硼元素对大鼠淋巴结和视网膜组织结构的影响

为了研究硼元素对大鼠淋巴结和视网膜组织结构的影响,试验选用断乳(21 d±2 d)清洁级SD大鼠60只,适应性饲养1周后,随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组,各组分别通过饮水添加0、40、80、160、320和640 mg/L硼,试验期60 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组大鼠淋巴结皮质内淋巴小结数量增多,体积增大,淋巴细胞密集,副皮质区增厚,髓质内髓索明显增粗;视网膜组织结构发育良好,节细胞层、内核层和外核层细胞数量有所增多。试验Ⅲ组大鼠淋巴结皮质内淋巴小结减少,体积变小,副皮质区变薄,淋巴细胞排列较为疏松;视网膜组织结构出现轻微损伤,内核层变薄,节细胞层细胞数量排列疏松,数量减少。试验Ⅳ和Ⅴ组大鼠淋巴结皮质内淋巴小结体积显著减小,生发中心不明显甚至消失,淋巴细胞明显减少,副皮质区变薄,髓索变细;视网膜节细胞层变薄,数量减少,部分细胞出现空泡,内核层和外核层细胞排列疏松。说明饮水添加40~80 mg/L硼对大鼠淋巴结和视网膜组织结构发育具有一定的促进作用,而添加320~640 mg/L硼则对大鼠淋巴结和视网膜组织结构产生明显的损伤作用。     

饮水硼对固始鸡生长性能及肾脏组织结构的影响

研究了饮水中添加不同水平硼对固始鸡肾脏组织结构的影响。将180羽1日龄固始鸡,随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组饮水中分别含硼100,200mg/L,试验期6周。每周末每组随机选取固始鸡10羽,颈动、静脉放血致死,立即解剖取肾脏,Bouin液固定,制作石蜡切片,H·E染色,显微观察与摄影。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组1～2周肾小体血管球肿胀,肾小管管壁细胞肿胀、变性,集合小管和肾小管直部细胞颗粒变性;第3周起肾脏组织结构开始恢复,到第6周时组织结构基本恢复正常。试验Ⅱ组1～2周固始鸡肾小体血管球的萎缩、坏死、崩解现象较为普遍,肾小囊腔变大,囊壁结构不完整;近曲小管和远曲小管细胞肿胀,细胞颗粒变性或水样变性;3～6周固始鸡肾脏的组织结构有恢复迹象;但第6周肾脏的病理组织学变化仍比较明显。结论:饮水添加硼100mg/L,对1～2周固始鸡肾脏组织结构发育有一定的抑制或损伤作用,对3～6周固始鸡肾脏的组织结构发育有改善和促进作用;饮水添加硼200mg/L,则对整个试验期固始鸡肾脏的组织结构发育均有明显的抑制甚至毒性作用,进而影响机体排泄功能。     

微量元素硼对固始鸡肝组织结构的影响

240羽1日龄固始鸡随机分为对照组与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组,对照组饮用自来水,各试验组饮水中硼含量分别为100、200和400 mg/L,试验期6周,研究微量元素硼对固始鸡肝组织结构的影响.每周末每组取固始鸡10羽,颈动脉和静脉放血致死,立即解剖取肝,Bouin液固定,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,显微观察与摄影.结果表明:试验Ⅰ组,鸡临床症状和剖检变化不明显;肝的组织结构在1～2周呈现轻微损伤,3～6周则表现出明显的促进作用.试验Ⅱ组,鸡可见轻微临床症状和剖检变化:1～2周,肝的病理组织学变化较明显,其后随周龄增加,肝的组织结构逐渐恢复.试验Ⅲ组,鸡的临床症状和剖检变化最为明显;1～2周肝的病理组织学变化最为明显,肝细胞肿胀或空泡样变,肝血窦狭小.结果表明:饮水中添加硼100 mg/L对固始鸡肝的组织结构发育有轻微抑制和损伤作用;对后期(3～6周)则有明显改善和促进作用;高剂量硼(饮水中硼含量≥200mg/L)对固始鸡(尤其是早期)肝的组织结构发育有明显的不良影响,甚至表现出明显的毒性作用.     

