绿僵菌对甘蔗螟虫的室内致病力测定

在室内用喷雾法测定了4株绿僵菌对甘蔗螟虫3～4龄若虫的致病力。结果表明,绿僵菌致病力强弱与菌株种类和接种剂量有密切关系。先接虫后喷施菌剂时,菌株对甘蔗螟虫若虫致病力的强弱顺序为JF813HS1MA4JF883;先喷施菌剂后接虫时,菌株对甘蔗螟虫若虫致病力的强弱顺序为MA4HS1JF813JF883。在接种各菌株孢子浓度为1×108个/mL时,菌剂对甘蔗螟虫若虫的致死率高。其中JF813菌株对甘蔗螟虫若虫具有很强的二次侵染能力,HS1菌株在两种处理方式中致病力稳定。     

绿僵菌对东亚飞蝗的室内致病力测定

在室内用喷雾法测定了6株绿僵菌对东亚飞蝗的致病力,结果表明,其致病力强弱与菌株种类和接种剂量有密切关系,菌株对东亚飞蝗的致病力由强到弱顺序为MA3>MA4>MB6>MA6>MA5>MA11。接种MA3菌株的孢子浓度在1.0×108个/mL情况下,对4龄蝗蝻的LD50为4.46d。用不同剂量的MA4菌株的孢子油悬浮剂涂抹法接种4龄蝗蝻,发现其LD50仅为15.39个/头。另外,观察发现,MA3菌株具有很强的2次侵染能力。     

金龟子绿僵菌对红棕象甲的室内致病力测定

在室内用喷雾法测定13株绿僵菌对红棕象甲的致病力。结果表明,菌株致病力强弱与菌株种类有密切关系,菌株的浓度与累计死亡率成线性关系。菌株对红棕象甲的致病力由强到弱的顺序为：Red2＞Red3＞Gre1＞Yx7＞Yx4＞Gre3＞Red1＞Yx1＞Gre2＞Yx6＞Gre4＞Gre5＞Yx3。接种Red2菌株在孢子浓度为1.0×108个/mL水悬浮剂情况下,对4龄红棕象甲幼虫的LT50为5.23 d。用不同浓度的Red2菌株的孢子油悬浮剂涂抹法接种4龄幼虫,发现其LC50为7.32×106个/mL。另外,经试     

绿僵菌Marho2基因功能初步分析

绿僵菌广泛应用于农林害虫的防治,成功侵染寄主昆虫的过程中均伴随着细胞形态的变化,是细胞极性建立和骨架重排的结果。Rho家族中Rho2基因在参与调控细胞极性生长和正常的形态建成中发挥着重要作用。为了探究Marho2基因在绿僵菌生长发育与侵染致病过程中的功能,采用同源重组的技术构建Marho2基因的敲除载体,利用农杆菌介导转化法获得Marho2基因的敲除菌株(ΔMarho2),并对其进行分析。结果表明:与野生型菌株相比,Marho2基因调控绿僵菌的生长发育和致病力,Marho2基因的缺失降低了绿僵菌的毒力、产孢量及孢子萌发延迟,抑制了绿僵菌的湿热耐热性和抗紫外能力。      

东北地区玉米纹枯病菌菌丝融合群鉴定及其致病力研究

从东北地区20个市(县)玉米主产区采集玉米纹枯病标样,分离纯化得到茄丝核菌173株,对其进行菌丝融合群鉴定,共鉴定出AG1-IA、AG-5、AG4-HGⅡ等融合群以及双核菌。AG1-IA为东北地区的优势融合群,占分离菌株总数的75.57%;其次是AG-5融合群,占分离总数的18.86%;AG4-HGⅡ和双核菌株分别占1.14%和2.29%。随机选取不同地区的玉米纹枯病菌菌株64株(AG1-IA、AG5、AG4-HGⅡ、双核菌株),采用菌饼作为接种体,通过温室苗期接种鉴定,结果表明,同一融合群的菌株致病力存在明显分化现象。属于AG1-IA的菌株对3个玉米品种的平均致病力为21.88～80.21;AG-5的菌株也存在致病力分化现象,菌株对3个玉米品种的平均致病力为17.71～48.96。     

