引起甘蔗花叶病的病原分子生物学进展

花叶病是最主要的甘蔗病毒病害之一,在全球种植甘蔗的国家或地区普遍发生,可导致甘蔗产量下降,糖分减少,给甘蔗生产带来严重的经济损失。引起甘蔗花叶病的病毒主要有甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)、高粱花叶病毒(Sorghum mosaic virus,Sr MV)和甘蔗条纹花叶病毒(Sugarcane streak mosaic virus,SCSMV)。本文综述了这3种病毒的生物学特性、鉴定与检测、基因组结构与基因功能、遗传变异与分子进化等方面的研究进展,并讨论了对甘蔗花叶病的生态防控措施。     

云南甘蔗花叶病病原检测及一个分离物的分子鉴定

 调查表明甘蔗花叶病在云南发生普遍。电镜检测采自云南6个蔗区主栽品种上的28个甘蔗花叶病病样(分离物),其中25个病样的病叶汁液中观察到弯曲线状的病毒粒体,病叶组织中有风轮状和卷筒状内含体;对这25个分离物进行间接ELISA检测,16个与马铃薯Y病毒属抗血清呈阳性反应,其余呈阴性反应。根据蔗区及其主栽品种的不同,挑选7个分离物进行鉴别寄主测定,结果显示不同分离物鉴别寄主范围和致病性存在明显差异,分离物HH-1有范围最广的鉴别寄主和较强的致病性。克隆并测定HH-1基因组3'末端序列,序列分析发现HH-1的外壳蛋白(CP)基因共864个核苷酸,编码287个氨基酸,与高粱花叶病毒(Sorghum mosaic virus,SrMV)余杭分离物CP氨基酸序列的同源性最高,为97.7%;因此推定HH-1属于SrMV的一个新分离物。     

我国新育成甘蔗品种(系)对甘蔗线条花叶病毒和高粱花叶病毒的抗性评价

甘蔗花叶病是中国蔗区危害最严重的病毒病,利用抗病品种是控制该病害最经济有效的方法。本研究以中国蔗区甘蔗花叶病的2种主要病原甘蔗线条花叶病毒分离物(SCSMV-JP1,Gen Bank登录号JF488064)和高粱花叶病毒分离物(Sr MV-HH,Gen Bank登录号DQ530434)为接种毒源,采用人工切茎接种和RT-PCR检测相结合方法,于2015年、2016年2次对中国近年选育的71个优良甘蔗新品种(系)进行了双抗SCSMV和Sr MV鉴定与评价。结果表明:71个优良甘蔗新品种(系)中,对SCSMV表现高抗到中抗的有24个,占33.8%,感病到高感的有47个,占66.2%;对Sr MV表现高抗到中抗的有27个,占38.03%,感病到高感的有44个,占61.97%。综合分析结果显示,福农30号、福农36号、闽糖01-77、桂糖02-467、柳城05-129、粤甘34号、粤甘40号、粤糖55号、粤糖96-86、粤糖00-318、赣蔗02-70、云蔗03-258、云蔗04-241、云蔗05-51、云蔗06-80等15个优良新品种(系)双抗SCSM V和Sr M V 2种病毒,占21.13%,其中粤甘34号、粤糖55号、云蔗03-258、云蔗05-51、云蔗06-80等5个优良新品种(系)对2种病毒均表现为高抗,占7.04%,。研究结果明确了71个甘蔗优良新品种(系)对甘蔗花叶病2种主要致病病原的抗性,筛选出双抗SCSMV和Sr MV的甘蔗优良新品种(系)15个,为生产用种选择和有效防控甘蔗花叶病提供了科学依据。     

果蔗脱毒种苗甘蔗花叶病、黄叶病和宿根矮化病分子检测

为监测2016-2017年种植的果蔗脱毒种苗脱毒效果,分别采集广州市南沙区和增城区、湛江市麻章区及华南农业大学甘蔗育种基地共83份果蔗脱毒种苗样本,进行甘蔗花叶病毒(SCMV)、高粱花叶病毒(SrMV)和甘蔗黄叶病毒(SCYLV)RT-PCR检测。结果表明SCMV的阳性样本数为3个,阳性检出率3.61%;SrMV的阳性样本数为0;SCYLV的阳性样本数为78个,阳性检出率93.98%。采用常规PCR和巢式PCR技术对采集于广州市增城区和华南农业大学甘蔗育种基地的30份果蔗脱毒种苗样本进行宿根矮化病菌(Lxx)检测,常规PCR检测阳性样本数为0,巢式PCR检测疑似阳性样本数为8,疑似阳性检出率26.67%。本研究采用茎尖组织培养脱毒技术培育的果蔗脱毒种苗能有效脱除果蔗种苗内的SCMV、SrMV和Lxx,但SCYLV的脱除效果有待进一步研究。     