饮水硼对大鼠生长及血清生化指标与抗氧化能力的影响

将192只清洁级SD大鼠随机分为6组,各组分别饮用添加硼0、40、80、160、320、640 mg/L蒸馏水60 d,2次取材,分别测定血清抗氧化功能及血清胆固醇、葡萄糖、总蛋白、ALP、ALT、AST、钙、镁、磷等9项血清生化指标.结果显示:与对照组相比,(1)65 d试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ组雄鼠和Ⅰ、Ⅴ组雌鼠平均体质量(MB)显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);65 d和95 d试验Ⅴ组雄鼠和雌鼠平均日增重(ADG)和Lee's指数均显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);95 d试验Ⅴ组雄鼠和雌鼠MB和体长极显著降低(P＜0.01);(2)65 d试验Ⅲ组血糖、ALT和镁,Ⅳ组血钙及Ⅴ组血糖、ALP和血钙水平均显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);95 d试验Ⅲ组血清胆固醇和血钙,Ⅳ组血清胆固醇、血磷和血钙及Ⅴ组血糖、ALT、AST、钙、磷扣铁水平均显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);65 d试验Ⅱ血钙,Ⅴ组血清胆固醇和AST水平,及95 d试验Ⅴ组血清胆固醇则显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);(3)65 d试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组MDA含量,95 d试验Ⅴ组MDA含量和GSH-Px活性,及95 d试验Ⅱ～Ⅳ组SOD显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);65 d试验Ⅴ组SOD、CAT、GSH-PX,95 d试验Ⅲ组MDA含量,及Ⅳ组GSH-Px活性显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).试验结果表明,饮水添加40～320mg/L硼对95、65 d大鼠血清抗氧化能力和血清胆固醇、葡萄糖及钙、磷、镁离子水平产生不同的影响,尤其对血清抗氧化能力影响明显,而对血清蛋白质含量和血清酶活性没有显著影响;添加640mg/L硼对大鼠血清各项生化指标及抗氧化能力均有明显不良影响甚至毒性作用,机体胆固醇、脂类、糖类及离子代谢发生紊乱,抗氧化能力明显下降.     

急性冷刺激对大鼠骨骼肌和7个内脏器官的组织结构影响

冷刺激是北方寒区常见的应激原,可对机体多个内脏器官组织学结构产生影响。本试验采用病理学观察方法,研究急性冷刺激处理对大鼠骨骼肌和7个内脏器官的组织结构影响。将10只Wistar大鼠随机均分为对照组和冷刺激组。对照组在(24.0±0.1)℃温度下饲养;冷应激温度为(4.0±0.1)℃,冷刺激时间为12h。冷刺激后,采集两组大鼠骨骼肌、心脏、脾脏、肝脏、肾脏、胃、十二指肠及肺脏8种样品,制作成组织切片,镜下观察。结果显示,急性冷刺激对大鼠骨骼肌、心肌、胃壁黏膜及肾脏均有不同程度的损伤;肝脏、十二指肠组织结构未见病理变化;脾脏可见淋巴小结体积增大,反应性增生。结果表明,急性冷应激可造成大鼠机体骨骼肌及内脏损伤,但免疫功能增强。     

饮水硼对非洲雏鸵鸟肝脏组织的影响

本研究旨在探究饮水硼对非洲雏鸵鸟肝脏组织的影响。本试验选择36羽10日龄非洲雏鸵鸟,随机分成6组,每组6羽,饲喂相同的基础日粮及不同添加量的饮水硼,各组饮水中硼含量分别为0、40、80、160、320、640 mg/L。试验期80 d。试验结束后,称体重,颈动脉放血致死。处死后立即取出肝脏称重,计算肝脏指数。取肝脏标本于4%多聚甲醛常温固定,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,显微观察并照相。结果证实,低剂量的饮水硼（40、80 mg/L）有利于肝脏发育,改善肝脏组织结构,使肝血窦里的枯否氏细胞增多,肝血窦增大,最佳添加量为80 mg/L。高剂量的饮水硼（160、320和640 mg/L）则会对非洲雏鸵鸟肝脏发育产生不良影响,使肝脏组织出现明显的病理学变化。     

