释意理论观下的文化负载词的口译

由法国释意学派提出的"释意理论"强调翻译时要"脱离语言外壳",关注口译时的意义传递。在国家领导人的对外讲话中,有不少文化负载词的表达运用,而这些文化负载词也恰恰是口译中比较难处理的部分。本文运用法国释意学派的"释意理论"对习近平总书记在讲话中文化负载词的口译实例进行分析整理,进而说明在翻译文化负载词时,不能只是"词对词"的死译,而是应该脱离语言外壳,注重意义与文化的传递。     

汉英色彩词联想意义的对比分析——议“红绿黑白”的汉英内涵差异

语言是文化的载体,在语言的诸要素中,词汇最能承载文化信息和反映社会生活,色彩词所负载的文化内涵相当丰富,而由于文化的差异,同一颜色在不同语言中的含义不尽相同,本文主要探讨"红绿黑白"这四种色彩词在汉语和英语中的联想意义的差异。     

基于词汇对应关系的汉语文化负载词翻译策略分析

文化负载词翻译是文化交流中的难题。汉语文化负载词翻译的难点在于英汉语言词汇的不完全对应关系。通过对汉语文化负载词翻译的难点分析,结合词汇缺失、词汇冲突和词汇对应信息缺失三种现象,讨论词汇对应关系对翻译的影响,寻求不同情况下的有效翻译策略,可以起到有效传达文化信息、促进中华文化对外交流的作用。     

警犬技术工作的“文化”

《易经》上说：“观乎天文，以察时变，观乎人文，以化成天下．”“文化”一词，最初就是从这里来的，它的意思是按照人文进行教化。现在，“文化”一词使用的频率很高，既常见于报刊，也常挂在人们的嘴边。正是由于“文化”一词的广泛使用，使得现代意义上的“文化”一词及其涵义，在大的语言环境中难以准确界定：有关辞典中     

汉语和日语中色彩词的对比分析

汉语和日语在色彩名称上的语言很多,因此中国和日本在表达和应用色彩词上既有相同,又有不同。本文将两国生活中五种常用的色彩词作为分析对象,对中日色彩词的意义及文化内涵进行对比分析。通过比较,能够更加深刻地理解中日文化上的不同,从而准确掌握中日色彩词的正确使用方法,加深对日本社会文化的认识和理解。     

语言联想意义在汉英颜色词文化内涵中的体现

语言的联想意义是人们在使用语言时联想到的现实生活中的体验,它直接或间接地反映语言团体的文化观念,产生交际价值并给词汇附加特定的情感色彩。英汉语言中的基本颜色词具有相同的概念意义,但由于文化历史背景不同,这些颜色词的联想意义存在差异。对比分析英汉色彩词的联想意义有助于加深对语言本身的认识,并提高学习者的跨文化交际能力。     

动物词汇的文化内涵比较研究

语言是文化不可分割的一部分,因而汉英两种语言的异同成为中西文化异同的一面镜子。本文从动物词入手,探析其异同的文化内涵及原因,旨在使大家使用动物词时,特别注意民族文化异同以及由此产生的联想意义上的异同,从而真正达到交际目的。     

汉语与韩语的汉字词比较

随着时代的变迁，各国语言发生了较大程度转变。以韩语的汉文词为例，不论从音韵还是从形式上都发生了一定程度变化，与汉语中所使用的汉文词也有许多不同的地方，但是韩语和汉语中的汉文词在某种程度上也存在着一定的联系，通过对两种语言中汉文词的分析比较，找出其中存在的差异，进而有针对性地进行韩语教学，可以避免中国人学习韩语时走弯路，大幅度提高韩语教学的教学效果。     

基于课堂教学的对外汉语成语文化揭示方法初探

对外汉语教学中的文化教学对语言的学习有重要的作用，对文化理解得准确得当才能真正在交际中得心应手地使用一种语言，而词汇是语言要素中最活跃最具文化特质的要素，其中的成语是整个汉语语言的精华，包含着丰富的文化内涵，理解其中所含的文化有助于更好地培养和提高学生的语言交际能力，因此，对外汉语课堂教学中的成语教学十分重要，对其中的文化揭示方法的探讨也有重大意义。     

从颜色词看中西方文化异同

通过中西方文化的学习,对颜色词在中英两种文化之间的作用有了很多的了解。想要了解一种语言,必须了解其承载的文化。颜色词在英汉双语之中使用频率高,很好的掌握这些颜色词,对我们今后的英语学习及运用乃至翻译都将起到重要的影响。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -