"丢弃渔具"研究进展

废弃、遗失或以其他方式丢弃的渔具(abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear, ALDFG)是海洋生态环境及渔业最为严重的危害之一,世界各国及国际组织对其引发的问题日益关注。本文介绍了ALDFG对海洋生态及渔业的危害、ALDFG产生的主要原因、各国及相关国际组织为减少ALDFG所提出的措施及常用的ALDFG调查和评估方法。发现ALDFG的研究多采用统计模型量化ALDFG,或结合统计检验等评估ALDFG的危害性(幽灵捕捞)和通过经济学层面评估清除ALDFG带来的生态及经济效益等。建议：①通过问卷调查与水下实地调查等评估国家管辖海域ALDFG量和危害程度,并结合海洋动力学模型及渔具水动力性能等分析ALDFG移动轨迹;②开发新材料,改进渔具及属具设计方法,减少ALDFG;③通过水下实地调查,确定ALDFG的物理变化过程、幽灵捕捞能力的变化等;④观察ALDFG清除后对海洋生态系统多样性及渔业资源的积极作用,并结合经济模型分析ALDFG清除后产生的社会及经济效益。     

黄渤海主要作业类型渔具的渔业资源利用

为了解黄渤海主要捕捞渔具对渔业资源的利用状况,2009年对张网、拖网和刺网等渔具类型的主要渔具种类开展了渔获结构和捕捞能力调查。结果表明,黄渤海的渔业生产以秋汛为主,张网、拖网和陷阱类渔具网目尺寸小,渔获选择I生差,大量捕捞小黄鱼0带鱼、蓝点马鲛和银鲳等传统经济鱼类当年发生的补充群体,幼鱼比例高。相比而言,刺网的网目尺寸大,渔获选择性强,渔获质量好,幼鱼比例低。建议将黄渤海渔具准入的最小网目尺寸暂定为5．5cm,待今后渔业资源结构发生变化和渔获上岸监管体系完善后再作分类调整。     

黄渤海区三重刺网渔业结构分析

为确定三重刺网适用范围,促进《全国海洋捕捞渔具目录》的实施,于2015年在黄渤海区以三重刺网渔业为研究对象,调查了刺网渔船渔业动态和三重刺网渔具种类和作业参数,并追踪调查了代表性渔具的渔获结构、产量和产值,对三重刺网作业渔船的捕捞能力与经济效益加以分析。结果表明,三重刺网渔具对甲壳类和鲆鲽类的选择性较强,捕捞效果好,兼捕幼鱼比例相对较低,是目前近海捕捞渔具中选择性比拖网和张网相对较好的作业渔具。但鉴于目前生产中使用的三重刺网内网衣网线较细,缠绕力强,兼捕现象较为严重,在经济鱼类幼鱼较多的渔场作业,会对渔业资源造成较大的损害。同时从渔民收入角度出发,三重刺网过渡期以后的归属管理应开展进一步调查和研究。     

福建省内陆捕捞渔具的作业类型及其数量组成分析

本文根据2009年8月至12月福建省捕捞业渔具渔法普查资料,分析整理了福建内陆地区捕捞业渔具渔法现状调查数据.结果表明:福建内陆地区捕捞渔具有刺网类、钓具类、笼壶类、拖网类、张网类、陷阱类、耙刺类、地拉网类、敷网类、掩罩类、抄网类和杂渔具等12个类别、21种作业型式、渔具总数量123204张(个、顶等).按渔具类别划分...     

渔具渔法对底栖群落(Benthic Community)及其栖息地(Habitat)的影响

渔具渔法对底栖群落及其栖息地的影响，国外研究比较多。作者从互联网上收集了大量资料，给予编译整理。本文着重概述捕捞干扰与自然干扰、底拖网捕捞、桁拖网捕捞、耙网、底层旋曳网、底刺网捕捞、底层延绳钓以及笼壶渔业等6种渔具渔法对底栖群落的影响。     

《中国海洋渔具图集》业已出版并公开发行

《中国海洋渔具图集》已子今年6月由浙江省科技出版社出版,并公开发行。该书系我国海洋捕捞专家冯顺楼主编,全书搜集全国有代表性的渔具250种,分拖网、围网、刺网,钓具、张网、地拉网、敷网、抄网、(?)罩、陷阱、耙刺、笼壶等12类.     

