Functionality of protein from corn germ and lupine seed

Some aspects of the functional behaviour with water were studied for a protein concentrate from corn germ, and, in lupine seed, for the proteins of the flour and for the purified globulins. The properties studied were solubility as a function of pH and of ionic strength, water adsorption and foaming behaviour. The results are discussed.     

Physical behavior of purified and crude wax obtained from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed oil refineries and seed hulls

The sunflower seed waxes obtained from two sources (i) seed hull as astandard and (ii) crude wax from oil refineries were studied for theircrystallization, melting characteristics and morphology of crystals. Theresults of differential scanning calorimetry of wax obtained from seed hullsshowed the melting temperature range of 13.18 ^°C with the onsetat 62.32 ^°C, for purified wax, compared to the melting range of24.73 ^°C with the onset at 42.3 ^°C, for crude wax. Theenthalpy of fusion for both waxes were 57.55 mcal/mg and 7.63 mcal/mg,respectively. The DSC melt crystallization temperature range was15.79 ^°C with the onset of 64.58 ^°C for purified wax andtemperature range of 31.45 ^°C with an onset of 57.76 ^°C forcrude wax. A similar pattern was observed of wax obtained from thecrude wax of oil refineries. The enthalpy of crystallization was –64.27mcal/mg and –7.67 mcal/mg, respectively. The purified wax obtained fromthe two sources (i) and (ii) were comparable with completion temperaturesof 75.5 ^°C and 75.1 ^°C, respectively. The effect of inhibitor(lecithin) on crystallization of purified wax under light microscope andsurface structure by scanning electron microscope were observed. Lecithinat 0.2% inhibited the crystallization but nucleation was unaltered. Thewax crystal was inhibited to around 60% of the original size with 0.2%lecithin. It is concluded that the sunflower waxes studied were notcomparable in their crystal properties of crude and purified states.Lecithin inhibited the crystallization of sunflower seed wax.     

Functional properties of protein from Lesquerella fendleri seed and press cake from oil processing

This investigation determined the functional properties of protein in Lesquerella fendleri seed and press cake from oil processing. L. fendleri seeds were heat-treated at 82 °C (180 °F) during 120 min residence time in the seed conditioner, and then screw-pressed to extract the oil. Unprocessed ground, defatted lesquerella seeds and press cakes were analyzed for proximate composition and protein functional properties. Protein from unprocessed lesquerella seed showed the greatest solubility (≥60%) at pH 2 and 10 and was least soluble (25%) at pH 5.5–7. Unprocessed lesquerella protein also had high surface hydrophobicity index (S_o), as well as, excellent foaming capacity and stability, emulsifying properties, and water-holding capacity (WHC) at pH 7. Protein solubility profile of the press cake showed up to 50% reduction in soluble proteins at nearly all pH levels, indicating heat denaturation during cooking and screw-pressing. Foaming capacity of the press cake protein decreased slightly, but foam stability was completely lost. Press cake protein also had markedly reduced values for S_o, emulsifying properties and WHC, further confirming lesquerella protein’s sensitivity to heat treatment.     

Physical and chemical characteristics of refined vegetable oils from rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) and bread-fruit (Artocarpus altilis)

Crude vegetable oil obtained by solvent extraction from rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) were subjected to alkali refining (neutralisation), degumming and bleaching. At each stage of refining, the crude and the refined oil were analysed for their physical and chemical characteristics notably specific gravity, moisture and volatile matter content, saponification, iodine values, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matter, fatty acids and free fatty acids. Results showed an improvement in the quality of the oil after refining. Refining decreased the free fatty acids and peroxide value, which are some of the characteristics that determine stability. There was a very slight decrease in saponification value and unsaponifiables matter after refining. Refining did not have much effect on the fatty acid composition except slight nonconsistent decreases in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. There was no decrease in iodine value.     