Molecular identification and prevalence of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae causing red stripe of sugarcane in China

Red stripe caused by the bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Aaa) is a disease of sugarcane that is distributed worldwide. In this study, 108 sugarcane leaf samples were collected in 2013–2016 from nine sugarcane‐growing regions in China. Aaa was detected by PCR with specific and novel primers from the 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region in 81 of 84 (96%) leaves with red stripe symptoms and in 20 of 24 (83%) leaves without symptoms. Furthermore, Aaa was detected in all nine sampling locations representing six sugarcane‐producing provinces in China. The 101 amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. The size of the nucleotide sequences varied from 436 to 454 bp and the sequence identity ranged from 89.2% to 100%, suggesting a significant genetic variation among Aaa strains from China. Five major restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles were obtained by in silico and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of the PCR products digested with HindIII and EcoRI. The causal agent of sugarcane red stripe was also successfully isolated from a diseased plant and its pathogenicity confirmed by inoculation of healthy sugarcane plantlets and reproduction of disease symptoms. The data showed that Aaa is currently widespread in China, suggesting that control methods should be implemented to limit the impact of red stripe on sugarcane production.     

国外引进甘蔗材料白叶病植原体巢式PCR检测及其序列分析

为有效防止引起重要危险性检疫病害甘蔗白叶病(SCWL)的植原体病原随引进甘蔗材料侵入我国,确保我国甘蔗生产安全,本研究对从缅甸、菲律宾、法国和泰国引进的22个甘蔗材料进行了SCWL植原体巢式PCR检测,并对阳性样品的巢式PCR产物进行了测序及序列分析。结果表明,18个甘蔗材料呈SCWL植原体阳性,阳性检出率为81.8%。所有SCWL阳性样品的16S-23S基因间隔区片段长210bp,与GenBank中已有的其他SCWL植原体分离物(登录号HQ917068、AB646271)的同源性为99.8%~100%,并在系统发育树中聚为一个类群。根据SCWL的巢氏PCR检测及其序列分析结果,对呈阳性的材料及时进行了集中销毁处理。     

江西甘蔗花叶病病原的分子鉴定

 Sugarcane mosaic disease, caused by Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) or Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV) in Potyvirus, is one of the most important viral diseases of sugarcane. In the study, four primer pairs specific to SCMV, SrMV, MDMV and JGMV, respectively, were designed and used to detect 29 sugarcane leaf mosaic samples collected from 9 locations in Jiangxi province. The representative RT-PCR products were sequenced. The results showed that 22 samples were infected by SCMV, three by SrMV, and four were mix-infected by SCMV and SrMV. MDMV or JGMV were not identified in all samples. The result indicates that SCMV is the major pathogen of sugarcane mosaic disease in Jiangxi province, and SrMV is also a pathogen for the disease.     

甘蔗重要病害分子检测技术

快速有效地对甘蔗重要病害病原进行诊断检测,明确监测病害的病原是科学有效防控甘蔗病害的基础和关键。云南省农业科学院甘蔗研究所通过探索研究、改进创新、优化建立了甘蔗黑穗病、锈病、白条病、宿根矮化病、赤条病、花叶病、斐济病、黄叶病、杆状病毒病和白叶病等10种重要病害13种病原的分子快速检测技术,为甘蔗病害的有效诊断和防控、脱毒健康种苗检测及引种检疫提供了技术支撑。     

Molecular characterization of Cucumber mosaic virus strain causing severe mosaic disease on petunia in India

Severe mosaic, yellowing and stunting symptoms were observed on petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) growing in pots at NBRI and in various gardens of Lucknow, India. The association of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) with the mosaic disease was detected based on positive bioassay on susceptible hosts, isometric cored virus particles of ~28?nm during electron microscopic observations in leaf dip preparations and positive amplification of expected size (~650?bp) during RT-PCR using coat protein gene specific primers. Further, the complete RNA 3 genomic fragment of virus isolate was amplified by RT-PCR using RNA 3 specific primers. The obtained amplicons of ~2.2 Kb were cloned and sequenced. The analysis of sequence data of RNA 3 revealed highest sequence identities (96%) with several CMV strains which belong to subgroup IB. The virus isolate also showed closest phylogenetic relationships with banana strain of CMV of subgroup IB (Acc. EF178298) reported from India. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first molecular characterization of CMV strain of subgroup IB causing severe mosaic disease on petunia in India.     

