Ethanolic fermentation of phosphoric acid hydrolysates from olive tree pruning

The objective of this work was to study the feasibility of using phosphoric acid to hydrolyze the hemicellulosic fraction of olive tree pruning, as a step in the bioconversion process to produce ethanol. Milled olive tree pruning was submitted to hydrolysis at 90 °C by phosphoric acid in a concentration range 0.3–8N for 240 min. The hydrolysates were then fermented by Pachysolen tannophilus. The hydrolysis stage was evaluated by the evolution of glucose and reducing sugars generated and by the conversion of hemicellulose fraction. The main parameters determined in the fermentation were: maximum specific growth rate, specific substrate consumption rate, specific ethanol production rate and ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield (0.38 kg/kg, equivalent to 74.5% of the theoretical yield) was obtained when hydrolysing with 0.5N phosphoric acid. Hemicellulose conversion is however incomplete at these operational conditions. Higher acid concentrations lead to higher hydrolysis of hemicellulose, but the ethanol yields resulting from the fermentation are lower.     

白龙江沿岸油橄榄气候生态适应性研究

对油橄榄园定点观测试验资料以及采用气候相似原理与原产地和国内引种地的气候生态条件对比分析,探讨白龙江沿岸油橄榄气候生态适应性.在此基础上,确定气候生态区划综合指标体系,进行5级细网格气候生态适生种植区划,并提出提高气候生态资源开发利用途径.     

Efficacy of a hydroxytyrosol-rich preparation from olive mill wastewater for control of olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina, infestations

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic by-product in Mediterranean countries. Despite this, it is a raw material that is an unfailing source of bioactive molecules. A hydroxytyrosol-rich preparation (HRP) (49.6% weight:dry weight) was extracted from fresh OMW using a hydrolysis and post-hydrolysis purification process. The field efficacy of HRP as a spray treatment (2500 l ha⁻¹) against olive psyllid, Euphyllura olivina (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), was evaluated in 2008 and 2009 in a drip-irrigated olive orchard.The HRP showed strong insecticidal activity against E. olivina at a concentration of 2 g l⁻¹ hydroxytyrosol. Application of HRP resulted in 41.1 and 72.1% control of nymphs and adults, respectively. However, HRP application did not reduce egg hatch. Neither phytotoxicity nor toxicity to auxiliary-fauna was recorded with concentrations of 1.25 g l⁻¹ or 2 g l⁻¹ HRP. But, the 2.5 g l⁻¹ concentration was slightly phytotoxic, especially at the E and F floral phenological stages of the grapes. HRP offers a natural and effective extract for control of olive psyllid and opens a new opportunity for the reuse of OMW.     

Preparation and characteristics of activated carbon from olive stones and walnut shells

The preparation of activated carbon from agricultural waste could increase economic return and reduce pollution. Activated carbon has been processed from different types of agricultural material, such as olive stone, acorn, pecan, walnut shells, and stone fruits. The objectives of this study were to prepare and to characterize activated carbon from two abundant waste material produced in Argentina. Activated carbon was made from olive pits (OP) and walnut shells (WS) by treatment with 50 and 75% (w/w) of KOH. The two types of activated carbon obtained were evaluated by iodine adsorption. The characterization of surface carbons was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Activated carbon yields from OP was higher than WS. The highest carbon yields were obtained with 75% KOH concentration in both OP and WS. The characteristics of the starting materials, the activating agent concentration, and the carbon particle size influenced the iodine adsorption capacity. Adsorptive properties were highest in the OP powdered carbon obtained at 75% KOH concentration. The WS-activated carbon had macrocroporous structures with a pore size distribution more homogeneous than OP.     