油菜籽粒发育过程中PEPCase活性与油脂、蛋白及亚基积累 的特点

以油菜品种秦优7号为材料,研究籽粒发育过程中PEPCase活性变化规律以及水份、油脂、蛋白、主要贮藏蛋白亚基等含量的积累动态,和它们之间的相关性。结果表明,种子发育期间,水份含量从81.61%下降到23.22%,油脂含量从0.26%上升到31.38%,蛋白含量从1.1%上升到21.36%,可溶性蛋白含量从0.63%上升到12.21%。12S球蛋白先积累,2S清蛋白后积累;PEPCase活性与蛋白含量、油脂含量分别呈阶段性相关,与油脂含量/蛋白含量比值呈极显著负相关;与12S组分含量呈显著负相关,与α 2-3,α 4,β2,β3,β4亚基含量呈显著负相关,与其它亚基含量的相关性不显著;与2S组分及其亚基含量相关性不显著。     

Changes in nitrogenous and other chemical constituents,protein fractions and in vitro protein digestibility of germinating fluted pumpkin ( Telfairia occidentalis Hook) seed

The effect of 7 days of germination on levels of nitrogenous and other nutrition related parameters, protein fractions and in vitro protein digestibility of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) seed was studied. The non-protein nitrogen gradually increased and the protein nitrogen content decreased during germination. Albumin and globulin fractions were found to be the major seed proteins of fluted pumpkin seeds, constituting about 58.6% of the total protein of the ungerminated (raw) seeds. The protein fractions, albumin and glutelin, were observed to increase by 61.5% and 57.0%, respectively, while a 54.6% decrease was noted in the prolamine fraction. The globulin fraction increased at the beginning of germination but decreased at the end. Germination significantly (p 0.05) increased the crude protein, nitrogen solubility and in vitro protein digestibility but decreased the fat, phytic acid and polyphenol contents of the seeds.     

向日葵种子蛋白质的微量提取和双向电泳技术研究

从向日葵干种子的中轴(包括胚芽、胚轴及胚根)和子叶的微量样品中提取蛋白质的技术进行了研究,并在此基础上对提取的蛋白质进行了SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶为基础的单向和双向电泳分析,获得清晰的电泳图谱.结果显示:向日葵胚中轴与子叶样品中的蛋白质存在明显差别,而子叶的上部、中部和下部的蛋白质图谱比较相似.通过进一步的双向电泳对比分析可知,胚中轴与子叶的蛋白质相似性系数为0.785,两种组织均具有特异性蛋白质;胚中轴特异蛋白质有18种,子叶特异蛋白质有10种.这些研究结果为进一步的组织特异性蛋白质鉴定及研究子叶和胚中轴的发育机理,以及开展向日葵种子蛋白质组学的研究奠定了实验基础,同时对农业生产中种子纯度鉴定、种子生活力检验及种子发芽实验亦可能具有研究和利用价值.     

绥农１４鼓粒期籽粒ｃＤＮＡ文库构建及初步分析

大豆ＥＳＴ分析对深入了解大豆重要性状形成机制并发掘新基因具有重要意义。本研究利用ＳＭＡＲＴ技 术,构建了绥农１４鼓粒期的籽粒ｃＤＮＡ文库并测定ＥＳＴ序列,目的是分析绥农１４鼓粒期的基因表达特性,为挖掘 和克隆基因提供物质支撑。结果表明,本研究构建文库的初始库容为１．２×１０６,扩增后文库的库容为１．６×１０９,重 组率达９８％,用载体两端通用引物进行ＰＣＲ鉴定,插入片段均大于０．９ｋｂ,随机对２３００个单克隆测序,获得有效序 列２２０１条,ＳｅｑＭＡＮⅡ组装整理后的序列２１１４条,包括１５１６个ｃｏｎｔｉｇ或者ｓｉｎｇｌｅｔ,平均长度为６７２ｂｐ。对组装后 的序列构建籽粒鼓粒表达图谱,发现籽粒形成初期,能量代谢、初级代谢途径、蛋白合成定向贮藏类基因表达量较 多,而涉及细胞运输,细胞结构和抗性类基因表达量较低。     

Genetic variance estimates in a heterogenous potato population propagated from true seed (TPS)

Genetic variances were estimated for 11 traits in a potato breeding population propagated from true seed (TPS). Means were high and no genetic variability was found for seed germination and transplant survival. Additive variance and heritability were high for TPS production which was positively correlated with tuber yield. No additive variance was found for uniformity of tuber size, but heritability estimates for other component traits of tuber uniformity and yield were relatively high. The results indicated that index selection should be effective for improvement of yield and tuber uniformity.     