当代海洋捕捞的发展现状和展望

海洋捕捞事关国际粮食安全和海洋生态系统健康。得益于科学技术的进步, 当代海洋捕捞发展迅速, 但依然面临着渔业资源衰退、海洋底栖环境破坏、兼捕与抛弃、废弃渔具引起的幽灵捕捞和塑料污染、气候变化、区域发展不平横等系列问题。本文综述了国内外为缓解上述问题在海洋捕捞管理、技术创新、最佳实践探索等方面的工作进展, 并提出了如下发展建议: (1) 应进一步加强生态友好型渔具渔法、高效节能技术、废弃渔具回收利用技术、生物可降解材料等方面的基础和应用研究; (2) 开展减少兼捕、降低底拖网对底栖环境的影响、海洋捕捞高效节能、减少废弃渔具流向海洋等方面最佳实践的探索; (3) 加强激励机制的研究和应用, 加强对废弃渔具回收产业的政策扶持, 完善海洋捕捞管理体系和废弃渔具管理体系建设, 增强治理能力; (4) 加强国家或地区间渔业合作, 分享管理知识, 促进区域间平衡发展。(5) 加强气候变化应对策略的探索研究。立足长远、多措并举, 促进海洋捕捞可持续发展。     

肖四海湖五种渔具的鳜渔获结构特征及其对鳜资源的影响

为评估不同渔具对鳜资源的影响,于2007年5月和12月对长江中游浅水湖泊肖四海湖刺网、延绳钓、网簖、电拖网和电捕仪5种渔具捕获的鳜渔获物结构特征进行了调查分析.结果发现,共采集鳜样本359尾,全长分布范围为92 ～600 mm,优势全长集中于251～350 mm;体质量分布范围为10～3 380 g,优势体质量集中于300 ～500 g.种群由5个年龄组构成,2～3龄为优势龄组,占总数的74.6％.刺网、延绳钓和网簖对鳜有较强的捕捞选择性,网目大小为80 mm和100 mm刺网的鳜渔获物中2龄及以上成熟个体占总数的93.3％,个体平均体质量466 g,“标鳜”(0.4 ～0.75 kg)个体占总数量的57.0％;延绳钓捕获的鳜渔获物中2龄及以上成熟个体占总数的86.9％,“标鳜”个体占总数量的43.5％;网簖捕获的鳜渔获物中90％以上为1龄的未成熟个体.电拖网和电捕仪捕获的鳜全长范围明显较大,其渔获物以1龄和2龄个体为主.综合分析表明,刺网适于作为鳜捕捞的主要渔具,延绳钓可以作为一种鳜捕捞的辅助渔具.网簖对鳜补充群体有较大危害,不适于作为鳜的捕捞网具.电拖网和电捕仪均属于违法渔具,对鳜资源危害巨大,应该加大监管力度,严禁使用.     

拓宽拖网渔获大小捕捞选择性的视野

由鱼类资源评估以及渔业建模模型引发了对商业性渔业中的替代捕捞模式的讨论,特别是在平衡捕捞这一更大背景下的讨论。但这些理论方法所提出的替代性资源利用模式往往在目前像拖网等捕捞渔具的捕捞选择性存在局限性的情况下是很难实现的。本研究旨在通过论证拖网可供替代的捕捞选择性模式的可行性,拓宽拖网渔具在渔获大小捕捞选择性方面的视野。作为一个实例研究,将两种著名的捕捞选择性装置相组合,获得了一条拖网的钟形捕捞选择性曲线,该拖网捕获的大个体和小个体目标捕捞鱼种数量都少。在波罗的海大西洋鳕渔业中对这一渔具装置进行了成功测试。结果揭示,借助于渔具技术可以让拖网得到截然不同的资源开发利用模式。     

渤海口虾蛄三重刺网渔获组成及其捕捞性能分析

为研究渤海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)三重刺网的捕捞性能,以河北省昌黎县的口虾蛄三重刺网为基础,于2013年4、5、7月在河北省秦皇岛近海进行50 mm、55 mm、60 mm和65 mm 4种网目尺寸的三重刺网作业性能比较实验,并与60 mm网目单片刺网和底拖网进行渔获对比分析。结果表明:三重刺网具有捕获渔场中绝大多数渔业种类的能力,选择能力较差。春季的渔获种类19种,为渤海近岸底层种类;夏季的渔获种类19种,除了小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)等底层鱼类外,还有日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)和蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)等中上层鱼类。春季的渔获结构单一,口虾蛄占渔获量的90%以上,主要兼捕种类鲜明鼓虾(Alpheus distinguendus)占4.1%,渔获选择性较好;夏季的渔获中,口虾蛄比例在75%左右,兼捕对象主要为小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛等经济鱼类的幼鱼,对渔业资源造成一定程度的损害,但渔获选择性比底拖网好。单片刺网的选择性最好,但渔获量低,只有三重刺网渔获量的30%左右,无法满足生产要求。建议开展渤海口虾蛄的可捕产量和分区域捕捞管理研究,开发作业性能更优越的口虾蛄专业捕捞渔具。     