Fungicidal effect of hydroxytyrosol-rich preparations from olive mill wastewater against Verticillium dahliae

Verticillium dahliae cannot be reached by many fungicides during its parasitic phase inside the plants and few fungicides are available to cure plants once they are infected by this pathogen. A hydroxytyrosol-rich (29.27% weight/dry weight) olive mill wastewater (HROMW) and a hydroxytyrosol-rich (52.67% weight/dry weight) extract (HRE) were prepared from fresh olive mill wastewater (FOMW) using hydrolysis and post-hydrolysis purification processes, and were tested as bio-fungicides. The HROMW and HRE showed strong fungicidal activity in vitro against V. dahliae with minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of 28–56 mg L⁻¹ (dry weight). The HROMW and HRE at 15 g L⁻¹ (dry weight) resulted in a reduction in the viability of V. dahliae by >4 log units after 30 min of contact time according to European Standard EN 1275 (1997) standard method. In tomato pot growth experiments incorporation of HROMW and HRE into the soil reduced significantly Verticillium wilt disease incidence by 86 and 83% and wilt severity by 86 and 84.5%, respectively, compared to untreated plants.     

利用造纸碱回收白泥生产水泥

介绍采用真空洗潭机和预挂式真空过滤机，将造纸白泥含水份由60％降低至40％，并代替石灰石应用于立窑干法水泥生产的工艺技术。该项技术在我国造纸行业是首次应用。解决了白泥对环境的污染。     

Resistance of olive cultivars to Botryosphaeria dothidea,causal agent of olive fruit rot in Montenegro

Fruit rot has caused severe damage in olive orchards in Montenegro in recent years. Symptoms of the disease in commercial orchards include necrotic, depressed and clearly delimited spots on fruit. Identity of fungal isolates from infected fruit was confirmed by morphological and molecular evidence as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Seventeen olive cultivars were assessed for susceptibility to the causal agent. Two native cultivars, Crnjaka and Gloginja, were highly resistant, whereas the most widely grown domestic variety, Žutica, was susceptible. Introduced cultivars Pendolino and Cassanesse were highly resistant and Giarraffa and Ascolana tenera were the most susceptible olive cultivars. This report is the first comparison of cultivar resistance to olive fruit rot in the Balkan region, and the first assessment of resistance in olive cultivars indigenous to this region.     

Dynamics of residues from a novel nano-imidacloprid formulation in soyabean fields

Imidacloprid has been widely used to control vegetable pests in China. This research was conducted to establish a method for preparing a novel imidacloprid nano-formulation and develop a simple and efficient method for determination of residues of the novel imidacloprid formulation in soyabean fields. Imidacloprid micro-crystals were directly encapsulated with chitosan and sodium alginate through layer-by-layer self-assembly. The coated colloids and photocatalysts were characterized using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Residues of the novel imidacloprid were determined by HPLC equipped with a UV detector. The results showed that imidacloprid micro-crystals were obtained by association and had a mean length of 7 μm and a zeta potential of −37.5 mV. The pesticide loading and encapsulation efficiency were 56.2 ± 0.96% and 81.6 ± 0.96%, respectively. Degradation of the nano-imidacloprid and the suspension concentrate imidacloprid formulations in soil coincided with C = 0.227e^−0.152t and C = 0.544e^−0.177t with half lives of about 2.8 d and 6.2 d, respectively. Degradation of the two imidacloprid formulations in soyabean plants coincided with C = 6.644e^−0.475t and C = 8.585e^−0.573t with half lives of about 1.9 d and 4.5 d, respectively. Thus, in soil, the degradation rate of the nano formulation was faster than that of the suspension concentrate, but the degradation rates were vice versa in the plant. The final residue of the nano imidacloprid formulation after 35 days was below the limit of detection but in the soyabean plant, the final residue was 0.003 mg kg⁻¹, much lower than the USA Environment Protection Agency’s Maximum Residue Level. Therefore, a dosage of 900 ml hm⁻² is suggested for the nano-imidacloprid concentrate, which could be considered as safe to fields.     

Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based systems

Although crop residues constitute an enormous resource, actual residue management practices in rice-based systems have various negative side effects and contribute to global warming. The concept of a combined bioenergy/biochar system could tackle these problems in a new way. Rice residues would be used for energy production, thereby reducing field burning and the use of fossil fuels, and the biochar by-product could help to improve soils, avoid methane emissions, and sequester carbon in soils. To examine some of these promises, we conducted field experiments from 2005 to 2008 in three different rice production systems. Objectives were to study the effect of biochar from rice husks on soil characteristics, assess the stability of carbonized rice residues in these different systems, and evaluate the agronomic effect of biochar applications. The results showed that application of untreated and carbonized rice husks (RH and CRH) increased total organic carbon, total soil N, the C/N ratio, and available P and K. Not significant or small effects were observed for soil reaction, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, and the CEC. On a fertile soil, the high C/N ratio of CRH seemed to have limited N availability, thereby slightly reducing grain yields in the first three seasons after application. On a poor soil, where the crop also suffered from water stress, soil chemical and physical improvements increased yields by 16-35%. Together with a parallel study including methane and CO₂ emission measurements at one site, the results strongly suggest that CRH is very stable in various rice soils and systems, possibly for thousands of years. However, the study also showed that CRH was very mobile in some soils. Especially in poor sandy soil, about half of the applied carbon seemed to have moved below 0.30 m in the soil profile within 4 years after application. We concluded that biochar from rice residues can be beneficial in rice-based systems but that actual effects on soil fertility, grain yield, and soil organic carbon will depend on site-specific conditions. Long-term studies on biochar in field trials seem essential to better understand biochar effects and to investigate its behavior in soils.     

Pesticide residues in food

Review: Pesticides Residues in Food (with Special Reference to Toxicology and Environmental Problems). This review covers the literature through 1972 with 64 references and discusses the named subject under the headings of 1. Ecology — Biomagnification; 2. Deposit in Man; 3. Pesticide Residues in Food; 4. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) vs. Tolerance; 5. Significance to Environmental Problems and Human Health, and 6. Effect on Food Quality. The review attempts to show that the probable entry of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues stored in human fat is through the daily food containing measurable amounts of pesticide residues. The review also illustrates the reasoning behind the ban on the use of DDT in the United States, based on environmental and toxicological factors. The significance of ADI concept compared with actual pesticide amounts from food intake is discussed. Finally, specific cases for a number of pesticides are described which have caused environmental or toxicologic problems, e.g. aramite, aminotriazole, 2, 4, 5-T, mercury and PCB's.Paper presented at the conference of the International Association for Quality Research on Food Plants (CIQ) held in common with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualit [tsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) e.V. (DGQ) in Berlin on 4th October 1972.     

浅谈科技论文的写作要求与技巧

为了与广大作者商榷,同时为初次投稿的青年作者提供一些有益的借鉴,简要论述了科技论文的题目、摘要、前言（或称引言）、材料与方法、结果与分析、结论与讨论、参考文献等7个组成部分的写作要求,并举例分析和讨论了各部分的写作技巧及应注意的主要问题。     

橡胶树胶乳全蛋白的提取及双向电泳分析

以橡胶树无性系RRIM600为材料,采用TCA(三氯乙酸)-丙酮沉淀法提取胶乳全蛋白,17 cm pH 5～8固相pH梯度预制干胶条和快速银染法对提取的蛋白进行分离和染色,所得到的电泳图谱背景清晰,横条纹和竖条纹少,且蛋白点数量多。通过本研究获得了高分辨率的胶乳全蛋白双向电泳(2-DE)图谱的方法,为进一步开展橡胶树胶乳全蛋白质组学研究奠定了基础。     

麻纤维纸地膜研究开发现状与进展

对生物降解地膜，尤其是可降解麻纤维纸地膜的研究开发现状、技术水平、开发的主要产品品质及应用效果进行了较全面的概述。阐述了我国开发麻纤维纸地膜的优势及广阔的市场前景，分析了开发麻纤维纸地膜存在的主要技术问题及发展前景，并提出了相应对策。     

茶树的园林绿化技术

茶树一直来是用来采叶制茶饮用的,但利用茶树树型多姿、叶形多态、叶色多样、全年常绿的特点,也可用于我国中南部城市的绿化。云南省普洱市从上世纪90年代末开始在鱼水路、茶苑路进行了用茶树绿化城市的尝试.