Production and use of seedling tubers from true potato seed (TPS) for potato cultivation in Italy

Summary The effect of varying plant population on the production of tubers from potato seedlings was investigated during 1992 and 1993 using three different plant densities: 35, 70, 100 plants/m². Increasing the plant population significantly increased the number of tubers produced, but no significant difference was found between the plant densities of 70 and 100 plants/m². The seedling tubers produced in nursery beds were tested in the field for ware potato production using different sized tubers. The best performances were obtained using tubers 30–40 mm. Significant differences were evident among the 7 true potato seed (TPS) families used, but data grouped by type of cross did not indicate any significant difference between 4X×4X and 4X×2X crossing groups.     

Determination of selection criteria for seed yield and seed oil content in Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica)

The magnitude of relationships among different traits is important in plant breeding programs to identify the best selection criteria and improve the efficiency of selection. This study was conducted to determine relationships between seed yield and seed oil content with other important agronomic traits among 36 diverse accessions of Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica), a potentially novel industrial oilseed crop. Field evaluations were conducted during 2005, 2006 and 2007 at the Limpopo Province in South Africa using a partially balanced lattice design. Simple correlation and path analysis were performed to identify the best selection criteria for increased seed yield and seed oil content. Simple correlation and path analyses revealed that the formation of productive primary heads strongly associated with increased seed yield (r_g = 0.81, p < 0.001). Furthermore, path analysis indicated selection for increased number of primary heads would bring about simultaneous and favorable change towards reduced days to maturity and shorter plant height. Further associational study of traits with seed oil content showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between oil content with 1000 seed weight (r_g = 0.4). The path analysis, however, exposed seed yield followed by 1000 seed weight with significant direct effect on seed oil content. The study demonstrated that selection for increased number of productive primary heads is the principal selection criterion to improve seed yield. Whereas selection for 1000 seed weight and increased seed yield serve as major selection criteria to achieve increased oil content in V. galemanesis.     

Light transmission and the fine structure of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers and films

In this paper, the structure and optical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanofibers and films were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and Wide-Angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) results confirmed the amorphous structure of both nanofibers and films. Low angle X-ray diffraction (LA-XRD) revealed the presence of voids and/or particles with the spacing of 128.4 Å within the nanofibers. From the Porod plots, a three-dimensional surface fractal for the nanofibers and a mass fractal structure for the films were derived. By the interpretation of Small Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the shape and size of the particles in the samples were assessed. It was concluded that the particles shape within the nanofibers and the films were globular, with the radius of gyration of 8.5 nm for the nanofibers and 16.5 nm for the films. The nanofiber mat showed less light transparency when compared with the film. This phenomenon could be attributed to the difference in the physical shape, as well as scattering of the light by the voids or particles within the nanofibers.     

The spread ofErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica (blackleg) and var.carotovora (tuber soft rot) from degenerating seed to progeny tubers in soil

Summary In 1977, spread of serologically identifiable strains ofErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica and var.carotovora were traced from inoculated ‘seed’ through soil to progeny tubers of cv. Pentland Crown by placing inoculated tubers against the seed tubers of field plants at four different dates from late June to September. Progeny tubers were dug and soil samples taken 2, 4 and 8 weeks after placement and at a common final harvest, and tubers induced to rot and the causal organism identified by immunodiffusion serology. Early placements coincided with the onset of predominantly dry weather which lasted until early August and although bacteria of both varieties were detected in soil none were found in induced progeny tuber rots. Much of August was wet and resulted in successful spread of both pathogens to progeny tubers. Most of September was dry and spread to progeny from the last placement date was only detected in early October following late September rain.