不同硼水平对固始鸡脾发育的影响

将240羽1日龄固始鸡随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,饮水中分别添加0、100、200和400mg／L硼,研究了不同水平硼对1～6周龄鸡脾重量、器官指数及组织结构的影响。结果显示,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组2～6周龄鸡脾器官指数与脾重量均显著或极显著低于同一周龄对照组;试验Ⅰ组1～2周龄脾发育受到轻微抑制,3～6周龄逐渐恢复并表现明显促生长作用,试验Ⅱ组脾组织结构变化与试验Ⅰ组相似,但早期发育明显不良,后期恢复较为缓慢,试验Ⅲ组1～2周龄脾发育严重不良,动脉周围淋巴鞘缺如或菲薄,脾小结难以见到或很小,椭球小,鞘毛细血管管腔狭窄;3～6周龄脾组织结构虽逐渐恢复,但明显不及对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组发育完善。证实,100mg／L硼对鸡脾早期发育有轻微抑制作用,但可明显促进其后期发育及T、B淋巴细胞增殖分化;高剂量硼对鸡脾的发育及T、B淋巴细胞增殖分化有明显抑制甚至毒性作用。     

雌二醇对卵巢摘除大鼠子宫组织结构的影响

雌激素对雌性动物的生殖和发育起决定性的作用,雌激素的重要生理作用之一就是调控生殖器官和一些外周组织的生长发育和功能。有研究表明过量的雌激素是一些疾病发生的可能诱因,大量流行病学的研究表明雌激素,主要是雌二醇与乳腺、子宫内膜和卵巢的癌变相关。近年来,子宫内膜癌的发病率呈持续上升趋势,     

一氧化氮和内皮素在窒息新生大鼠胃黏膜损伤中的作用

本研究旨在探讨围产期窒息时内皮素( ET)和一氧化氮 ( NO)的变化与急性胃黏膜损伤的关系及 NO的前体 L-精氨酸 ( L-Arg)和NO合成酶抑制剂 L-硝基 -精氨酸甲酯 ( L-NAME)在胃黏膜损伤中的作用。结果显示窒息组血浆 ET和胃壁 NO水平显著高于正常对照组 ( p<0 .0 1 ) ,胃黏膜损伤明显 ;L -Arg组血浆ET水平较窒息组显著下降 ( p <0 .0 1 ) ,血浆和胃壁 NO含量则显著升高 ( p <0 .0 1 ) ,胃黏膜损伤减轻 ;L-NAME组血浆 ET水平和 L I显著高于正常对照组和 L -Arg组 ( p <0 .0 1 ) ,血浆和胃壁 NO含量较 L-Arg组显著下降 ( p <0 .0 1 ) ,表明围产期窒息时 NO和 ET的变化与胃黏膜损伤的程度密切相关。NO在围产期窒息时有保护胃黏膜的作用 ,而 ET则作用相反。L -Arg的保护作用和 L -NAME的损伤作用均是通过 NO的变化来实现的。     

糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型的建立及评价

[目的]对糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型进行观察及评价。[方法]采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素结合30%乙醇灌胃的方法制作糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型,动态观察动物临床症状、血糖、体重,以及各器官的重量指数和病理变化。[结果]糖尿病模型和糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型的成模率分别为84%和64%;模型组动物普遍消瘦,心、肝、脾、胰各器官的重量下降,胰腺重量指数在第4周时下降,心、肝、肾重量指数在各时间点均上升,与正常组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);模型组大鼠的胰腺、胃、肾脏都出现了病理变化。[结论]采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素结合30%乙醇灌胃的方法可成功诱导糖尿病大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型。     

大豆异黄酮对蛋鸡小肠肠道黏膜结构的影响

选取200只1日龄健康的蛋鸡,随机平均分为2组：试验组（T组）日粮中添加大豆异黄酮提取物20mg/kg,对照组（C组）饲喂基础日粮,分别于10、15、22、29、37日龄取材,制作石蜡切片及HE染色,显微成像系统测定十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛长度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度。结果显示,随着日龄（15~37日龄）的增长,T组蛋鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠的肌层厚度和V/C值都有低于C组蛋鸡的趋势。结果说明,20mg/kg的大豆异黄酮提取物的添加量对蛋鸡的小肠肠道黏膜结构有负面影响,不利于蛋鸡的生长。     

丝兰属植物提取物对肉鸡肠黏膜形态结构的影响

<正>丝兰属植物提取物的主要活性成分是甾体皂苷(类固醇皂角苷)和糖苷。甾体皂苷由于其特殊的化学结构,很难通过消化道上皮细胞,但它具有表面活性,可改变消化道上皮细胞膜的形态,减少细胞膜的表面张力,提高对营养物质的乳化能力,提高肠道内营养物质的消化吸收率,     