福建海洋捕捞业近年来的变化与可持续发展

十年来我省拖网、张网作业发展太快，捕捞力已大大超过近海渔场资源的承受能力，造成鱼类资源严重衰退，海捕业经济效益明显下降。解决的根本办法是实行限额捕捞制度，逐步减少拖网和定置渔船数量，围刺钓笼作业也要调整发展，并引导上岸渔民改行从事养殖、加工、休闲渔业及第三产业。     

Gear-based management of a tropical artisanal fishery based on species selectivity and capture size

The population density, species composition and lengths of fish landed by artisanal fishermen using six types of gear: large and small traps, gill nets, hand lines, spears and beach seines were studied in the multi‐species fishery of southern Kenya. Selectivity and catch composition among gears were determined by studying the species richness, diversity, size and mean trophic level of the catches for each gear type, to develop gear‐based management recommendations for this artisanal reef lagoon fishery. One hundred and sixty‐three reef and reef‐associated species from 37 families were recorded in the catch. Beach seines and small traps accounted for the highest number of fish landed (34–35 individuals per fisherman per day). These gears also caught smaller fish than big traps, spears and gill nets. Beach seines caught the highest number of species (14 ± 7 species per day) while most other gears caught four to five species per day with no differences between gears. Predatory species with a mean trophic level of 3.6 dominated catches from hand lines, while the mean trophic level of the other gears was low and ranged from 2.6 to 2.9 with no differences between the gears. The high diversity and small size of fish caught in beach seines indicates that its selectivity overlapped most with large traps and gill nets. Spears and small traps also showed high similarity in species selectivity and small traps captured the smaller mean size of fish, indicating that they are likely to pre‐empt the resource of spears. Large traps, hand lines and spears catch the largest individuals and the species composition of the catch differed sufficiently such that their selectivity should overlap the least and may, therefore, be the preferred mix of gears. The elimination or reduction of beach seines and small traps should reduce the catch of small fish and overlap in selectivity among the existing gears.     

A review of ghost fishing: scientific approaches to evaluation and solutions

ABSTRACT:   Research on ghost fishing became active in the late 1980s. Ghost fishing has been confirmed for traps, gillnets, trammel-nets and small seine nets. Some lost traps are functional for a long period of time, even in shallow waters. Consequences for gillnets after loss depend on seabed conditions. The ghost fishing function of gillnets remaining on flat seabeds declines rapidly with decreasing heights and increasing visibility. Gillnets left tangled around an artificial reef, for example, three-dimensionally maintain the initial magnitude of ghost fishing for a long period of time, even after badly fouled. There are increasing numbers of researches working on the total number of mortality per gear after gear loss for gillnets and trammel-nets. It has become also possible to estimate the total number of mortality for a unit period of time in a certain fishing sector. This paper reviews research which has provided evidence and quantitative data on ghost fishing, and proposes five items important for future studies on ghost fishing.     

Relationship between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets

In order to determine the effects of ghost fishing by lost gill nets, the relationship was examined between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets by using diving observations. Two experimental gill nets were set at 13 m depth in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, Japan for approximately 200 days. One gill net was deployed in a small trough surrounded by artificial reefs, and the other was deployed on an adjacent open sandy bed. Twelve species of crustaceans, six species of gastropods, and five species of bony fish were enmeshed in the experimental gill nets. The number of enmeshed animals in the artificial reef gill net was substantially larger than that in the sandy bed gill net. The number of enmeshed animals in the experimental gill nets increased rapidly within one month after deployment, and then declined gradually showing fluctuations caused by the decrease in newly enmeshed animals, and the drop off from gill nets caused by the decomposition of dead animals. The decrease in the number of enmeshed animals was expressed by logarithmic equations, and based on these equations, the duration of capture function for the lost gill nets was calculated to be 284–561 days in the artificial reef gill net and 200 days in the sandy bed gill net. The duration of capture function for the lost gill nets for non-commercial by-catch species such as small crustaceans and gastropods was longer than for commercial species such as Japanese spiny lobster and bony fish.     

Drones detect illegal and derelict crab traps in a shallow water estuary

The issues surrounding illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, and that of abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gears, leading to ghost fishing, are intensifying. Estuarine crab trapping is likely subject to high levels of illegal and potential ghost fishing, because it also has good economic incentives regarding potential catch, low gear acquisition costs and accessible fishing grounds. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of fisheries monitoring, control and surveillance operations, the efficacy of small consumer‐grade drones for sighting traps in an estuary in NSW, Australia, was tested. Twelve sets of two flights were undertaken at 20 and 30 m altitude over a 600‐m stretch of estuary for 5 days to quantify the detectability of submerged mesh traps of three different mesh colours. The drone was able to detect the majority of traps efficiently, with depth in relation to water clarity being the main factor affecting detection. In shallow water, detection rates were high for all mesh colours, but in the slightly deeper placements, orange traps were more readily detected. This study demonstrates that drones could be an efficient and reliable tool for rapidly assessing areas for illegal and derelict traps and can be supplemented into land or vessel‐based fisheries operations.     