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Zusammenfassung Der 1977 durchgeführte Feldversuch ist eine Fortsetzung der 1976 begonnenen Arbeit, in der die Ausbreitung eines serologisch identifizierbaren Stammes vonErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica von infiziertem Pflanzgut auf die Tochterknollen der Sorte Pentland Crown nachweisbar war, in dem inokulierte Knollen gegenüber der der Pflanzknollen in das Feld gebracht wurden (Harris & Lapwood, 1977). Um zu bestimmen, ob eine übertragung stattgefunden hat, wurden die Tochterknollen zuverschiedenen Zeiten w?hrend der Wachstumsperiode geerntet, die F?ule ausgel?st und das verantwortliche Bakterium durch einen Immundiffusionstest identifiziert (Vruggink & Maas Geesteranus, 1975). Die 1977 durchgeführten Untersuchungen vergleicht in zwei nebeneinander liegenden Feldversuchen die Ausbreitung von var.atroseptica und von einem serologisch identifizierbaren Stamm von var.carotovora. Material und Methoden entsprechen den bei Harris & Lapwood (1977) beschriebenen und Tabelle 1 zeigt die 4 Daten, an denen die inokulierten Pflanzknollen in den Bestand gebracht wurden, sowie die Daten 2, 4 und 8 Wochen nach der Pflanzung der inokulierten Knollen an denen Boden-und Knollenproben genommen wurden. Die Abbildung zeigt die Beziehungen zwischen der Ausbreitung der inkubierten St?mme in den Boden und in die Tochterknollen und der Bodentemperatur in der Knollenansatzzone und der w?chentlichen Regenmenge. Pflanzungen Ende Juni und Anfang Juli fielen mit dem Beginn einer trockenen Wetterperiode zusammen, die bis Anfang August anhielt und obwohl Bakterien beider Variet?ten im boden gefunden wurden, konnten mit Ausnahme von var.carotovora am 5. September, 8 Wochen nach der Pflanzung im Juli, keine in faulenden Tocheterknollen entdeckt werden. Der August war nass und dies führte zu einer erfolgreichen Ausbreitung beider Pathogene in Tochterknollen nach der Auspflanzung im August. Der September war trocken und eine Ausbreitung von der Auspflanzung im September wurde nur Anfang Oktober nach einem Regen im September gefunden. Tabelle 2 zeigt die Ergebnisse über den Zustand der Mutter-(Pflanz)-knollen, die von den Pflanzen nicht entfernt worden waren und der bei jeder probennahme beschrieben wurden. Anfang Juli begann bei einigen der Zerfall, bei den meisten jedoch erst Ende September. Isolierungen aus faulenden Knollen von ‘inokulierten’ Parzellen ergaben meistens ‘fremde’ St?mme, aber einige reagierten doch mit den spezifischen Antiseren; in den Kontrollparzellen waren nur ‘fremde’ St?mme zu finden. Das Vorhandensein der natürlichen Pflanz-(Mutter)-knolle ver?nderte unzweifelhaft das Ausbreitungsmuster, obwohl es natürlich m?glich ist, dass in den Infektionsstellen der Tochterknollen Vermischungen zwischen ‘eingeführten’ und ‘fremden’ St?mmen stattgefunden haben. Diskutiert wird der Wert solcher Versuche, in der Untersuchung über die Rolle der faulenden Pflanzknolle. Die Verwendung inokulierter von der Pflanze abgel?ster Knollen hat den Vorteil, dass eine Art ‘Boden-Inokulum’ zu verschiedenen Zeiten eingeführt und der Einfluss der nachfolgenden Wetterbedingungen auf die Ausbreitung der Bakterien untersucht werden kann: die anhaftende Mutterknolle ist in diesem Zusammenhang nur von wenig Nutzen, da der Zeitpunkt und die Ursache des Faulens nicht bekannt sind. In Grossbritannien wird var.carotovora als zweitrangig betrachtet gegenüber var.atroseptica. Dieser Versuch zeigt, dass beide Pathogene sich gleich gut von ‘Bodenquellen’ ausbreiten k?nnen, und dass daher die Rolle von var.carotovora, die h?ufig in Pflanzgut auftritt, vor allem in Herkünften aus Stengelabschnitten (VTSC), intensiver untersucht werden muss.