Intestinal metaplasia -the effect of Acid on the gastric mucosa and gastric carcinogenesis-

This review concerns stem cells and their relation to intestinal metaplasia. When gastric regions of mice, Mongolian gerbils or several strains of rats were irradiated with a total dose of 20 Gy of X-rays given in two fractions, intestinal metaplasia was only induced in rats. In addition, it was greatly influenced by rat strain and sex. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) positive metaplastic foci were increased by administration of ranitidine (H(2) receptor antagonist), crude stomach antigens or subtotal resection of the fundus and decreased by cysteamine (gastric acid secretion stimulator), histamine or removal of the submandibular glands. Recent studies have shown that Cdx2 transgenic mice with gastric achlorhydria develop intestinal metaplasia and that in men and animals, Helicobacterpylori (H. pyrlori) infection can cause intestinal metaplasias that are reversible on eradication. Our results combined with findings for H. pylori infection or eradication and transgenic mice suggest that an elevation in the pH of the gastric juice due to disappearance of parietal cells is one of the principal factors for development of reversible intestinal metaplasia. When different organs were transplanted into the stomach or duodenum, they were found to transdifferentiate into gastric or duodenal mucosae, respectively. Organ-specific stem cells in normal non-liver tissues (heart, kidney, brain and skin) also differentiate into hepatocytes when transplanted into an injured liver. Therefore, stem cells have a multipotential ability, transdifferentiating into different organs when transplanted into different environments. Finally, intestinal metaplasia has been found to possibly increase sensitivity to the induction of tumors by colon carcinogens of the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), azoxymethane (AOM) or 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4.5-b]pyridine (PhIP) type. This carcinogenic process, however, may be relatively minor compared with the main gastric carcinogenesis process induced by N-methy1-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MMNG) or N-methylnitrosourea (MNU), which is not affected by the presence of intestinal metaplasia. The protocol used in these experiments may provide a new approach to help distinguish between developmental events associated with intestinal metaplasia and gastric tumors.     

硼、钼元素对苜蓿种子的增产效果

采用质量分数为0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的硼砂和0.05%、0.07%、0.09%的钼酸铵在苜蓿Medicago sativa的现蕾期、初花期、盛花期进行叶面喷施。试验结果表明:硼、钼对苜蓿种子增产及种子形成因素有明显效应。其中以质量分数为0.05%的钼酸铵处理对苜蓿种子增产效果最明显,产量增加35%;每花序结荚数增加54.37%,分枝数增加10.96%,荚果种子粒数增加35.68%。硼砂以质量分数为0.8%的处理效果较好,种子产量增产15.56%。     

6-羟多巴胺对小鼠体重及其小肠黏膜结构的影响

采用组织学和图像分析技术，研究了小鼠经腹腔注射交感神经损毁剂6-羟多巴胺后小鼠体重和小肠绒毛长度、V／C比值、绒毛宽度以及黏膜厚度的变化。结果表明，注射6-羟多巴胺组与对照组小鼠相比，体重下降（约3．4％）；小肠绒毛变短（5．6％～19．4％），V／C比值减少（0．88％～24．1％），绒毛变窄（8．8％～24．7％）、黏膜厚度变薄（4．4％～16．9％），其中空肠的绒毛长度和黏膜厚度减少较明显，而十二指肠和回肠的V／C比值和绒毛宽度减少较明显。提示交感神经的活动可影响小肠的黏膜结构，从而影响肠道的消化吸收功能。     