假禾谷镰孢菌的分离及其对小麦茎基部和穗部的致病力分析

假禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium pseudograminearum)是黄淮麦区小麦茎基腐病的优势病原菌。为比较假禾谷镰孢菌对小麦茎基部和穗部的致病力,选取实验室前期分离并保存的272个假禾谷镰孢菌菌株,通过室内小麦苗期茎基部接种法和田间扬花期穗部单花滴注接种法对其进行致病力检测。室内苗期茎基部接种结果显示,强、中等和弱致病力的菌株分别有109、137和26个。选择在小麦苗期茎基部表现为强、中等和弱致病力的菌株各17个,通过田间穗部单花滴注接种法检测其对小麦穗部的致病力,结果表明,51个菌株在小麦穗部均可致病,并引起不同程度的枯白穗症状,其中强、中等和弱致病力菌株分别有18、21和12个。进一步对小麦茎基部和穗部的致病力进行比较,发现同一菌株对小麦茎基部和穗部的致病力没有明显相关性。     

水稻穗腐病菌强致病力且高产伏马菌素菌株筛选

目的 旨在确立稳定高效的水稻穗腐病人工接种技术,鉴定不同菌株致病力。利用已有的伏马菌素检测方法分析测定两种培养基中不同菌株的伏马菌素合成能力,基于上述方法筛选强致病力高产伏马菌素菌株。方法 分别在水稻孕穗期和抽穗期采用注射法和喷雾法接种,观察不同时期、不同接种方法下层出镰刀菌的致病性和稳定性;利用适合的接种方法和液相色谱-串联质谱检测法比较不同菌株的致病力和产毒能力。结果 在花粉母细胞减数分裂期-花粉母细胞成熟期采用注射法接种水稻穗腐病,发病率较高且稳定;在花粉母细胞形成期-始穗期接种对水稻产量影响较大。基于该方法成功筛选出了强致病力菌株FP4、FP6、FP8、FP9、FP10;经HPLC-MS/MS分析测定了层出镰刀菌产生伏马菌素能力,获得了强致病力高产毒菌株FP4和FP9。稻谷培养基比玉米培养基更适合层出镰刀菌合成伏马菌素。结论 水稻穗腐病初侵染为花粉母细胞形成期-花粉母细胞减数分裂期,最佳侵染时期为花粉母细胞形成期-齐穗期;穗腐病对水稻产量的影响与感病时期密切相关。     

核盘菌接种不同抗性油菜后致病力分化的研究

为了解核盘菌致病力分化与寄主油菜品种抗性的关系,采用茎秆牙签接种法将单一核盘菌菌株接种至46份抗性表现不同的油菜品种茎秆上,再从46个接种茎秆内收集形成的菌核进行纯化和培养,获得46株核盘菌菌株,进而采用两种方法(室内离体叶片接种法和离体茎秆接种法),分别测定这46株核盘菌菌株对甘蓝型油菜品种黔油16号的致病能力。结果表明:不同核盘菌菌株在黔油16号上所致的病斑长度明显不同;相同来源菌株经两种接种方法所致病斑在长度上反映出的致病趋势一致,基本表现为中感﹥高感﹥低感﹥抗性。即来自油菜品种为"抗"类型上的对应菌株其致病力最弱,而来自"中感"类型上的对应菌株其致病力最强。结果说明核盘菌致病力强弱分化与油菜品种的抗性有关系。     

白绢病菌在花生品种间致病力分化和广谱抗性品种筛选

为探讨白绢病菌菌株在花生品种间的致病力差异，本研究将强、中和弱致病力菌株田间接种不同抗病性花生品种后考察发病严重度。结果表明，白绢病菌株接种后14 d为最佳调查时间；强致病力菌株ZY2、SQ1和弱致病力菌株GP3-1在所测试的10个花生品种间病情指数差异不显著，而中等致病力菌株（HA、H1-3和BL1-1）在品种间病情指数差异显著。弱致病力菌株GP3-1对各品种的致病力较弱；强致病力菌株能导致供试品种抗性的丧失；中等致病力菌株在抗感品种间的致病力存在分化。本实验筛选出1份对中等致病力菌株存在广谱抗性的花生品种。     

皖鄂地区水稻纹枯病菌致病力分化研究

采用温室苗期接种鉴定法,以抗感反应不同的5个水稻品种为材料,对从安徽省和湖北省采集的水稻纹枯病感病标样上分离的200个菌株进行了致病性鉴定。结果表明,水稻纹枯病菌不同菌株间致病力存在明显差异,在鉴别品种上的病情指数呈正态分布。基于5个鉴别品种的平均病情指数的动态聚类分析,将200个菌株划分为弱、中、强3种致病型,分别占供试菌株的29.5%、60.5%和10.0%,其中中等致病型菌株占优势。各致病型在地区间呈随机分布,表明自然条件下水稻纹枯病菌为混合致病群。Mantel测验表明,菌株致病力差异与菌株地域来源无明显相关。采用Bayes法建立了各致病型的判别函数,判别准确率达95.00%,说明采用聚类判别分析能够对水稻纹枯病菌致病力的分化进行合理的判断。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).