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Résumé L'expérimentation au champeffectuée en 1977 est la suite de travaux commencés en 1976; on a suivi alors la transmission d'une race sérologiquement identifiable d'Erwinia carotovora var.atroseptica d'une semence inoculée à des tubercules fils de la variété Pentland Crown en plantant des tubercules inoculés contre des tubercules de semence en plein champ (Harris & Lapwood, 1977). Pour déterminer comment l'évolution a eu lieu, les tubercules fils récoltés à différents stades sont conduits à putréfaction et la bactérie responsable identifiée par des tests d'immunodiffusion (Vruggink & Maas Geesteranus, 1975). L'étude de 1977 compare le mode de transmission de var.atroseptica et d'une race sérologiquement identifiable de var.carotovora dans deux expémentations placées c?te à c?te en plein champ. Le matériel et les méthodes suivent ceux décrits par Harris & Lapwood (1977); le tableau I montre les quatre dates de mise en place dans la culture des tubercules inoculés et les dates de prélèvements de tubercules et de sol, 2, 4 et 8 semaines après cette mise en place. Comme le montre la figure 1, la transmission des souches incubées aux tubercules fils et dans le sol est en relation avec la profondeur de tubérisation et la pluviométrie hebdomadaire. La mise en terre à la fin juin et début juillet co?ncide avec le début du temps chaud qui dura jusqu'à début ao?t et, quoique les bactéries des deux variétés soient détectées dans le sol, aucune n'a été découverte dans les pourritures de la descendance, à l'exception de la variétécarotovora le 5 septembre, sur l'échantillon de 8 jours correspondant aux tubercules mis en place en juillet. Une grande partie du mois d'ao?t a été humide et il en résulte une transmission favorable des deux pathogènes aux tubercules fils pour les échantillons mis en terre en ao?t. La plus grande partie de septembre a été sèche, aussi nous n'avons décelé dans les lots mis en place en septembre la transmission à la descendance qu'au début octobre, après les pluies de fin septembre. Le devenir des tubercules mères, qui n'ont pas été détachés de la plante, est étudié à chaque échantillonnage, et les résultats sont décrits dans le tableau 2. Peu ont commencés à se désagréger avant début juillet et beaucoup fin septembre. Des isolements de tubercules pourris montrent la présence de races sauvages dans les parcelles inoculées, et quelques-unes réagissent avec les anti-sérums spécifiques; les isolements à partir de tubercules pourris provenant de parcelles témoins révèlent uniquement l'existence de races ‘sauvages’. Ainsi, la présence de tubercules mères a perturbé le type de transmission décrit, bien qu'une compétition ait pu avoir lieu entre races ‘introduites’ et ‘sauvages’ aux sites d'infection des tubercules fils. La valeur de ce type d'expérimentation dans l'étude du r?le du tubercule de semence pourrie est discutée. L'utilisation de tubercules inoculés indépendants de la plante présente deux avantages: on peut introduire la source d'inoculum du sol à différentes dates et étudier les effets des conditions climatiques ultérieures sur la transmission bactérienne; le tubercule mère, en tant que source d'inoculum, n'est guère utile puisque la date et la cause des pourritures ne sont pas connues. En Grande-Bretagne, la variétécarotovora est considérée comme d'importance secondaire par rapport à la variétéatroseptica. Cette expérimentation suggère que les deux pathogènes peuvent se transmettre facilement à partir des sources du sol, et par conséquent le r?le de la variétécarotovora, qui est présente fréquemment dans les lignées de semence et qui provient spécialement de bouturage, nécessite d'être étudiée de fa?on plus intensive.

     

The spread ofErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica (blackleg) from degenerating seed to progeny tubers in soil

Summary In 1976, spread of a serologically identifiable strain ofErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica was traced from inoculated ‘seed’ to progeny tubers of cv. Pentland Crown by placing inoculated tubers against seed tubers of plants in the field at four different dates from June to September. Progeny tuber samples were dug 2, 4 and 8 weeks after placement, induced to rot, and the bacterium responsible identified by immunodiffusion tests. Spread was not detected until 7 September following the onset of rain and cooler temperatures. Bacteria placed in the field in June were detected in November having survived the hot dry summer in the remains of inoculated tubers.