Identification and characterization of Xanthomonas albilineans causing sugarcane leaf scald in China using multilocus sequence analysis

Xanthomonas albilineans is the causal agent of leaf scald, a disease that can cause considerable damage to sugarcane industries. This study analysed the phylogenetic relationship of 14 samples of X. albilineans from China and 13 reference strains retrieved from the GenBank database by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). To reach this goal, five housekeeping genes of X. albilineans were amplified from diseased leaves and sequenced: gyrB, abc, rpoD, atpD and glnA. Based on the concatenated sequence of these genes (4473 nt), the 14 samples of X. albilineans from China had 99.9–100% sequence identity with one another and with five strains of the pathogen from the French West Indies and the USA (Florida). The 27 samples or strains of X. albilineans were distributed in two distinct clades in the MLSA-based phylogenetic tree. Clade 1 was formed by four strains of the pathogen from Fiji, Papua New Guinea and the USA. All the other strains from worldwide locations, including the 14 samples from China, were grouped in clade 2. This latter clade included all strains of the pathogen that were associated with outbreaks of leaf scald that have occurred over the last two decades, especially in the Caribbean islands and the USA. The very low diversity of X. albilineans in four Chinese provinces suggests recent spread of a single strain (from genetic group PFGE-B) of the leaf scald pathogen within China.     

辽中地区西瓜花叶病病原的分子鉴定

 利用ELISA和RT-PCR方法对采自我国辽中地区的西瓜花叶病样品进行检测,表明其病原为黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)。将此分离物(CGMMV-Wcn)的外壳蛋白基因克隆后进行序列分析,结果表明其cp基因由486个碱基组成,编码161个氨基酸,与已报道的其它分离物一致;CGMMV-Wcn所致症状与西瓜株系(CGMMV-W)相同,且二者cp基因的氨基酸序列完全一致,因此该分离物应为CGMMV-W。     

甘蔗新品系对甘蔗黑穗病菌的抗性鉴定与评价

本研究采用浸渍接种和注射接种方法,对华南农业大学和湛江市农业科学研究院联合育成的20个甘蔗新品系进行黑穗病抗性鉴定。结果表明:浸渍接种鉴定的10个甘蔗新品系中,抗性水平达中抗及以上的品系有2个,分别为‘13177’(HR)和‘13113’(MR),占供试品系的20%,抗性水平为中感及以下的有8个,占80%。经3个不同致病力菌株注射接种鉴定的10个供试甘蔗新品系中,对Ss16菌株抗性水平达中抗及以上的供试品系有3个,分别为‘A6-13111’(HR)、‘A6-13115’(HR)和‘A13-1396’(MR),占供试品系的30%,中感及以下有7个,占70%;对Ss25菌株抗性水平达中抗及以上的品系有1个,为‘A6-13111’(HR),占供试品系的10%,中感及以下有9个,占90%;对Ss47菌株抗性水平达中抗及以上的品系有2个,分别为‘A3-1320’(HR)和‘A6-13111’(MR),占供试品系的20%,抗性水平为中感及以下有8个,占80%。综合评价结果显示,甘蔗新品系‘A6-13111’和‘13117’对甘蔗黑穗病具有良好的抗性。     

河南省芝麻花叶病病原的分子鉴定

<正>芝麻是我国主要的油料作物,引起芝麻黄化花叶等症状的芝麻花叶病病原是马铃薯Y病毒属花生条纹病毒芝麻分离物(peanut stripe virus sesame isolate,PSt V-se)(杨书军等,1993;晏立英等,2009),且国外也研究发现芝麻花叶病病原是马铃薯Y病毒属的成员之一(Sreenivasulu et al.,1994;Pappu et al.,1997)。河南省作为芝麻主产区之一,引起当地芝麻花叶病的病原尚不清楚,本试验通过采集河南     

