柑桔皮渣发酵高蛋白饲料菌种筛选与工艺研究

以柑桔皮渣为原料,研究微生物发酵生产高蛋白饲料的菌种、辅料及工艺条件.结果表明,混合菌种发酵的产品粗蛋白含量优于单一菌种发酵,添加氮源的产品粗蛋白含量比不添加氮源的高;当黑曲霉、米曲霉和扣囊腹膜胞酵母的混合比例为2∶3∶1,培养基中柑桔皮渣85 %,麸皮15 %,含水率达70 %,接种量为0.4 mL/g,自然pH,发酵温度28 ℃,发酵时间4 d时,发酵产品的粗蛋白含量可从10.37 %提高到34.40 %.     

柚皮渣脱苦发酵菌种及工艺条件优化研究

以柚皮渣为原料,以柚皮渣中的主要苦味物质-柚皮苷的降解率为考察指标,筛选柚皮渣脱苦的发酵菌种,考察含水率、接菌量及发酵时间等因素对柚皮苷降解率的影响,采用正交试验优化发酵工艺条件.结果表明,以诱导的黑曲霉为发酵菌种,以15 %的麸皮作辅料,在培养基含水率为60 %,接菌量0.4 mL/g,发酵时间4 d的条件下,柚皮苷降解率达92.2 %,可溶性蛋白含量从0.164 增加到0.389 mg/g,增长率为137.2 %.     

柑桔皮残渣发酵蛋白饲料工艺研究

为探讨柑桔皮渣综合利用的潜力,以提取黄酮类化合物后的柑桔皮残渣为发酵原料,以粗蛋白质和可溶性蛋白质含量作考察指标,采用黑曲霉(A)、米曲霉(B)、扣囊腹膜孢酵母(C)3种菌种混合发酵,考察了发酵时间、接菌量、含水率等因素对发酵蛋白质饲料的影响,通过正交试验优化工艺条件.结果表明,在培养基含水率60%、接菌量0.4 mL/g、发酵时间5 d条件下,柑桔皮残渣粗蛋白质含量为217 mg/g,可溶性蛋白含量为1.75 mg/g.     

柑桔皮渣液态发酵活性酶的试验

以柑桔皮渣为原料,以黑曲霉(A)、米曲霉(B)和扣囊复膜孢酵母(C)为发酵菌种进行液态发酵.试验以纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖酶和酸性蛋白酶等4种常见饲用酶的活性为考察指标,研究不同菌种投加方案的饲用酶活性,以提高发酵饲料的利用率.结果表明,在柑桔皮渣发酵过程中提高酶活性的最佳投菌方案为,在菌种A发酵48 h后添加菌种B,继续发酵到60 h后再添加菌种C,继续发酵到96 h;此方案下,发酵样品的可溶性蛋白含量最高达545.51 μg/mL.     

添加不同辅料对黑水虻幼虫处理菠萝加工废弃物效果的影响

为有效利用菠萝加工废弃物（菠萝渣）,增加菠萝产业附加值,用黑水虻处理菠萝加工废弃物,研究黑水虻幼虫对菠萝渣的转化效率,从而为菠萝加工业废弃物处理提供参考。试验设计8种不同处理,其中麸皮设置4个水平（10%、20%、30%、0%）,玉米粉设置2个水平（0、10%）,枯草芽孢杆菌添加水平为0.10%。以菠萝渣发酵产物作为饲料分别饲喂黑水虻幼虫,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复1.5 g幼虫,研究添加不同配比的麸皮、玉米粉和复合枯草芽孢杆菌组合的辅料添加对菠萝渣发酵及其对黑水虻幼虫生长性能、黑水虻干虫营养品质、菠萝渣转化效果及减量率的影响。结果显示：(1)随辅料麸皮和玉米粉整体比例增加,菠萝渣发酵产物的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量逐渐提高,除水分外,其他营养成分整体水平也逐渐提高。且在菠萝渣含量相同时,单独添加麸皮的发酵产物其粗蛋白、总磷、粗脂肪含量高于同时加麸皮与玉米粉相比的发酵产物,但前者的粗纤维比后者低;相同辅料配比时,添加枯草芽孢杆菌发酵的处理与对照相比,粗蛋白、粗纤维含量降低。(2)不同辅料配比的菠萝渣饲喂黑水虻幼虫后,T1组（80%菠萝皮渣+10%麸皮+10%玉米粉+0.10%枯草芽孢...     