Artisanal fisheries in urban reservoirs: a case study from Brazil (Billings Reservoir, São Paulo Metropolitan Region)

Billings Reservoir is an urban reservoir located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. It supports 101 active artisanal fishermen. To describe this fishery, landings were recorded daily between February 1996 and January 1997 at Colônia (23° 50' 57' S; 46° 40' 02' W). In every landing, a data collector recorded catch, effort, fishing gears and fishing grounds. A total of 147 593 kg of fish were recorded in 3515 fishing trips. The exotic Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), was the main species exploited (81.4% of the annual catches). Five other species were also targeted: the characid Astyanax eigenmaniorum (Cope) (13.0% of the annual catches); the erythrinid Hoplias aff . malabaricus (Block) (2.1%); the exotic cyprinid Cyprinus carpio L. (Campos & Fernández-Yépez) (2.4%); the curimatid Cyphocharax modestus L. (1.1%); and the pimelodid Rhamdia sp. (0.1%). Two main groups of fishermen were discriminated using Principal Components Analysis; these were associated with the type of fishing gear and fishing strategies, i.e. those who exploited Nile tilapia with cast nets and beating gill nets, and those who exploited other species with set gill nets. Management and maintenance of this fishery should consider the positive top-down effects that Nile tilapia could have in controlling eutrophication and also the social benefits.     

Analysis of mesh breaking loads in cotton gill nets: Possible solution to ghost fishing

ABSTRACT:   A small number of fishers in Chiba Prefecture of eastern Japan use cotton gill nets to catch Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus. To examine the advantages of cotton gill nets, we analyzed changes in mesh breaking load of a new cotton gill net used in a fishing operation. A new cotton gill net was also soaked in a seawater tank to simulate ghost fishing conditions. The average mesh breaking load of new cotton mesh was 50.3 N. This value decreased to 19.0 N after 38 days (∼912 h), and after 82 days (∼1968 h) the mesh could be easily torn (breaking load 0.07 N). Under fishing conditions, the cumulative soak time was only 744.4 h over 19 months. The average breaking load at the end of this period was 43.1 N, a strength 86% that of the presoaked mesh. The mesh breaking load of a cotton gill net continuously soaked for 744.4 h was 26.1 N, as estimated from tank experiment data. Thus, a cotton gill net maintains reasonable strength under typical use conditions, but will degrade if lost at sea.     

日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管制实践

通过文献研究,对日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管理措施进行梳理,以期对我国典型作业方式准入制度的构建和完善提供参考。对围网、底拖网、刺网和流网、定置网及鱿钓等5种日本渔业主要作业方式的管理措施体系进行了分类和介绍,认为日本的渔业管理通过不同层级的权限许可,根据海洋渔业资源的自然属性差异采取区域化的管理模式,并以恢复渔业资源为目标,逐步推进从总可捕量管理制度向捕捞努力量控制制度的转变。     

Recent evolution of the fishing exploitation in the Thau lagoon, France

Fisheries activity in the Thau marine lagoon (Mediterranean coast of France) has an old tradition and involves different types of gears (set nets, traps and lines) that are used seasonally with varying frequencies in different areas. A survey of fishing activity, main fishing methods and main commercial species composition in the lagoon was carried out to assess the current fishing effort and seasonal yield. Many important changes in fishing effort and in the most important target species occurred during the last 10 years. A gradual decline in eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), catches followed by an increase of other commercially-exploited species, particularly the gilthead sea-bream, Sparus aurata L., was observed.     

Impact of summer cottage residence on recreational fishing participation in Finland

Abstract  High participation in recreational fishing in Finland was explained by the tradition of families occupying summer cottages and spending leisure time close to lakes or the sea shore in summer. The characteristics of cottage dwelling fishers and other recreational fishers were compared. The summer cottage culture enhances fishing participation of urban citizens, notably children and women. Children were often introduced to fishing while dwelling in the cottages with their family. Cottage fishers favour simple angling, but catch-oriented fishing with gill nets and wire traps is also popular. Preparing meals based on the catch is an important part of Finnish cottage life, where rural traditions are mixed with the modern and urban. Summer cottage dwellers form an important group to improve local management of problems arising from intense fishing participation and divergent interests in the country.