甘蔗新品种及主栽品种对甘蔗梢腐病的自然抗性

为筛选抗梢腐病的甘蔗品种,于2016—2019年采用田间自然发病率调查方法对我国近年选育的60个新品种及云南省临沧市、普洱市、玉溪市和广西壮族自治区宜州区甘蔗梢腐病高发蔗区的31个主栽品种进行自然抗性评价。结果表明：在60个甘蔗新品种中,35个表现为高抗、抗病和中抗,所占比例为58.3%,其中高抗品种5个、抗病品种15个、中抗品种15个,所占比例分别为8.3%、25.0%、25.0%;在31个甘蔗主栽品种中,15个表现为高抗、抗病、中抗,所占比例为48.4%。目前大面积种植的新台糖25号、粤糖93-159、盈育91-59、柳城03-1137、云蔗03-258、川糖79-15、新台糖1号、桂糖11号、桂糖42号9个主栽品种对甘蔗梢腐病高度感病,而近年选育的粤甘49号、福农11-2907、闽糖11-610、闽糖12-1404、桂糖11-1076五个新品种对甘蔗梢腐病高抗,粤甘46号、粤甘47号、福农09-2201、福农09-6201、福农09-7111、福农10-14405、闽糖06-1405、桂糖40号、桂糖44号、桂糖06-1492、桂糖06-2081、桂糖08-1180、桂糖08-1589、云蔗11-1074和德蔗07-36共15个新品种对甘蔗梢腐病表现抗病。     

Rose mosaic disease: symptoms induced in roses by graft inoculation with both prunus necrotic ringspot and apple mosaic viruses

Symptoms induced in rose by single isolates of the cherry serotype of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and an apple serotype (apple mosaic virus; ApMV) were characteristically different, and appeared at different times throughout the growing season according to the ambient temperature. These features remained discrete, even in roses infected by both viruses and were shown by immunospecific electron microscopy to be a reliable indication of infection by either virus.
However, cross-protection between the two isolates was not reciprocal; mixed infections were established only when roses were simultaneously graft-inoculated with ApMV and PNRSV, or when PNRSV-infected roses were supei-infected with ApMV. The significance of these results in relation to the possible natural occurrence of mixed infections in rose or of isolates of intermediate serotype is discussed.     

甘蔗新品种及主栽品种对褐条病的抗性评价

褐条病是为害甘蔗叶部的重要真菌病害,严重发病田块,一眼望去似“火烧状”,一般减产18％ ～35％,蔗糖分降低15％ ～30％[1].该病于1924年在古巴首次发现[2],至今已有20多个国家报道发生此病,常造成不同程度经济损失[3].在中国,尤其近年,感病品种加上多雨高湿导致褐条病在云南及广西等主产蔗区大面积暴发流行,...     

抗病毒转基因木瓜的分子检测

本研究测定了抗病毒转基因木瓜品系55-1、GM YK和华农1号的结构特征序列,并根据测序结果设计、合成了结构特异性检测引物,建立了55-1、GM YK和华农1号的结构特异性检测方法.为提高检测效率,将结构特异性检测引物和内源基因检测引物置于同一反应体系之中,建立了转基因木瓜品系的两重PCR检测方法.本研究建立的PCR检测体系可用于进口木瓜的检测,从中发现未经我国批准的转基因木瓜品系,为转基因产品的标识管理提供技术支持.     

齿兰环斑病毒与建兰花叶病毒分子检测研究

齿兰环斑病毒（Odontoglossum ringspot virus,ORSV）与建兰花叶病毒（Cymbidium mosaic virus, CyMV）是严重危害兰科植物的两种主要病毒。本研究根据病毒外壳蛋白基因设计特异性引物,应用ELISA、普通RT-PCR、巢式RT-PCR和免疫捕获RT-PCR4种方法进行了检测研究与比较。结果表明：普通RT-PCR与ELISA方法检测灵敏度相当;巢式RT-PCR检测灵敏度要比普通RT-PCR与ELISA方法高出104倍以上;免疫捕获RT-PCR检测灵敏度介于普通RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR之间。采用巢式RT-PCR方法对我国台湾进境的蝴蝶兰植株样本检测,1号样本出现与阳性对照一致的特异条带。双向测序分析,扩增产物序列与ORSV外壳蛋白基因具有100％的同源性,表明1号蝴蝶兰样本携带ORSV。