红树植物提取物对3种植物病原真菌孢子的抑制活性

用孢子萌发法测定了16种红树植物甲醇提取物对甘蔗凤梨病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌和柑橘疮痂病菌孢子萌发的抑制活性。结果表明,苦郎树和苦槛蓝对3种病菌孢子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,提取物浓度为10 g/L时,抑制率达77.29%以上。桐花树、海漆、榄李和银叶树对甘蔗凤梨病菌孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用,但对其余2种病菌孢子的抑制活性低。其余植物提取物对3种病菌孢子的抑制活性低。榄李和桐花树对甘蔗凤梨病菌孢子的毒力高,EC₅₀分别为0.3852 g/L和0.5714 g/L。     

Phylogenetic analyses of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from tomato,lettuce, and Japanese pepper plants in Hyogo Prefecture,Japan

Approximately 30,000 fluorescent bacterial strains isolated from tomato, lettuce, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, and Japanese pepper plants at seven different locations in Hyogo Prefecture, were screened for plant-growth-promoting (PGP) activity to induce disease resistance against bacterial wilt in tomato. The 37 strains that had higher PGP activity were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using the sequences of the 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoD genes. Most of the strains were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens or its close relative, P. putida, while a few strains were grouped with more distantly related bacterial species such as Enterobacter and Stenotrophomonas. The phylogenetic relationships among tomato and lettuce isolates mostly coincided with the source locality and host plants, with a few exceptions. In contrast, isolates from Japanese pepper plants did not form their own cluster but represented several different bacterial species.     

Dynamics of uptake,translocation, and disappearance of thiabendazole and methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate in pepper and tomato plants

The dynamics of the uptake, translocation, and disappearance of thiabendazole (TBZ) and methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (MBC), the fungicidal breakdown product of benomyl, were studied in tomato and pepper plants grown on nutrient solutions containing 0.5 ppm TBZ and 2.5 ppm MBC. Chemical analysis of pepper plants showed that the fungicides accumulated in the leaves only, where concentrations of 20 ppm TBZ and 60 ppm MBC were recorded. Thiabendazole was completely removed from pepper plants by acetone extraction, whereas MBC was only partially removed by acetone and the rest was weakly bound to the tissue and released by either methanolic HCl extraction or acid hydrolysis. The rate of disappearance of TBZ from pepper leaves was three to four times faster than that of MBC. Balance studies in tomatoes have shown an average disappearance rate of 13.5% per 10 days for MBC. 2-Aminobenzimidazole, the degradation product of MBC, was always detected but its concentration did not exceed 2% of that of the parent compound.     

Selection forMeloidogyne incognita virulence against resistance genes from tomato and pepper and specificity of the virulence/resistance determinants

Experiments were designed to analyze the relationships between the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita and resistant tomato and pepper genotypes. From a natural avirulent isolate, near-isogenic nematode lineages were selected with virulence either against the tomatoMi resistance gene or the pepperMe3 resistance gene. Despite the drastic selection pressure used, nematodes appeared unable to overcome the pepperMe1 gene, therefore suggesting some differences in the resistance conferred byMe1 andMe3 in this species. Nematodes virulent onMi-resistant tomatoes were not able to reproduce onMe1-resistant nor onMe3-resistant peppers, and nematodes virulent onMe3-resistant peppers were not able to reproduce onMi-resistant tomatoes nor onMe1-resistant peppers. These results clearly demonstrate the specificity ofM. incognita virulence against resistance genes from both tomato and pepper, and indirectly suggest that gene-for-gene relationships could occur between these two solanaceous crops and the nematode.     

The salicylic acid-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco

The role of salicylic acid (SA) was investigated in basal defence and induced resistance to powdery mildew ( Oidium neolycopersici ) and grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea ) in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). A comparison of NahG transgenic tomato and tobacco (unable to accumulate SA) to their respective wild types revealed that in tomato, SA was not involved in basal defence against O. neolycopersici but NahG tobacco showed an enhanced susceptibility to O. neolycopersici infection, the effect becoming more obvious as the plants grew older. In contrast, SA played no role in the basal defence of tobacco against B. cinerea , but seemed to contribute to basal defence of tomato against B. cinerea. Activation of the SA-dependent defence pathway via benzothiadiazole (BTH) resulted in induced resistance against O. neolycopersici in tobacco but not in tomato. Microscopic analysis revealed that BTH treatment could prevent penetration of the Oidium germ tube through tobacco leaves, whereas penetration was successful on tomato leaves irrespective of BTH treatment. In contrast, soil or leaf treatment with BTH induced resistance against B. cinerea in tomato but not in tobacco. It is concluded that the SA-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco.     