Effect of dietary boron on immune function in growing beef steers*

Thirty‐six Angus and Angus × Simmental cross steers (initial BW 269.5 ± 22.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary boron (B) on performance and immune function. Steers were fed on one of the three dietary treatments: (i) control (no supplemental B; 7.2 mg B/kg DM), (ii) 5 mg supplemental B/kg DM and (iii) 50 mg supplemental B/kg DM, from sodium borate for 78 days. Supplementation of dietary B had no effect on body weight (BW) gain, feed intake or gain:feed during the study. Jugular blood samples were collected prior to feeding on days 28, 63 and 77 for plasma‐B analysis. Supplementation of dietary B increased (p < 0.001) plasma B‐concentration in a dose‐responsive manner. Furthermore, plasma B‐concentration was correlated (p < 0.001; R² = 0. 95) to daily B‐intake (mg B/day). Jugular blood was also collected, from an equal number of steers from each treatment, on day 42 or 44 for determination of in vitro production of interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor‐α from isolated monocytes and assessment of lymphocyte proliferation. Dietary B did not affect T‐ or B‐lymphocyte proliferation or in vitro cytokine production from monocytes. On day 49 of the study, the humoral immune response was assessed by i.m. injection of a 25% pig red blood cell (PRBC) solution for determination of anti‐PRBC IgG and IgM titre responses. Boron‐supplemented steers had greater (p = 0.035) anti‐PRBC IgG titres than controls on day 7 but not on day 14 or 21 post‐injection. Anti‐PRBC IgM titres did not differ throughout the sampling period. Results from this study indicate that supplemental B had minimal effects on immune function and did not affect performance of growing steers.     

Multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the gastric epithelium of callitrichids

Inclusion bodies (IBs) and multinucleate cells can be associated with viral infections; however, IBs and multinucleate cells have been described in normal tissue and with non-viral disease processes in multiple species. We examined fundic stomach from 50 callitrichids histologically for bi- and multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic IBs in gastric epithelial cells. Callitrichids represented included 6 genera: Saguinus (4 spp.), Leontopithecus (1 sp.), Mico (3 spp.), Cebuella (1 sp.), Callithrix (1 sp.), Callimico (1 sp.), and 13 unspecified marmosets. Gastric epithelial IBs were present in 46 of 47 (98%) of the callitrichids from which the stomach was sufficiently well preserved to identify IBs. Cytoplasmic IBs were identified in gastric surface pit epithelial cells (43 of 44, 98%), mucous neck cells (43 of 44, 98%), parietal cells (43 of 44, 98%), and chief cells (43 of 44, 98%). The IBs were eosinophilic, ovoid, round, elongate, or variably indented, sometimes slightly refractile, and 1–6 × 1–13 µm. IBs were sometimes perinuclear and molded around the nucleus. Electron microscopy of the gastric epithelium of one marmoset indicated that IBs were composed of intermediate filaments. The IBs did not stain with immunohistochemical markers for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 or vimentin. Binucleate parietal cells were found in 49 of 50 (98%) callitrichids, and multinucleate parietal cells were observed in 40 of 49 (82%) callitrichids. Gastric epithelial cytoplasmic IBs and bi- and multinucleate parietal cells are likely a normal finding in callitrichids, and, to our knowledge, have not been reported previously.     

圆叶决明硼胁迫症状及施硼效应研究

通过盆栽试验研究了红壤中硼元素胁迫(缺乏或过量)对圆叶决明植株硼含量、生物产量、植株叶片的形态结构和叶肉细胞叶绿体的影响。结果表明,与不施硼肥处理相比,施用不同浓度的硼肥(1,3,5和7 mg B/kg土)均能明显提高圆叶决明植株硼含量和植株干重,增幅分别为87.33%~549.33%和48.6%~86.2%,其中以3 mg B/kg土处理的植株干物质重最高,为2.57 g/株,增加率为86.2%;当施用5 mg B/kg土时,圆叶决明植株的硼含量为79.981 mg/kg,并开始出现硼中毒症状,7 mg B/kg土处理的圆叶决明硼中毒症状更为明显;圆叶决明硼胁迫(缺乏或过量)时叶肉细胞叶绿体数量减少,叶绿体与细胞壁的结合松散,基质片层的重叠较少,柱状基粒的数量很少或没有;硼缺乏胁迫时,对叶绿体的破坏作用主要表现在破坏叶绿体双层膜结构和基粒片层的垛叠,以及促进脂质片层的溶解;而硼过量胁迫时,对叶绿体的破坏作用主要表现在破坏基粒和促进脂质片层的溶解,而对叶绿体的双层膜结构的影响不明显。最后通过田间试验研究了山地红壤区圆叶决明施用硼肥的效应,结果表明,施用不同浓度的硼肥(1.5,3.0,4.5 kg B/hm2)处理均能增加圆叶决明植株的硼含量和生物产量,增幅分别为13.0%~32.4%和7.2%~34.2%。