到各子系统相应优化调度过程.通过在江都并联泵站叶片全调节优化中的应用,实现了系统总费用最小时的优化调度过程,确定了各站各时段开机台数及叶片角度的最优组合方案,表明了方法的可行性.同时以单位提水费用为指标,按考虑峰谷电价与不考虑两种情况,分析了江都站不同日均扬程、不同运行负荷下,叶片全调节相对定角恒速的优化运行效果,其中考虑峰谷电价节省费用较多,在满负荷、80%负荷6、0%负荷运行情况下,不同日均扬程单位费用节省率均值分别为7.52%2,2.19%,25.89%.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。