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts against various plant pathogens

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A mixture of the isolates of Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria brassicicola, Verticillium dahliae, and Pythium ultimum was examined to determine...     

Invasiveness ofPseudomonas solanacearum in tomato,eggplant and pepper: a comparative study

The colonization of eggplant, pepper and tomato byPseudomonas solanacearum was compared. Latent infections were observed in pepper and eggplant, indicating that this phenomenon was general in the main hosts ofP. solanacearum. In eggplant and pepper, as in tomato, resistance did not arise from a resistance to root colonization by the bacteria. In tomato and eggplant, resistance mechanisms appeared to be similar: spread ofP. solanacearum was limited in resistant cultivars. In contrast, in pepper this limitation was not observed and plants appeared more tolerant to high bacterial populations than tomato and eggplant.     

Persistence and translocation of a benzothiadiazole derivative in tomato plants in relation to systemic acquired resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato

A reproducible and accurate procedure, based on HPLC analysis, has been developed to determine simultaneously acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (CGA 245 704) and its acid derivative (CGA 210 007) in tomato leaves. The limit of detection and quantification of the method are 0.015 and 0.15 mg litre^?1 for CGA 245 704 and 0.030 and 0.30 mg litre^?1 for CGA 210 007. In tomato plants treated with 250 µM CGA 245 704, it was found that the inducer rapidly translocates from treated leaves (cotyledons, 1st and 2nd) to untreated leaves (3rd to 5th), with the maximum translocation (40% of the total quantity found) occurring 8 h after the treatment. CGA 245 704 residues decreased as time elapsed in both treated and untreated tomato leaves, reaching negligible values 72 h after treatment. The acid derivative, CGA 210 007, was formed in tomato plants as early as 2 h after CGA 245 704 treatment, albeit only in the treated leaves. CGA 210 007 residues decreased in treated tomato leaves with a trend similar to that observed for CGA 245 704. Treatment of tomato plants with CGA 245 704 or CGA 210 007 at 250 µM systemically protected the plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato attacks, the causal agent of bacterial speak disease. Evidence of this were reductions in the degree of infection, the bacterial lesion diameter and the bacterial growth in planta. Since neither CGA 245 704 nor CGA 210 007 inhibited bacterial growth in vitro and the protection against bacterial speak of tomato was observed when the two compounds were completely degraded, the protection must be due to the activation of the plant's defence mechanisms. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

7种龙舌兰属植物提取物对两种炭疽病病菌抑菌活性初探

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种龙舌兰属植物提取物对胶孢炭疽病病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和香蕉炭疽病病菌(Calletotrichum musae)的抑菌活性。结果表明,在质量浓度10、5 mg/m L下处理72 h,7种龙舌兰属植物提取物对两种炭疽病病菌均有很强的抑菌活性。其中,H.11648、广西76416、有刺番麻和番麻对两种炭疽病病菌抑菌率均为100%,普通剑麻、粤西114和灰叶剑麻对两种炭疽病病菌抑菌率为77.78%~100%。毒力测定表明,有刺番麻对胶孢和香蕉炭疽病病菌抑菌效果最显著,有效中浓度(EC_(50))分别为0.027 7 mg/m L和0.048 2 mg/m L,其次是广西76416,有效中浓度(EC_(50))分别为0.093 4 mg/m L和0.240 9 mg/m L。     

Genetic diversity and mixed infections of begomoviruses infecting tomato, pepper and cucurbit crops in Nicaragua