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Zusammenfassung Das Verfaulen von Pflanzkartoffelknollen von Juli an stellt wahrscheinlich die Hauptinfektionsquelle für die Ausbreitung vonErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica (Van Hall) Dye im Bestand dar. Um die Bedeutung des Verfaulens zu verschiedenen Zeiten zu untersuchen, wurden Knollen der Sorte Pentland Crown mit einem serologisch feststellbaren Stamm inokuliert und an verschiedenen Daten im Laufe Juni. Juli, August und September 1976 in einem Bestand neben den Pflanzknollen ausgepflanzt. Zur Feststellung der Uebertragung wurden 2, 4 und 8 Wochen nach jedem Auspflanzungsdatum (Tabelle 1) Pflanzen geerntet; die Schlussernte fand am 2. November statt. Die Knollen der Nachbarschaft wurden in unverschlossenen Plastikbeuteln bei 15°C zum Faulen veranlasst, indem sie bis zu 5 Tage mit Leitungswasser überdeckt wurden. Die verantwortlichen Bakterien wurden durch Anpassung der bei Vruggink & Maas Geesteranus (1975) beschriebenen Immunodiffusionsteste identifiziert, indem drei Antisera verwendet wurden: ein spezifisches für den inokulierten Stamm und die andern für die allgemeine Identifizierung von var.atroseptica und var.carotovora. Das im Juni den Testknollen inokulierte Isolat konnte im November noch immer von den Knollen und dem umliegenden Boden isoliert werden (Tabellen la und 1b). Trotz dem Eindringen der Bakterien von den Testknollen in den Boden w?hrend der Monate Juni, Juli und August (Tabelle 1b) wurde der inokulierte Stamm bei den induzierten Nachkommen. die Anfang August nach 41 mm Regen geerntet wurden, nicht entdeckt (Abb. 1a), vielleicht wegen der hohen Bodentemperatur. Er wurde jedoch am 7. September nach 12 mm Regen (Abb. 1) und einem ausgesprochenen Absinken der Bodentemperatur festgestellt. Pflanzgut (‘Mutter’-)-Knollen (an der Pflanze) begannen Ende Juni (Tabelle 2a) zu faulen, aber es wurden nur ‘wilde’ St?mme von var.atroseptica isoliert. ‘Wilde’ St?mme wurden auch am 24. August und 2. November von induzierten faulen Knollen der Nachkommenschaft isoliert (eine Knolle der Nachkommenschaft gegen eine faulende Pflanzknolle gepresst) (Tabelle 2c). Das Wetter von September 1976 bis zur Ernte (Tabelle 3) schaffte Bodenbedingungen, die für die Ausbreitung der Bakterien auf Knollen der Nachkommenschaft (‘latente’ Infektion) günstig waren, aber nicht jene Bedingungen, welche die Bakterien bef?higen, sich so zu vermehren, dass sie die Knollen im Feld zum Verfaulen bringen (‘akute’ Infektion).