固态发酵麸皮制备复合多糖的菌种和营养盐优化

试验旨在研究不同菌种和营养盐对固态发酵麸皮中复合多糖含量的影响。采用单菌和混菌发酵麸皮,比较发酵麸皮中多糖含量变化,筛选出发酵菌种,为枯草芽孢杆菌酿酒酵母菌以37;再采用Plackett-Burman试验设计对8种营养盐(包括MgSO_4、MnSO_4、CaCl_2、K_2HPO_4、尿素、柠檬酸钠、酒石酸钾钠和腐植酸钠)进行筛选,发现仅有尿素能够显著提高发酵麸皮多糖含量(P0.05),其最适添加量为0.1%。该试验结果为发酵麸皮多糖的开发利用提供参考。     

多菌种混合发酵秸秆生产蛋白质饲料的研究

本研究采用正交试验确定了黑曲霉、木霉和酵母这三种菌混合发酵秸秆的最优培养基,通过单因素试验优化了多菌种混合发酵秸秆的培养条件.试验结果表明,多菌种混合发酵秸秆的最优培养基组成为:玉米秸秆:麸皮为80:20,2.0%(NH4)2SO4,0.3%KH2PO4,0.2%尿素,自然pH.混合菌种(黑曲霉:木霉:酵母=1:2:1)接种量12%,31℃、培养6 d,发酵终产物中粗蛋白质含量从2.2%增加到24.61%,粗纤维含量从36.2%下降到18.47%.     

混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆生产蛋白饲料的工艺研究

试验研究了混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆生产蛋白饲料的工艺条件,以玉米秸秆为主要原料,麸皮为辅料,利用黑曲霉和产朊假丝酵母混合发酵生产蛋白饲料,通过对黑曲霉和产朊假丝酵母菌种配比、玉米秸秆和麸皮的配比、接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间、水分含量等条件的研究和正交试验对发酵条件进行了优化。试验结果表明:菌种配比1:1、玉米秸秆与麸皮配比4:1、接种量8%、发酵温度28℃、发酵时间96h、含水量45%为最佳发酵条件。在此条件下,粗蛋白的含量由5.62%提高到了25.67%。     

利用甜叶菊渣为主要原料制备发酵饲料的研究

以甜叶菊渣为主要原料配合适当辅料生产微生物发酵浓缩饲料。原料配比甜叶菊渣:玉米粉:豆粕为5:4:1,采用黑曲霉、里氏木酶和酿酒酵母三种菌种混合发酵分段添加,设计三种菌种按比例添加的正交试验L9(34),发酵前后测定真蛋白、游离氨基酸、粗纤维和可溶性还原糖含量进行比较分析。试验结果显示最佳发酵效果的菌种接种量是黑曲霉8%、里氏木酶4%、酿酒酵母3%,该条件获得的发酵饲料中真蛋白含量为21.44%、游离氨基酸5.19%、可溶性还原糖6.87%,比发酵前分别提高了57.65%、278.83%和161.21%;粗纤维含量从原来的15.85%降为7.86%,降解率50.41%。甜叶菊渣作为主要原料制备发酵饲料是一种很好的资源利用方式。     

马铃薯渣固态发酵制作单细胞蛋白饲料的工艺研究

以马铃薯淀粉生产中产生的废渣为主要原料,以黑曲霉、白地霉和热带假丝酵母为发酵菌种,对马铃薯薯渣固态发酵生产蛋白饲料的发酵工艺进行了研究,比较了灭菌与不灭菌的发酵方式,确定了采用灭菌的方式,分阶段混菌发酵的最佳配比,黑曲霉:白地霉:热带假丝酵母为1:1:1,接种量15%(w/w),发酵培养基的优化组成与配比为薯渣85%(w/w)、麸皮15%(w/w),以薯渣和麸皮为基础,添加磷酸二氢钾0.6%(w/w)、尿素1.5%(w/w)、硫酸铵1.5%(w/w)、硫酸镁0.05%(w/w)。测定结果表明,发酵产品中粗蛋白含量较发酵前有显著提高。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.