Begomoviruses were detected in Nicaraguan fields of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and adjacently growing plants of pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), chilli pepper ( C . baccatum ), cushaw ( Cucurbita argyrosperma ) and Mexican fireplant ( Euphorbia heterophylla ) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and universal begomovirus primers. All tomato and Mexican fireplant plants showing symptoms were infected with begomoviruses, while only 30–46% of the pepper, chilli pepper and cushaw plants showing symptoms tested virus-positive. No begomoviruses were found in potato. The virus species were provisionally identified by sequencing 533 bp of the viral coat protein gene ( AV1 ). Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV) and Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) were found to infect both tomato and pepper. A new provisional species designated Tomato leaf curl Las Playitas virus (ToLCLPV) was detected in a tomato plant. Squash yellow mottle virus (SYMoV) and PepGMV were found in cucurbits, the latter for the first time in this host. Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV) was detected in Mexican fireplant. Sequencing of a larger number of PCR-amplified clones from selected plants revealed intraspecific viral sequence variability, and also multiple begomovirus infections which could represent up to three species in a single tomato or cushaw plant. Phylogenetic grouping of virus sequences did not correlate with the host of origin.     

Leaf wall area and leaf area in cucumber,eggplant, sweet pepper and tomato grown in greenhouses in Switzerland

Various methods for the harmonization of the registration of crop protection products and dose adjustments in high growing crops have been discussed over many years. The leaf wall area (LWA) method has been known for some years already but it has received renewed attention due to a proposal by the European agrochemical manufacturing industry for harmonizing the dose expression in view of the new zonal registration system in the EU. The LWA method appears not only suitable for fruit trees and vineyards, but may also prove a simple and widely accepted method for dose adjustments in high growing vegetable crops particularly in greenhouses. This paper provides a dataset on leaf wall area and leaf area development for a selection of commercially grown cucumber, eggplant, sweet pepper and tomato varieties in Switzerland. Relationships between leaf wall area and leaf area have been established. A tentative product dose adjustment to growing vegetable crops in greenhouses is given for Switzerland. Biological efficacy trials will be required to validate the LWA method.     

Differentiation in two populations of Meloidogyne incognita from Greece in relation to reproduction on resistant tomato and pepper

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The reproduction of two Meloidogyne incognita populations from Crete, Greece was assessed on ten pepper cultivars in pots in controlled conditions. One...     

Dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and P. parasitica in furrow-irrigated rows of bell pepper, tomato and squash

Dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and P. parasitica from point sources buried near the upper end of 74 m-long irrigation furrows was studied with three annual host crops. Furrows next to tomato were inoculated with either P. capsici or P. parasitica , while furrows next to pepper and squash were inoculated with P. capsici only. Irrigation was carried out on a 14-day cycle. Dispersal of each fungus in the water was monitored by transplants in the furrows and the incidence of infected tomato fruit along furrows. Disease gradients on roots and shoots of all hosts were also measured. Repeated irrigations dispersed P. capsici and P. parasitica up to 70 m from the source. Fruit infection increased with increasing distances downstream, suggesting an accumulation of secondary inoculum with the repeated flow of water. Conversely, gradients of disease severity on roots of tomato and pepper peaked at the source and rapidly decreased to low levels up to 32 m downstream. Fruit and root infection upstream from source was negligible. Root and crown rot in squash was highly variable, being confined to locations near the initial inoculum in some units while developing to severe levels several meters downstream in other units. Unlike the other hosts, squash petioles were in contact with the irrigation water and may have served as routes of invasion by P. capsici. Transport of inoculum from the furrow water to the roots was limited. P. capsici isolates were more virulent on tomato roots and caused a higher incidence of buckeye rot on tomato fruit than did isolates of P. parasitica.     

Changes in polygalacturonase,pectin lyase and cellulase in tomato plants,associated withFusarium inoculation

Activities of polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, and cellulase increased in susceptible, catechol-treated, and resistant tomato plants, after inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen race 2. The catechol-treated and the resistant plants remained symptomless, while susceptible plants developed symptoms of disease. It is therefore suggested that increased activity of cell-wall-degrading enzymes in inoculated plants does not necessarily cause the development of disease symptoms.     

Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 confers protection to pepper plants against Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora capsici,and induces the expression of defence genes

The application of the nonpathogenic isolate Fusarium oxysporum 47 (Fo47) reduced the symptoms of verticillium wilt, phytophthora root rot and phytophthora blight in pepper plants. Botrytis cinerea was also tested on the leaves of plants treated with Fo47, but no protection was observed. Verticillium dahliae colonies cultured in the presence of Fo47 grew slower than control cultures, but Phytophthora capsici growth was unaffected by Fo47. At least part of the protection effect observed against V. dahliae could therefore be due to antagonism or competition. In order to search for induced resistance mechanisms, three defence genes previously related to pepper resistance were monitored over time. These genes encode a basic PR‐1 protein (CABPR1), a class II chitinase (CACHI2) and a sesquiterpene cyclase (CASC1) involved in the synthesis of capsidiol, a phytoalexin. These three genes were transiently up‐regulated in the roots by Fo47 in the absence of inoculation with the pathogen, but in the stem only CABPR1 was up‐regulated. In plants that were inoculated with V. dahliae after the Fo47 treatment, the three genes had a higher relative expression level than the control in both the roots and the stem.     

Diversity among Pseudomonas corrugata and Pseudomonas mediterranea isolated from tomato and pepper showing symptoms of pith necrosis in Greece

Bacterial isolates from tomato plants with symptoms revealing pith necrosis collected over a 20‐year period were screened and characterized using biochemical and pathogenicity tests, as well as molecular approaches. The examined isolates were categorized into two main Pseudomonas species: P. corrugata and P. mediterranea. The diversity of these isolates was characterized through a variety of biochemical, serological, pathogenicity, DNA fingerprinting and multi‐locus sequence analysis features. Of the total Pseudomonas isolates causing pith necrosis, the biochemical profile of the selected non‐fluorescent pseudomonads consisting of P. corrugata and P. mediterranea revealed differentiation in only three characters among 43 examined. Serological analysis managed to identify the P. corrugata isolates using the laboratory prepared antiserum anti‐PC14. Genomic analyses using rep‐PCR fingerprinting and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) revealed considerable inter‐ and intraspecies genetic diversity. However, artificial inoculations of several plant species revealed similar pathogenicity patterns for both P. corrugata and P. mediterranea isolates. These results provide the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the biology, sources and shift in genetic diversity and evolution of both P. corrugata and P. mediterranea populations and could support the development of molecular identification tools and epidemiological studies in diseases caused by these species. Moreover, this is the first report of P. mediterranea in Greece on tomato as well as on pepper plants.     

Management of the tomato borer,Tuta absoluta in Tunisia with novel insecticides and plant extracts

Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill is a vegetable crop of major importance in Tunisia. Since its detection in 2008, the tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) became a serious insect pest attacking both outdoor and greenhouse tomatoes. Its control relies primarily on insecticides; hence the diversification of active substances including natural products is urgently required. The effectiveness of novel insecticides and plant extracts for the control of T. absoluta were investigated in Tunisia on tomatoes grown in greenhouses and in the laboratory in 2011. In tomato greenhouses, the following products were evaluated: Ampligo 150ZS (chlorantraniliprole + lambda‐cyhalothrin), VoliamTargo 063 SC (chlorantraniliprole + abamectin), Tracer240 SC (spinosad), Nimbecidine (azadirachtin 0.03%), Tutafort (plant extracts), Vydate (oxamyl) and Biocatch (Verticillium lecanii). In the laboratory, the products evaluated were: Ampligo 150ZS (chlorantraniliprole + lambda‐cyhalothrin), Movento OD (spirotetramat), Evisect SP (thiocyclam), Challenger SC (chlorfenapyr), Cyproma WP (cyromazine), Vydate (oxamyl), Armorex (plant extracts), Konflic (plant extracts) and Deffort (plant extracts). Greenhouse trials show good efficacy of the following products: Tracer, Nimbecidine, Biocatch, VoliamTargo, Tutafort and Vydate. However, laboratory trials demonstrate good performance of Challenger, Ampligo, Movento, Armorex, Deffort and Konflic. The integration of these products in an integrated pest management approach is discussed.     

Effectiveness of plant extracts of Paeonia suffruticosa and Hedera helix against diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans in tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucumber

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The effects of ethanolic extracts (20 % per fresh weight (Fw) or 6 % per dry weight) of 20 different plant species were tested against late blight...