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Résumé La décomposition des tubercules mères à partir de juillet, représente probablement la principale source d'inoculum à l'origine de la dissémination d'Erwinia carotovora var.atroseptica (Van Hall) Dye, dans une culture de pomme de terre. Dans le but de préciser l'importance de ce facteur dans le temps, des tubercules de la variété Pentland Crown ont été inoculés avec une souche sérologiquement identifiable et placée à coté des tubercules mères d'une culture en cours de croissance, à différentes dates courant juin. juillet, ao?t et septembre 1976. Pour détecter la dissémination, des plantes ont été arrachées 2, 4 et 8 semaines après chaque date de mise en place (tableau 1) et à la récolte finale qui a eu lieu le 2 novembre. La descendance a été placée en sacs plastiques afin de favoriser l'apparition de pourritures, à une température de 15°C et on a ajouté une quantité suffisante d'eau du robinet pour submerger les tubercules pendant 5 jours. Les bactéries responsables ont été identifiées par adaptation des tests d'immuno diffusion décrit par Vruggink et Maas Geesteranus (1975), utilisant trois anti-sérums, un spécifique de la souche inoculée et les autres pour l'identification générale de la var.atroseptica et de la var.carotovora. La souche ayant été inoculée lors de la mise en place des tubercules en juin pourrait encore être isolée à partir de ces derniers en novembre (tableau la et 1b). Malgré un déplacement des bactéries à partir de la mise en place des tubercules dans le sol durant juin, juillet et aout (tableau 1 b), la souche inoculée n'a pu être obtenue à partir des pourritures des tubercules de la descendance après une pluie de 41 mm début ao?t (fig. la): les auteurs pensent que cela serait d? à une température du sol élevée; car l'isolement a été possible le 7 septembre à la suite d'une pluie de 12 mm (fig. 1b) et d'une chute importante des températures du sol. Les tubercules de semences (‘mère’) ont commencé à pourrir fin juin (tableau 2a) mais seules les souches ‘sauvages’ de la var.atroseptica ont été isolées. Les souches ‘sauvages’ ont été également isolées à partir des pourritures des tubercules fils le 24 aout (un tubercule fils était en contact avec un tubercule mère pourri) et le 2 novembre (tableau 2c). Les conditions climatiques à partir de septembre 1976 jusque la récolte (tableau 3) ont entrainé des conditions au niveau du sol, se révélant être favorables à la dissémination des bactéries vers les tubercules de la descendance (infection ‘latente’) mais insuffisantes pour pouvoir entrainer une multiplication des bactéries au niveau des pourritures du tubercule (infection ‘aigue’) au champ.

     

The study of seed yield and seed yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) under normal and drought stress conditions

In this study yield and seed yield components of twenty lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes were compared in a split plot RCBD based design with 3 replications at the Zanjan University Research Farmland in 2004. The main plots were lentil planted under drought stress and non stress (irrigation) condition and subplots were twenty of genotype lentil. There were significant differences between traits in lentil genotypes. The seed yield per plant was sensitive to drought stress but 100 seed weight was more tolerance and stable trait in drought condition. As correlation analysis of traits in various stress condition, the harvest index, seed yield per plant, pods per plant and biological yield were correlated with grain yield. In addition harvest index, seed yield per plant, pods/plant and biological yield were the most important traits that have a relationship with grain yield.     

Superfine grinding improves functional properties and antioxidant capacities of bran dietary fibre from Qingke (hull-less barley) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The effect of particle size of hull-less barley (HLB) bran DF on antioxidant and physicochemical properties was investigated. HLB bran and extracted DF was ground by regular and superfine grinding, their particle sizes were determined using laser diffraction method. The results showed that superfine grinding could significantly pulverize DF particles to micro-scale; the particle size distribution was close to a Gaussian distribution. The soluble DF in HLB bran was increased effectively with superfine grinding. Insoluble DF with submicron scale showed increased total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). With particle size reduction, the water retention capacity (WRC), swelling capacity (SC), oil binding capacity (OBC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the water holding capacity (WHC) had no significant change. A kind of health beneficial DF with higher soluble DF content, WRC, SC, OBC, NIAC and antioxidant activity was obtained using superfine grinding.     

Fatty acid and oil variation in seed from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a fibre plant native to east-central Africa. The potential for using kenaf seeds as a source of edible oil is often overlooked when considering kenaf as a fibre and feed crop. The aim of this research was to study and compare the fatty acid composition and oil content of eight commercial kenaf varieties from various countries. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid were the predominant fatty acids in all cultivars. Percentages of fatty acids varied greatly among different kenaf varieties. Gregg had the highest percentage of linoleic acid whilst El Salvador had the lowest. El Salvador had the highest percentage of oleic acid and Endora had the highest percentage of palmitic acid. Stearic acid and palmitic acid were positively correlated, as well as stearic and linoleic acid. Increasing stearic and linolenic acid and reducing palmitic acid at the same time therefore might be difficult through conventional breeding. The oil content was 19.84% on average and there was not much difference between the varieties. The relatively high oil content and the unique fatty acid composition, suggested that kenaf seed could be used as a source of edible oil. Kenaf oil can be considered nutritionally healthy because of the relatively high amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.